






















































































EDITION OF 1893. 


CONKLIN’S 

HANDY MANUAL 

OF 

USEFUL INFORMATION 

AND 

WORLD’S ATLAS 

FOR 

Mechanics , Merchants, Editors, Lawyers, Printers, Doctors 
Farmers Lumbermen, Bankers, Bookkeepers, Politicians, 
and all classes of workers in every department of human 
effort; also a compilation of facts for ready reference 
on 2,000 subjects, being an epitome of matters Histor¬ 
ical, Statistical, Biographical, Political, Geograph¬ 
ical and of general interest. Every item of 
interest in the United States Census for iSgo. 


A UNIVERSAL HAND-BOOK FOR READY REFERENCE, 


Compiled by Prof. geo. W. Conklin, 
of the Hamilton University. 



Copyright 1888, by LAIRD &. LEE. 
Copyright 1889, by LAIRD &. LEE. 
Copyright 1891, by LAIRD & LEE. 
Copyright 1893, by LAIRD &. LEE. 


CHICAGO: 

LAIRD ~ LEE.; P biishers. 








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APR - 6 1932 

Library tf CanirtH 

INDEX. 


MAPS. Index Page 13 

DESCRIPTION OF MAPS, Etc. “ “ 13 


INDEX TO USEFUL INFORMATION. 

A page. 


Accidents on Water, Rules for. 213 

Acid on Clothes—How to Destroy Its Effects. 212 

Acre—Dimensions of One. 26 

.Eolian Harp—How to Construct an. 211 

African Explorations. 314 

Air; its Composition.. 126 

Alaska; its Value to the United States. 238 

Alcohol as a Drink. 99 

Alloys. 161 

Alps, the... 123 

American Indians. 15 

Andersonville Prison Statistics. 39 

Andes Mountains... 124 

Animals, Ages of. 124 

Annual Income on Investments. 301 

Apothecary's Weight. 285 

Appropriations by Congress (1879-1892). 299 

Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 127 

Architects and Builders, Useful Information for. 30 

Arctic Explorers, Most Northern Point Reached by.. 110 

Arizona, United States Army Department of.. 307 

Armies of the Principal Nations. 141 

Armories of the United States. 309 

Army of the United States. 306 

Arsenals of the United States..».. 309 

Artesian Wells. 157 

Asses on United States Farms. 73 

Atlantic Ocean Steamship Records . 137 

Australian Ballot System. 271 

Avoirdupois Weight. 285 







































E 


PAGE. 


East, United States Army, Department of the, 

Education, Higher. 

Eggs, How to Preserve. 

Electricity. 

Engineers, Tables for.. 

Equestrians. Law Ruling. 

Exports from the United States. 


306 

186 

107 

62 

252 

182 

192 


Facts Worth Knowing. 

Falls of Montmorenci. Canada. 

Farm Deed—What it Includes. 

Farmers of America. 

Fires. Famous Destructive. 

First Occurrences, Dates of. 

First Steamer Crossing the Atlantic. 

Fisheries, Great Lake.<■. 

Flame; How Quenched. 

Flax in the United States. 

Flood, Date of the. 

Floor Measures. 

Floriculture Industry in the United States .... 

Food, Analysis of Articles of.. . 

Food. Dynamic Power of Various Kinds of — 

Foods for Stock, Relative Value of. 

Foreign Carrying Trade. 

Foreign Coins, Value of. 

Foreigners in Various Countries. .. 

Foreign Nations and their Rulers. 

Fortunes, Largest in the World. 

Fortunes. Total Amount of our (1890). 

Frames, How to Build Strong. 

Freight by Water and Rail, Comparative Cost 
Fruit Growing, Tropic and Semi-Tropic. 


167 

124 

70 

236 

249 

90 

136 

439 
126 
144 

95 

29 

440 
111 
219 
153 
140 
227 
142 
129 

74 

144 

27 

224 

156 


G 


Gestation, Period of. 

Girders and Joints, Sizes of. 

Glue, Marine. 

Glue, Moisture Proof..♦. 

Gold Produced in the United States. 

Grain—How it Will Shrink. 

Grease Spots, How to Kill them before Painting 

Greek Phalanx, The.. 

Grindstones, Weight of. 

Growth of the United States. 

Gunter's Chain. 


124 
32 

311 

311 

229 

69 

26 

125 
160 

18 

219 














































H 


PAGE. 


Hay—Cost of Small Quantities... 

Hay—How to Measure in a Mow. 

Heat—Degrees Needed to Melt or Boil Certain Sub¬ 
stances .... 

Heat, Mean Human. 

Height of Principal Monuments and Towers. 

Hemp in the United States. 

Historical Events, 365 Principal. 

Homestead Law in the United States. 

Horse, Durability of a. 

Horse-Power in Engine, How to Calculate. 

Horse-Railway—Longest in the World. 

Horses, High Priced. 

Horses on United States Farms. 

Human Body. Facts About..*. 


153 

69 


126 

39 

144 

112 

70 

224 

164 

298 

92 

73 

133 


I 


Ice—Its Strength at Various Thicknesses. 

Illness, How to Determine Character of a Suspicious 

Illuminating Materials.:... 

Imports into the United States... 

Indian, Lo! the Poor. 

Inns and Innkeepers. 

Inscriptions—How to Write Them on Metal. 

Interest Laws. 

Interest Tables (5 to 8 per cent). 

Iron—Different Colors Caused by Heat. 

Iron Furnaces in the United States. 

Iron, Hot Shot —,.. 

Iron, per Foot, Weight of. 

Iron, Testing Quality of. 


241 

88 

126 

192 

186 

176 

213 

191 

19 

162 

29 

311 

254 

311 


L 


Lakes.. 

Landlord and Tenant. 

Land Measure in the United States. 

Land Measurement .. 

Law, Points of. 

Lead Pipe, Weights of. 

Legal Holidays in Various States. 

Legion, The Roman. 

Liberty Bell. 

Library—Largest in the World. 

Light Coins—How Detected by Electricity 

Liquid or Wine Measure. 

Live Stock on United States Ranges . 


Locomotive—Fastest Ever Built. 

Logs Reduced to Running Board Measure 
Longevity, Human. 


164 

183 

70 

219 

172 

253 

93 

125 

78 

75 

138 

284 

86 

311 

38 

246 

134 














































8 


Long Measure—Distance.. . 

Lumber and Log Measurement at Sight 
Lumber Measurement Table. 


PAGE. 

. 284 
. 231 
. 240 


M 

Machinists, Tables for ... ... 152 

Marriage Laws in the United States. ibg 

Mason & Dixon Line. 

Mason Work. 

Maxims, Some Good. 

Mayflower’s Passengers, The. 13d 

Measures of Length, Sundry. 104 

Meat, How to Keep Fresh. dig 

Memphis, Ancient Architecture........................ 128 

Men Called by President Lincoln During Last War.. 143 

Merchant Shipping. Progress of. 97 

Metals, Melting Point of. 100 

Miles of Various Nations. 121 

Mineral Products of the United States. 14 

Miscellaneous Measures. 28 d 

Mississippi River. Length of Navigation of the. 30o 

Missouri, United States Army, Department of the... 306 

Molds, Blacking for. 311 

Monarchs of the Turf. 2o9 

Money of the World. 

Moulder’s Table... 2oo 

Mountains. Highest. 

Mules on United States Farms. <3 


N 

Nails and Tacks—Number per Pound. 

Nails—Number Required in Carpenter Work 

Nation’s Dead, The.— 

National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, 

Naturalization Laws of the United States. 

Navies of the Principal Nations. 

Navy of the United States. 

Navy, Stations of United States. 

Navy Yards. 

Negotiable Instruments. 

Newspaper Sheets—Sizes . 

Nile, The. 

Nubian Temple.. 

O 


30 

28 

145 

310 

302 

141 

187 

188 
188 
172 
197 

127 

128 


Ocean Depths, The Greatest. 142 

Ocean Mails, Average Time of Transporttion of. 137 

Oceans. 164 

Ocean Steamer Savannah, First to Cross Atlantic.... 136 

Ocean Steamers—Fastest Records. 137 

Oil in Seeds, Amount of. 153 

One Dollar Loaned 100 Years at Compound Interest. 276 











































9 


P 


PAGE. 


Paint, Amount Required for a Given Surface. 

Painters’ Work, Cost of. 

Paper, Flat—Sizes. 

Parliamentary Rules. 

Parting Sand. 

Pattern Makers’ Table. 

Pedestrianism, Records of. 

Pedestrians.?....,. 

Pension Statistics, United States. 

Perpetual Motion. 

Phonograph, The. 

Photographing Under Water. 

Pile Driving. 

Plasterers’ Work. 

Platte, United States Army, Department of the. 

Poisons—Antidotes and Treatment. 

Political Information. 

Popular and Electral Votes for Presidents (1828- 

1892). 

Popular Vote for President (in detail). 

Population of Cities in the United States (1890). 

Population of Every State and Territory in the 

United States. 

Population of the United States (Census of I860, 

1870, 1880, 1890). . 

Population of the United States, Center of.. 

Postage, Rates of. 

Postage Stamps, Facts About. 

Post Offices, N umber of. 

Presidential Vote by States. 

Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States, 

by States . 

Presidents of the United States—How they Died. 

Production of Pig Iron. 

Professional Schools in the United States. 

Promissory Notes. 

Publications in 1890, American or Imported English 

Pulse, Beats of the Human. 

Pyramid, The Largest Egyptian. 


26 

29 

197 

9 

311 

255 

263 

183 

146 

316 

63 

192 

125 
25 

308 

82 

287 

16 

290 
199 

17 

170 

99 

281 

121 

197 

291 

138 

139 
13 
15 

173 

90 

126 
127 


R 


Railroad Car, Cost of a. 224 

Railroad Facts . 98 

Railroad—Highest in United States. 239 

Railroad Mileage of the World. 95 

Railroads—Records of Speed. 96 

Railroad Statistics, United States.. 98 

• Railway Bridge at Niagara... 150 

Railway Signals. 152 













































10 


PAGET 


Rainfall in the United States, Average. 

Rats, How to Get Rid of. 

Ready Reckoner Table.<'... 

Recruiting Depots, United States Army.. 

Religious Communities, English-speaking. 

Religious Statistics.„. 

Resist Torsion, Relative Form of Bodies to. 

Rifle-Shooting Records.•. 

Rivers, Amount of Mud Carried or Left Behind by... 

Rivers, Longest in the World. 

Road, Law of the..•. 

Roman Money... 

Roof Elevations. 

Roof Measure.. 

Rowing Records. 

Rust—How to Remove it from Steel. 


67 

222 

253 

310 
316 
316 
256 

269 
128 
155 
180 
219 

26 

29 

270 

311 


S 

Salaries of United States Officers—•. 

Save a Little. 

Savings Bank Compound Interest Tables. 

Scarlet Fever. Sure Cure. 

Screw Threads, Standard . 

Seas. 

Seasoning and Preserving Timber. 

Seasons of the Year—When they Begin. 

Seeds. Number of Years During which they Retain 

their Vitality. 

Seeds—Quantity Needed per Acre. 

Shingles Required in a Roof. 

Shrubs or Plants. Number per Acre.r 

Silver Produced in the United States. 

Silver Question. The.*.. 

Silver Used as Money throughout the World. 

Silverware—How to Wash. 

Singing Birds. 

Sleeping Cars. 

Small-pox, Sure Cure . 

Soldiers' Homes. 

Sound—How it Travels. 

Speed of Trains—How to Tell . 

Spelling, Rules for.. 

Sporting Matters. 

Square Measure. 

States and Territories of the Union. Relative Rank of 

States, Fictitious Names of. 

State Soldiers’ Homes. 

Statutes of Limitation. 

Steel—Cut a Hole in Hard. 

Steel, Flat, Weight per Foot. 

Steel—How to Test Quality. 

Steel, Notes on Working on. 


198 

223 

276 

161 

162 

164 

18 

95 

282 
154 
28 
68 
229 
122 
286 
212 
124 
179 
161 

309 
212 

18 

274 

259 

285 

315 

158 

310 
191 

35 

255 

2i *> 

312 

















































11 


TAGE. 


Steel Plates. 152 

Steel Production. United States—Enormous Increase 233 

Steel Square, Use of. 34 

Stock Brokers’Technicalities. 247 

Stopping Holes in Ships—Russian Way. 222 

Strength. Human. 135 

Surveyors’ Measure. 284 

Swim, Learn to. 213 


T 


Table Showing the Number of Days from any day in 

One Month to the Same Day in Another. 

Telephone—How Fast its Use is Growing. 

Telegraph Statistics of the World. 

Telegraph—Western Union Statistics. 

Telephone, Cheap, Short Distance. 

Telephone, The. 

Telescope—Largest in the World. 

Temperature of the United States, Average. 

Temperature, Various. 

Temple of Solomon. 

Ten-Ton Freight Car—Carrying Capacity.,. 

Texas, United States Army. Department of. 

Theater—Largest in the W'orld. 

Thebes, Architecture of Old. 

Timber Measurement Table. 

Time at which Money Doubles at Interest. 

Time Measure.. 

Tin Roofing, Cost of. 

Tints, How to Mix Paints for. 

Transportation of Very Heavy Masses. 

Trees, Age. and Growth of. 

Trees, Mammoth California. 

Trichina... 

Troy W'eight. 

Tunnel, Largest in the World. 

Turf—Best Trotting Records. 

Turf—Double Team Trotting. 

Turf—Heat Racing. 

Turf—Long Distance Riding. 

Turf—Over Hurdle Racing. 

Turf—Pacing Records.. 

Turf—Running. 

Turf—Trotting with Running Mate. 

Type, Various Sizes of... 

Typewriting Records. 


220 
66 

100 

101 

172 

64 

30 

66 

126 

127 

164 

309 

74 

127 
243 
277 
285 

36 

282 

128 

221 

75 
213 
285 

75 

264 

265 
261 
262 
262 
265 
260 
265 
125 
268 


u 


United States, Area and Brief History of the. 94 

United States Gov., Receipts and Expenditures. 103 

United States; Principal of Public Debt. 304 
















































PAGE. 

United States, Sub-division of. 

United States, The Forty-four Present. 

United States, The Thirteen Original. 

. 280 

. 280 

V 

V’p'hlr'IPK.. .. 

. 181 

VocaalQ RrHIt, TCnm'hftT* r>f . 

. 278 

Voting, Qualifications for. 



w 


Wages Tables, per Hour, Day and Month. 24 

Walking Records. 270 

Wall Measures. 29 

Warehousemen. 179 

Warehouse Receipts. 175 

Wars of the United States .. 148 

Wash, Black. 311 

Water as Motive Power. 128 

Water Springs, Various. 126 

Wedding Anniversaries. 251 

Weight of Various Materials per Cubic Foot. 104 , 

Weight of Various Metals per Cubic Inch. 104 

Weights and Measures, Tables of. 284 

Weights, Sundry Commercial. 104 

Weights Needed to Tear Asunder Bars of Various 

Materials. 245 

Welding Steel, Mixture for. 311 

Wild Ducks, Flight of. 126 

Wire, Barbed—Amount Required for Fences. 68 

Wire Ropes for Transmission of Power. 125 

Wire, Yards per Bundle. 67 

Woman’s Chance to Marry, A. 166 

Wonders in America, The Eleven Great. 132 

Wood, How to Petrify. 211 

Wood Measurement at Sight. 250 

Wood Screws, Formulae for. 160 

Woods, Durability of Different. 279 

Woods, Relative Hardness of. 123 

Workingmen, Valuable Suggestions to. 222 

Workshop Rules and Receipts. 311 

World’s Fairs, Previous. 110 







































13 


INDEX TO ATLAS MAPS. 


Alabama . 

PAGE. 

. 361 

Alaska. 

Arizona.. 

. 359 

. 365 

Arkansas..;.. 

. 363 

California. 

. 367 

Central America. 

. 327 

Colorado. 

. 371 

Connecticut. 

. 369 

Delaware. 

. 375 

Florida. 

. 377 

Georgia. 

. 379 

Idaho. ., 

. 381 

Illinois. 

.... 383 

Indiana. 

. 385 

Indian Territory. 


Iowa. 

.... 389 

Kansas. 

_ 391 

Kentucky. 

.... 350 

Louisiana. 


Maine. 


Manitoba. 


Maryland. 


Massachusetts.. 


Mexico. 


Michigan. 


Minnesota. 


Mississippi. 


Missouri. 



PAG®. 


Montana. 409* 

Nebraska. 411 

Nevada. 413 

New Hampshire. 347 

New Jersey. 415 

New Mexico. 417 

New York. 419 

North America. 329 

North Carolina. 353 

North Dakota. 373 

Ohio. 421 

Ontario . 343 

Oregon.423 

Pennsylvania. 425 

Quebec...... 345 

Rhode Island... 427 

South America... 329 

South Carolina. 352 

South Dakota.373 

Tennessee. 350 

Texas.429 

Utah.431 

Vermont. 347 

Virginia. 357 

Washington. 433 

West Virginia. 357 

Wisconsin... 435 

Wyoming.437 


INDEX TO ATLAS DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. 


PAGE. 


Abyssinia. 326 j 

Afghanistan. 322 

Africa. 323 

Alabama. 360 | 

Alaska . 358 

Algeria. 325 i 

Andes Republics. 339 

Antilles—The Greater— 336 

“ “ Lesser.336 

Arabia . 322 

Argentine Republic.340 

Arizona. 363 

Arkansas. 362 | 

Asia.318 | 


PAGE. 

Bahama Islands. 336 

Barbary States—The.325 

Beloochistan.322 

Bokhara.322 

Brazil. 339 

British Columbia. 342 

California. 366 

Canada—The Dominion of 342 

Central Africa. 323 327 

Central America.336 

Ceylon. 321 

Chili.340 

Chinese Empire—The.... 320 
Colorado.370 






















































































14 


PAGE. 


Congo Fre« States — The.. 327 
Connecticut..... .368 

Cuba. 336 

Delaware. 374 

District of Columbia. 438 

Europe.317 

Farther India. 321 

Florida .376 

Georgia. 378 

Guiana.340 

Bayti.336 

Illinois.382 

Idaho . 380 

India...321 

Indiana.384 

Indian Territory .386 


Jamaica. 336 

Japanese Empire—The... 320 

Kansas.390 

Kentucky. 349 

Louisiana.392 

Madagascar..328 

Maine. 394 

Manitoba.342 

Maryland. 396 

Massachusetts .398 

Mexico. 334 

Michigan.400 

Minnesota. 402 

Mississippi.404 

Missouri.406 

Montana. 408 

Morocco. 325 

Nebraska.410 

Nevada.412 

New Brunswick. 344 

Newfoundland..344 

New Hampshire.. 346 

New Jersey.414 

New Mexico. 416 

New York . 418 

Nile Country—The. 326 

North America... . 328 



PAGE. 

North Carolina, 

. 352 

North Dakota.. 

. 372 

Nova Scotia. 

. 344 

Ohio.. 

. 420 

Ontario. 

. 342 

Oregon. 

. 422 

Palestine. 

... 323 

Paraguay.. 

. 340 

Pennsylvania..., 

. 424 

Persia. 

. 322 

Porto Rico. 

. 336 

Prince Edward Island. 344 

Quebec.. 

. 344 

Rhode Island... 

. 426 

Russian Turkestan........... 320 

Sahara.. 

. 327 

Senegambia.. 

Siberia. 

. 328 

. 320 

Sierra Leone. 

. 328 

Soudan . 


South America. 

. 338 

South Africa. 

.324, 327 

South Carolina. 

. 354 

South Dakota... 

.,.372 

Tennessee. 

. 351 

Texas. 

. 428 

Transcaucasia.. 

. 320 

Tripoli. 

. 326 

Tunis. 

. 326 

Turkey in Asia. 

. 322 

United States—The. 332 

Uruguay. 

. 340 

Utah. 

. 430 

Venezuela. 

. 340 

Vermont.. 

. 348 

Virginia. 


Washington, D. C. 438 

Washington. 

. 432 

West Griqualand. 327 

West indies. 

. 336 

West Virginia.. 

. 356 

Wisconsin. 


Wyoming. 

. 436 

Zanzibar.. 

. 327 


















































































9 


r'arliamentany Rules and Usages. 

The following are the complete rules, in a plain and 
compact form, for conducting a public meeting. 

Quorum.— A quorum is a sufficient number of the members of 
an association to legally transact business. Unless a quorum is 
present no business is in order, except to adjourn. A majority 
>of the members constitutes a natural quorum, but the by-laws of 
the association may prescribe a smaller number. 

The Chairman.— It is the duty of the chairman to open the 
meeting at the time fixed upon, by taking the chair, calling the 
house to order, to announce the business before the house in the 
order in which it is to be acted upon; to receive and submit aM 
motions; to put to vote all questions which are regularly moved, 
or which necessarily arise in the course of proceedings, and to 
announce the result; to restrain every one, when engaged in 
debate, within the rules of order; to enforce the observance of 
order and decorum; to appoint committees; to authenticate by 
his signature, when necessary, all the acts and proceedings of 
rhe house, and generally to declare its will. 

He may speak to points of order in preference to others; shall 
dec’de all questions of order, and if the house is evenly divided 
he may give the casting vote, in doing which he may, if he pleases, 
•gi re his reasons. 

The Clerk.— It is the duty of the clerk or secretary to keep 
correct minutes of the proceedings of the house; to read all 
papers when ordered, and for this purpose he should always rise; 
to call the roll, and state the answer when a vote is taken by 
-yeas and nays; to have the custody of all papers and documents, 
and to authenticate the acts and proceedings of the house by his 
•signature. 

Committees.— Standing committees sit permanently; special 
committees perform only some particular duty, when they are 
■discharged. The person first-named is usually regarded as 
chairman, but this is o-nly a matter of courtesy; every committee 
ihas a right to select its own chairman. Custom, however, has 
practically taken away this right, and it is considered bad form to 
■elect any other person than the first-named as chairman. I he 
mover of a motion to commit, should be placed on the committee 
and first-named, except where the matter committed concerns him 
personally. In the appointment of the committee no person 
•directly opposed to the measure committed should be named, and 
when any person who is thus opposed to same, hears himself 
mamed of its committee he should ask to be excused. 

The chair appoints all committees. Committees do not adjourn, 
but, when they have concluded their deliberations, should rise and 
report. The report should be presented by the chairman. When 
<he rtr**'*t is received the committee is dissolved and cannot act 
further without new power. 

Any committee required or entitled to report upon a subject 
referred to them may make a majority and minority report, while 


anv member ox such committee dissenting in whole or in part, from 
either the conclusion or the reasoning of both the majority and 
minority, may also present a statement of his reasons for such 
dissent, which should be received in connection with the reports. 

The committee of the whole is an expedient to simplify the busi¬ 
ness of legislative bodies. No record is made of its proceedings. 
The presiding officer puts the question, and, if same is carried, 
appoints some person as chairman and then vacates the chair. 

Motions.— Propositions made to a deliberative assembly are 
called motions; when the proposition is put to Vote it is called the 
question. A motion cannot be entertained or the question put, 
until the same has been seconded. After this it becomes the prop¬ 
erty of the house, and cannot be withdrawn except by leave. It 
must be in writing whenever the house or presiding officer require 
it, and must be read when any person demands it for information. 

’An exception to the rule requiring a second to a motion is made 
in cases when the proposition is to proceed with or to. execute an 
order of the house; as where it is moved to proceed with an order 
of the day, or where a call is made for the enforcement of some 
order relating to the observance of decorum. 

No motion can be made while a speaker has the floor, nor while 
another motion is pending, except it be a question of privilege. 
f Amendments.— A motion may be amended by inserting or 
adding words, or by striking out words, or by striking out and 
inserting words. An amendment takes precedence of the origina* 
question and must be first decided. So, too, an amendment to an 
amendment must be decided before the amendment. A motion 
may be made to amend, after which a motion will be to amend the 
amendment, but this is the full limit of the rule by which one 
motion may be put upon another. A motion to amend the second 

amendment is notin order. 

Questions of privilege cannot be amended, except that a motion 
to postpone can be amended as to time. 

The Question.— The question is first to be put on the affirma¬ 
tive and then on the negative side, the vote in most cases being by 
oral response. If there are doubts as to the voice of the majority, 
any one may call for a division. In all cases where the house is 
equally divided the question is lost, unless the presiding officer 
affirms it by a casting vote. ^ , 

When a division is had, those in the affirmative on the question 
should first rise and be counted, or, if there still be a doubt, or a 
count be called for, the chairman should appoint two tellers, one 
from each side, to mak* the count and report the same to the 
chairman, who should then declare the same to the house. 

In small matters of routine business or trifling importance, 
such as receiving reports, withdrawing motions, etc., the presid¬ 
ing officer may suppose the consent of the house where no objec¬ 
tion is expressed, and need not give them the trouble of putting 
the question formally. . . . ' 

A question should always be stated by the chair before it is put, 
after which it is open to debate. Questions may be stated by the 
chair while sitting, but he should always rise to put a question. 


II 


and should use substantially this form: “ As many as are of the 
opinion that (as the question may be) will say aye;’’and, after 
the affirmative voice is expressed, “As many as are of a contrary 
opinion, will say no.” 

After a question has been put it is not debatable, but* after the 
affirmative is put any person who has not spoken before to the 
question may rise and speak before the negative is put. 

Division of Question. — Any person may call for the division 
of a question if it comprehend propositions, in substance so dis¬ 
tinct, that, one being taken away, a substantive proposition shall 
remain for decision. 

When a question is divided, after the question on the first part, 
the second is open to debate and amendment. 

Privileged Questions. — When a question is under debate, 
no motion shall be received, except to adjourn; to lay on the 
table; for the previous question; to postpone to a day certain ; to 
commit; to amend; to postpone indefinitely. These motions 
have precedence in the order in which they stand arranged, and 
are called privileged questions. 

A motion to adjourn is always in order and takes precedence of 
all other motions, and an order of the day takes the place of all 
-'••estions except adjournment 

^When a matter has been laii on the table it may be taken up at 
at any time afterward and ca asidered, but not at the same meet¬ 
ing or session at which it was tabled. Frequently this motion is 
made to finally dispose of i.he matter, and it always has this 
effect when no motion is a'ierward made to take it up. The 
oroper motion for proceeding with a matter that has been ordered 
to lie on the table, is, that the Vmse do now proceed to consider 
‘hat matter, although it woul(. &e proper to move that the matter 
be taken up for consideration. 

There are several questions which, being incidental to every 
one, will take the place of everyone, privileged or not; as, a 
question of order arising out of any other question must be de¬ 
cided before that question. 

A motion for indefinite postponement is generally resorted to 
So order to suppress a question or prevent its coming to vote. 

Previous Question. — When any question is before the house 
any member may move that the question (called the main ques¬ 
tion) be now put, or, as it is usually termed, may move the pre¬ 
vious question. If it pass in the affirmative, then the main ques¬ 
tion is to be put immediately, and no further debate is per- 

mitted. . i 

The previous question being moved and seconded, the question 
from the chair should be, “ Shall the main question be now put ? ” 
If the nays prevail the main question remains as the question 
before the house, in the same stage of proceedings as before the 
previous question was moved. . 

Equivalent Questions. —Where questions are perfectly equiv¬ 
alent, so that the negative of the one amounts to the affirmative of 
the other, and leaves no other alternative, the decision of the one 
necessarily concludes the other. Thus the negative of striking out 


12 


amounts tolthe affirmative of agreeing ; and, therefore, to put a 
question on agreeing after that of striking out, would be to put the 
ante question in effect twice over. . . 

Questions of Order.— It is the duty of the chairman to decide 
all questions of order whenever raised. Upon such questions no 
debate or discussion is in order, but if the decision is not satisfac¬ 
tory any one may object to it and appeal to the house. . On appeal 
being taken, the question should be: “Shall the decision of the 
chair stand as the judgment of the house?” Whereupon the 
•question may be debated and discussed the same as any other 
■question. 

Commitment.— Any measure maybe referred to a committee, 
on motion. This motion stands in the same degree with the pre- 
•vious question and postponement, and, if first made, takes pre¬ 
cedence of them. A motion to commit may be amended by the 
substitution of one kind of committee for another, or by enlarging 
or diminishing the number of the members of the committee, as 
originally proposed, or by instructions to the committee. . 

After a measure has been committed and reported, it should 
not, in an ordinary course, be recommitted, but in cases of 
importance, and for special reasons, it is sometimes recommitted, 
and usually to the same committee. , 

Reconsideration.—When a motion or question shall have 
been determined, either in the affirmative or negative, it is always 
in order for any one who voted with the majority, or in case the 
vote was equally divided, for one who voted in the negative, to 
.move for a reconsideration thereof. Such motion must be made 
■st. the same meeting at which the former vote was taken A 
motion to reconsider, being puU lost, cannot be renewed. 

Undebatable Motions.—A nation to adjourn; to la./ e 
the table, and a call for the previous question, must be decider 
without debate. And all incidental questions cf order, arising 
after a motion is made for either of the foregoing ouestions, must 
be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate. 

Order in Debate.—When a person means to speak, he is tt 
stand up in his place, uncovered, and address himself to the chair, 
who calls him by name, that all may take notice who it is that 
speaks. A person whpis indisposed may be indulged to speak 
sitting. - ^ 

When a person rr„*? to speak, no question is to be put, but he is 
to be heard undisturbed, unless overruled. 

If two or more rise to speak nearly together, the chair deter¬ 
mines who was first up and cr." 0 him by name, whereupon he pro¬ 
ceeds, u , ** l e®s he voluntarily sits down and yields the floor to thi 
•other. 

No one r jy speak more than twice to the same question withot# 
the consent of the house, except merely to explain himself i* 
some material part of his speech, or to the manner of the words iq 
question keeping himself to that only and not going in'") the 
its of h 

If the ifnirman rises to speak, the person standing mus. / 
, '"vn, that the chair may be first heard. 


13 


No one is to speak impertinently, or beside tne ques¬ 
tion, or to use indecent language against the proceedings 
of the house. Nor should a person in speaking, mention 
another then present, by his name, but should describe 
by his seat, or as “ the gentleman who spoke last,” or, 
“on the other side of the question,” etc. 

Any one when called to order by another or by the 
chair, must sit down, and not proceed without leave until 
the question of order shall have been decided by the chair. 

While the presiding officer is addressing the house or 
putting a question, no one should cross the floor or leave 
the room; nor while another is speaking, walk between 
him and the chair. 

Adjournment.— Amotion to adjourn is not suscept¬ 
ible of amendment. If it is desirable to adjourn to any 
particular place or time, this may be accomplished by a 
previous resolution to that effect. 


ENORMOUS INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON. 

The production of pig iron during the year ending 
June 30.1890, aggregated 9,579,779 tons (of 2,000 pounds 
to the ton), as compared with 3,781,021 tons produced 
during the census year of 1880 and 2,052,821 tons dur¬ 
ing the census year of 1870. 

It will be gratifying to notice the great strides which 
the Southern States have made in the manufacture of 
pig iron since 1880, the total product in that year oeing 
350,436 tons, as against 1,780,909 tons in 1890. The 
decade has brought about the most marked change in 
rank in this industry in the State of Alabama, which in 
1880 occupied tenth place, with an output of 62,336 tons, 
and w r hich now, in 1890, obtains third place, with an out¬ 
put of 890,432 tons, an increase of more than 1,328 per 
cent over the production of 1880. 

The development of the manufacture of pig iron in the 
United States during the ten years from 1880 to 1890 
has been phenomenal, and at the present rate of increase 
in production, this country is destined soon to become 
the leading producer of pig iron in the world, possibly 
reaching this distinction in the calendar year 1890. Dur¬ 
ing the calendar year 1889 the production of pig iron by 
Great Britain, which has annually produced more pig 
iron than any other country, is shown by official statistics 
to have been 9,321,563 tons of 2,000 pounds. It will be 
seen from these figures that the quantity of pig iron pro¬ 
duced by the United States, during the census year 1890, 
was 258,216 tons in excess of the production of Great 
Britain during the calendar year 1889. No statistics are 
available for the output of pig iron by Great Britain 
during the twelve months ended June 30, 1890, so that 
comparisons can not be made for the same period as that 
covered by the census statistics. 



14 


MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The 1890 census furnishes the foliowing da,ta concern¬ 
ing this important branch of public wealth. It divides 

mineral products into two classes. v „ lllo 

Metallic Products (11 different metals). Value ex 
traded in 1889: $269,590,487; iron counting the highest 
($120,000,000), and platinum the lowest ($2,000), with 
66 million worth of silver and 32 million worth of gold. , 
Non-Metallic Mineral Products (44 different substances). 
Value extracted In 1889: *307,640,175 headed by coal 
(bituminous for 94 millions; anthracite, 66 millio , 
total. $160,000,000), followed by ^%33 millions; petro¬ 
leum 27 millions, and natural gas, 21 millions. men 
come' cement, 5 millions; salt. 4 millions, etc., down to 

U FSfthe p¥e?eSing ten ylars 4 (i88.0-89' inclusive) we find 

*°MetalUc Products.^ 165,00 9 |10 

Non-Metallic Minerals. 2,4 Sv“hn'nno 

Unspecified Minerals. 60,500,000 

Grand Total.$4,687,343,630 

for ten years production. 

The Total Colored Population, as returned under the 
census of 1890, is 7,638,360. Of this number <.4/0,040 
are persons-of African descent, 107,47a are i Chinese, 
2,039 are Japanese, and 58,806 are civilized Indians. 

Considering persons of African descent, it is seen that 
there lias been an increase, during the decade from 1880 
to 1890. of 889 , 247 , or 13.51 per.cent, as against an m- 
crease during the decade from 18/0 to 1880, of 1, /00,784* 
or 34 85 per cent. The abnormal increase of the colored 
population of the South, during the decade ending m 
1880 led to the popular belief that the negroes were in¬ 
creasing at a much greater rate than the white popula¬ 
tion. The last census has shown, however, that the nign 
rate of increase in the colored population, as shown by 
the census of 1880, was apparent only, and was due to the 
imperfect enumeration of 1870 in the southern states. 

There has been an increase in the number of Chinese in 
the United States, during the decade from 1880 to 1890, 
of only 2,010. or 1.91 per cent, the number returned in 
1880 being 105,465. and the number returned in 1890 
being 107.475. The Chinese increased 66.88 per cent 
from 1870 to 1880, and 80.91 per cent from 1860 to 1870. 

In 1880 the Japanese in the United States numbered 
only 148, while in 1890 they numbered 2.039. In 18/0 
there were only 55 Japanese returned under that census. 

The civilized Indians have decreased during the past 
ten vears 7.601. or 11.45 per cent, the number returned 
in 1880 being 66,407 as against 58.806 returned in 1890. 







15 


CENTENARIANS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


Bulletin No. 154 of tlie Census of 1890, treats ex¬ 
clusively of the poorhouses throughout the United States. 
It finds therein 73,045 paupers, 40,741 of these being 
males, and 32,304 females. 

Then the ages are given in detail, ranging from less 
than 1 year to the respectable age of 128. Here is a table 
of all the paupers 100 years old and over: 


AGE. 

MALE. 

FEMALE. 

TOTAL. 

AGE. 

MALE. 

FEMALE. 

TOTAL. 

100 to 104 

40 

51 

91 

123 

1 

1 

2 

105 to 109 

16 

18 

34 

125 

0 

1 

1 

110 to 114 

6 

9 

15 

128 

0 

1 

1 

115 to 119 
.... 122 

5 

0 

O 

1 

1 1 

1 

Totals, 

68 

88 

156 


Of th eflve oldest paupers four are women, and belong 
[or rather belonged , for they are probably dead since 
1890] to the following states: Missouri (122), South 
Carolina (123), Tennessee (12o) and Alabama (1~»)- 
The man (age, 123) was in a Georgian institution. All 

five were colored. „ , „, 0 ,~, 

Between 90 and 94 years old, we find 34o men and 2 / 3 
women. Between 95 and 99 years old, we findl .80 men 
and 75 women. Out of a total of 73,04;_> inmates, the 
proportion is^enormous. 


THE AMERICAN INDIAN. 

Indians on Reservations or at School...• • • • ....133,382 

The Five civilized Indian tribes (Cherokees, Chickasaws, 

Choctaws, Creeks, Seminoles. . 14004 

Colored Indians and claimants.• • • ■ • .. H‘278 

Pueblos, of New Mexico. ••••■"•. .. • ..r.’onj 

Six Nations and other New York Indians..:. ..... : . 

Eastern Cherokees of North Carolina.. “’"?.2 

Indians, taxed or taxable, included in general census. 

Indianscontroledby War Department..............,. 1K4. 

Indians in State or Territorial Prisons - • 

Total number of American Indians....-. 249,27.. 


PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Theological.. 141, with 683 instructors and 6,989 students. 

M^d^ical, Regular.. .... U » 1,907. “ 12,238 / “ 

Medical, Homeopathic 14, “ *249 “ l ’ 1 ^ 9 












































16 


POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTES 
FOR PRESIDENTS. 


Year. candidates. 

1824.. ..Andrew Jackson. 

1824.. ..John Q. Adams. 

1824.. ..W. H. Crawford. 

1824.. ..Henry Clay.... 

1828.. ..Andrew Jackson. 

1828.. ..John Q. Adams.. 

1832.. ..Andrew Jackson. 

7832.. ..Henry Clay. 

1832.. ..John Floyd. 

1832.. ..William Wirt. 

1836.. ..Martin Van Buren_ 

1836_W. H. Harrison. 

1836.. ..Hugh L.White. 

1836_Daniel Webster.. 

1836.. ..W. P. Mangum. 

1840_Martin Van Buren_ 

1840.. ..W. H. Harrison. 

1840_J. G. Birney. 

1844—James K. Polk. 

1844.. ..Henry Clay. 

1844_James G. Birney.. 

1848 — Zachary Taylor. 

1848.. ..Lewis Cass.. 

1848.. ..Martin Van Buren.... 

1852_Franklin Pierce. 

1852 ...Winfield Scott. 

1852.. ..John P. Hale. 

1856.* ".James Buchanan. 

1856.. John C. Fremont. 

1856-Millard Fillmore.... , 

1860 — Abraham Lincoln_ 

1860—Stephen A. Douglas.. 

1860_John C. Breckenridge 

I860 ...John Bell. 

1864.. ..Abraham Lincoln_ 

1864 ...Geo. B. McClellan. 

1868.. ..U. S. Grant. 

1868 — Horatio Seymour. 

1872.. ..U. S. Grant. 

1872.. ..Horace Greeley. 

1872.. .. Charles O’Oonor. 

1872 — James Black. 

1876.. ..R. B. Hayes. 

1876_Samuel J.Tilden. 

1876.. ..Peter Cooper. 

1876.. ..G.C. Smith. 

1876.. . .Scattering. 

1880—James A. Garfield. 

1880.. ..Winfield S. Hancock., 

1880.. ..James B. Weaver. 

1884.. ..Grover Cleveland. 

1884.. . .James G. Blaine. 

1884... .Benj. F. Butler.. 

1884.. . .John P. St. John. 

1888.. ..Benjamin Harrison.. 

1888.. ..Grover Cleveland._ 

1888.. ..Fisk.. 

1888_Labor Vote.. 



Popular Elec’I 

PARTY. 

Vote. Vote. 

Democrat. 

.. 152.872 

99 

Federal. 

.. 105.321 

84 

Republican. 

44,282 

41 

Republican. 

46,587 

37 

.Democrat. 

.. 647.231 

178 

Federal. 

.. 509.097 

83 

.Democrat. 

.. 687.502 

219 

Nat. Republican. 

.. 530,189 

49 

.Whig. 

11 

Whig. 


7 

Democrat. 

.. 761,549 

} 

170 

Whig. 

< 73 

Whig. 

Whig. 

>• 736,656 

J2« 

1 14 

Whig. 

) 

' 11 

Democrat. 

..1,128.702 

48 

Whig. 

..1.275,017 

234 

Liberty. 

7,059 

• . . • - 

Democrat. 

.1,337,243 

170 

Whig. 

.. 1,229,068 

105 

Liberty. 

.. 63,300 

«... 

Whig. 

..1,360,101 

163 

Democrat. 

..1.220,544 

127 

Free Soil. 

.. 291,263 


Democrat. 

..1,601.474 

254 

Whig. 


49 

Free Soii. 

.. 156.149 


Democrat. 

..1,838.169 

174 

.Republican. 

..1,341,262 

114 

American. 

.. 874,534 

8 

Republican. 

*.1,866.352 

180 

Democrat. 

..1,375,157 

12 

Democrat. 

.. 845.763 

72 

.Union. 

.. 589.581 

39 

Republican. 

..2,216.067 

212 

Democrat. 

.1,808,725 

21 

Republican. 

..3,015.071 

214 

Democrat. 

..2.709.613 

80 

Republican. 

..3.597,070 

286 

.Liberal and Dem..2,834.079 

» * - 

Democrat. 

29,408 

.... 

Temperance. 

5,608 

... 

Republican. 

.4.033,950 

185 

Democrat. 

..4,284,885 

184 

Greenback. 

81,740 


Prohibition. 


.... 

Republican. 

..4,449,053 

214 

Democrat. 

.4,442.035 

155 

Greenback . 

.. 307,306 

... 

Democrat. 

.4.911,017 

219 

Republican. 

..4,848,334 

182 

Greenback . 


... 

Prohibition. 

.. 151,800 


Republican. 

..5.441,902 

ass 

Democrat. 


168 

.Prohibition. 

.. 249,937 




















































































































17 


POPULATION OF EVERY STATE AND TERRITORY,Etc. 


UNITED STATES CENSUS OF !890. 


STATES. 

Alabama. 

Arkansas . 

California. 

Colorado.. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

1,513,017 

1.128,179 

1.208.130 

412,198 

746,258 

168,493 

391.422 

1,837,353 

84.385 

Illinois. 

3,826,351 

2.192.404 


1,911,896 


1,427.096 

Kentucky. 

1,858.635 

1.118.587 


661.086 

Maryland.. 

Massachusetts.*. 

Michigan . 

Minnesota. 

Mississippi. 

Missouri. 

1,042.390 

2,238.943 

2.093.889 

1,301.826 

1,289,600 

2,679,184 

132.159 

Nebraska. 

1,058,910 

45.761 

New Hampshire. 

376.530 

1,444,933 

5,997,853 

1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672.316 

313.767 

New York. 

North Carolina. 

North Dakota. 



5,258.014 


345,506 

South Carolina. 

1,151.149 

328.808 


1,766,518 


2,235,523 


332,422 


1,655,980 


349,390 

West Virginia. 

762,794 

1,686,880 


60,705 

Delaware, Raritan and New York Bays 


Square 

Elect< 

Miles. 

al Vol 

52,250 

10 

53 850 

7 

158 360 

8 

103 925 

*> 

4 990 

0 

2 050 

3 

58.680 

4 

59.475 

12 

84.800 

3 

56.650 

22 

36.350 

15- 

56.025 

13 

82,080 

0 

40.400 

13 

48,720 

8 

33,040 

0 

12,210 

8 

8,315 

14 

58.915 

13 

83.365 

7 

46,810 

9 

69.415 

16- 

146,080 

3 

77.510 

5 

110.700 

3 

9.305 

4 

7.815 

9 

49.170 

36. 

52.250 

11 

68,645 

3 

41.060 

23 

96,030 

3 

45,215 

3fc 

1,250 

4 

30,570 

9 

79,800 

4 

42.050 

12 

265,780 

13 

9,565 

4 

42,450 

12 

69.180 

3 

24.780 

6 

56,040 

11 

97,890 

3 

720 

. , 


Total, States, 

territories. 

Arizona. - -. 

District of Columbia. 

New Mexico. 

Oklahoma.. 

Utah. 


61,908,906 

59.620 
230 392 
153,593 
61,834 
207.905 


2,634,530 

113,020 

70 

122.580 

39,460 

84,070 


Total, Territories, 
Excluding Alaska, Indian Territory 

and Indians.©rand Total, 


713.344 

62,622,250 


360,090 


































































18 


How to Tell the Speed of a Train. 

Here is a way to tell how fast you are traveling in a railway 
car Every time a car passes over a rail-joint there is a distinct 
click. Count the number of these clicks in twenty seconds and 
you have the number of miles the train is going per hour. This is 
a simple matter of arithmetic's the length of the rail is uniform. 

Seasoning and Preserving Timber. 

For the purpose of seasoning, timber should be piled under 
shelter, where it may be kept dry, but not exposed to a strong 
current of air. At the same time there should be a free circa* 
lation of air about the timber, with which view slats or blocks 
of wood should be placed between the pieces that lie over each 
other, near enough to prevent the timber from bending 

In the sheds, the pieces of timber should be piled in this way, 
or in square piles, and classed according to age and kind. Each 
pile should be distinctly marked with the number and kind of 
pieces, and the age, or the date of receiving them. 

The piles should betaken dpwn and made over again at inter¬ 
vals, varying with the length of time the timber has been cut. 

The seasoning of timber requires from two to four years, ac¬ 
cording to its size. 

Gradual drying and seasoning in this manner is considered 
the most favorable to the durability and strengthof timber, but 
various methods have been prepared for hastening the process. 
For this purpose, steaming and boiling timber has been applied 
with success; kiln-drying is serviceable only for board-sand 
pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks, and to 
impair the strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. 

Timber of large dimension is improved by immersion in water 
for some weeks, according to its size, after which, it is less sub¬ 
ject to warp and crack in steaming. 1 

Oak timber loses about one-ffth of its weight in seasoning, 
and about one-third of its weight _n becoming dry. 

Growth of the t nited States. 

This country began the present c entury with 5,308,483 people. 
In the year 1810 the population vas 7,239,881, an increase o2 
30.28 per cent; in 1820 it was 9,633,t22, an increase of 33.66 per 
cent; in 1830 it was 12,866,020, an increase of 32.51 per cent; in 
1840 it w’as 17,069,453, an increase af 32.52 per cent; in 1850 it 
was 23,191,876, an increase of 35.8 3 per cent; in 1860 it was 31.- 
443,321, an increase of 35.11 per cent; in 1870 it was 38,558,371, 
an increase of 22 65 per cent; in 1880 it was 50,155,783, an in¬ 
crease of 30.08 per cent; in 1890 it is 62,622,250, an increase of 
about 28 per cent. This great growth is shown by a few com¬ 
parisons. The British Islands began the present century with 
three times as many people as the United States, and yet its 
present population is only three-fifths of our own. Of all the 
civilized countries, Russia has the most people, 113,354,649; but 
at our rate of increase it will not be many years before this 
country passes Russia. Another interesting fact is that the 
English language is spreading twice as rapidly as any other 
tongue,so that the future promises to the United States not only 
leadership in population, but in the language of the world. 


FIVE PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


19 


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rn 3* 00 h* 40 CO £-00050 rH ©fc 

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SIX PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


20 


$1,000 

58S£g§£8S&S8£§SSS 

^^ririrHcicOTfiOJOd© 

HH 

§§§§g§f§888S 
, , , , . ••••••• 

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rH d COT*’40 40 ©t'-COdq©q*>0*t^ 
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400400400400400400 

oi 40 o oi *o o oi 40 o 
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rH CO ^ 40 *01* 00 05 O rH d 

rH HH 

8 

rH 

¥> 

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1 rn rn rH rH CO ^ 4040 O 40 

• • 
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8 

d CO 40 CO 00 © rH d tJ< 40 CO O GO *0 O 40 o 

rH rH rH rHd CO CO ^P*0©n3< 

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SEVEN PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


21 


$1,000 

o&a5co<30i>fc-cocc40T!<dO>t©eOrH40oo 

f-i CO O 0> r-» CO lO l> 05 C3000000 o 
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hh 

CO l- O CO b-O co *>*et- 

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lO rH CO 05 40 ©CO Cl CO Tp© 
rH rH d d CO TP Tp 40*0 CO £•» 

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O 

lO 

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rH »-H d CO iO CO t>0005 TT 05 rF 05 Cl rr© 

•-ir^cicicocooi 

cicoot-ooocicoiot'-aDO 
05 C/; C-CO 40 40 CO CM rH O o 

cm o oo r-I rr © cc co o-I ci id 

r-*f-Hr-HdCMClClC0CO 

o 

o 

I CM 

I ** 

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H r-» rH CM CM CO CO CO to O 05 rH d tT CO 

rH t * ci oo 

t>CO O O COO <> CO O *>CC o 
rH CO 40 O 00 O r^ CC O ^ CC O 

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rHH r-4 

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r-* rH 

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Cl ^ 40£- 05 f -1 cm CO 00 ec o TO CO © CO 

rHrHrHrHrHdC0Tl , 4O4Or-«CO 

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rH rH rH d d CO CO 05 

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co t- o CO l> © CO J> O CO 1> 3 
Cl TP ^05 rH tP © CO H CO O 00 

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rH f-i Cl Cl CO ^ rr O O ^ 05 Cl X) o o 

rH rH rH CM CO *0 

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rH rH rH CM CO 

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22 


EIGHT PER CENT. INTEREST TABLE. 


Time. 

$i 

$2 

$3 

$4 

$5 

$6 

$7 

$8 

$9 

$10 

$100 

$1000 

Day. 

o 

O 

o 

o 

0 

O 

0 

O 

O 

0 

2 

22 

« 

• • • • • 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

O 

0 

O 

O 

0 

4 

44 

a 


o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

O 

0 

I 

I 

1 

7 

67 

a 


o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

I 

1 

I 

I 

1 

9 

89 

a 


o 

o 

o 

o 

1 

I 

1 

I 

I 

1 

11 

1.11 

« 

• • • • • 

o 

o 

o 

I 

1 

I 

1 

I 

I 

1 

13 

1-33 

u 


o 

o 

o 

I 

1 

I 

1 

I 

I 

2 

16 

1.56 

a 


o 

o 

I 

I 

1 

I 

1 

I 

2 

2 

18 

I.78 

a 

• • • • • 

o 

o 

I 

I 

1 

I 

1 

2 

2 

2 

20 

2.00 

a 

• • • • • 

o 

o 

I 

I 

1 

I 

2 

2 

2 

2 

22 

2.22 

Cl 

• • • • • 

o 

o 

I 

I 

1 

X 

2 

2 

2 

2 

24 

2.44 

cc 

• • • • • 

o 

I 

X 

I 

X 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

27 

2.67 

<1 

• • • • • 

o 

I 

I 

I 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

29 

2.89 

a 


o 

I 

I 

I 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 1 


a 


o 

I 

I 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

33 

3-33 

« 

• • • • • 

o 

I 

I 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

3 6 

3-56 

a 

• • • • • 

o 

I 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

38 

3-78 

« 


o 

I 

I 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

40 

4.00 

a 

• • • • • 

o 

I 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

42 

4.*2 

« 


o 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

44 

4*44 

a 


o 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

47 

4.67 



o 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

49 

4.89 



I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

51 

5 -n 

M 


I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

53 

5-33 

a 

■ • • • • 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

56 

5-56 

u 

• • • • • 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

58 

5.78 

<c 

• • • • 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

60 

6.00 

M 

« • • • • 

I 

I 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

62 

6.22 

<1 


I 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

64 

6.44 

Mon. 

I 

I 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

67 

6.6 7 

M 


I 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

9 

11 

12 

13 

i -33 

13-33 

€4 

• • • • • 

2 

4 ! 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

l8 

20 

2.00 

20.00 

44 


3 

5 

8 

II 

13 

16 

J 9 

21 

24 

27 

2.67 

26.67 

44 


3 

7 

io 

1 3 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

3-33 

33-33 

U 

• • • • • 

4 

8 1 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

3 ^ 

40 

4.00 

40.00 

a 


5 

9 

14 

19 

23 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

4.67 

46.67 

44 

• • • • • 

5 

II 

ID 

21 

27 

32 

37 

43 

48 

53 

5-33 

53-33 

44 


6 

12 

18 

24 

3 ° 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

6.00 

60.00 

44 


7 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

6.67 

66.67 

it 


7 

i 5 

22 

29 

37 

44 

51 

59 

66 

73 

7-33 

73-33 

Year... . 

8 

i6l 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

8.00 

80.00 








































































23 


Builders’ Estimating Tables. 

Table showing quantity of material in every four lineal feet of 
exterior wall in a balloon frame building, height of wall being 


Length of 
Studs. 

1 

Size of Sills. 

Size of Studs, Braces, etc. 

Quantity of 

Rough Lumber. 

I Quantity of 

1 Inch Boarding 

Siding in 

sup. feet. 

Tar Paper in 
*up, feet. 1 

8 

IO 

12 

T 4 

16 

iS 

20 

22 

24 

6x 6 

5 x 8 
6x10 
6x10 
8x10 
8x10 
8x12 
9x12 
10x12 

2x4 studs. 

4x4 braces. 

4x4 plates. 

1x6 ribbons. 

studs 

16 inches from 
centers. 

42 

52 

62 

69 

82 

87 

98 

109 

119 

36 

44 

53 

62 

7 i 

80 

88 

97 

106 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 
420 

ft 

96 

I2g 

160 

176 

18 

XOXIO 

2x6 studs. 

122 

80 

90 

144 

20 

10 X 12 

6x6 braces. 

137 

88 

100 

160 

22 

10X12 

4x6 plates. 

145 

97 

no 

176 

24 

12 X 12 

1x6 ribbons. 

162 

106 

120 

19s 

26 

10X14 


169 

114 

130 

208 

28 

IOXI4 

studs 16 inch centers. 

176 

123 

140 

224 

30 

12 X 14 


198 

132 

150 

240 


Table showing amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and 

boarding, and number of shingles to four lineal feet of roof, meas¬ 
ured from eave to eave over ridge. Rafters 16-inch centers; 


Width 

of 

House. 

Feet. 

Size of 
Rafters. 

Size of 
Collar- 
piece. 

Quantity of Lumber 
in Rafter and 
Collar-piece. 

Quant’y 

of 

Board’g 

Feet. 

No. of 
ShingPs 

14 

2x4 

2x4 

39 

9 i 

56© 

16 

2x4 

2x4 

45 

70 

640 

18 

2x4 

2x4 

5 ° 

79 

720 

20 

2x4 

2x4 

56 

88 

800 

22 

2x4 

2x4 

62 

97 

880 

24 

2x4 

2x4 

67 

106 

960 

20 

2x6 

2x6 

84 

88 

800 

22 

2x6 

2x6 

92 

97 

880 

24 

2x6 

2x6 

101 

106 

960 

26 

2x6 

2x6 

109 

115 

1040 

28 

2x6 

2x6 

117 

124 

1120 

3 ° 

2x6 

2x6 

126 

133 

1200 



































WAGES TABLES — Value of Time — For Days, at Stated Rates Per Month. 


24 


m 

d 

69- 

vo d co in m Nroa\inciw 9 0 vo d 00 m h n mo\in noo 0 

On ON CO CO 00 N vovo mmin99fOforoN d h m M O 0 0 

h d m 9- mvo t>.oo On 0 w d m 9 mvo t^oo On 0 h d m 9 m 

hhmhmhmhhhmcJWWWW 

9 

d 

N >n N On f) 9 VO 00 w m in00 o Cl in fs On N ■'9VO 00 H m moo 0 

On 00 t^vo lO lO tronw h o 0 On 00 C>vo iO mi-fOfOej h 0 0 

h m co t mvo cnoo ono h n n rot mvd t^oo onO h n cot* 

mmhhhhhhhwhciWWCIN 

m 

d 

co ma 9 n m onoo vo m m d 0 oo mo m On oo vo incoci 0 

00 t^vo m 9 m m O On CO t>.vO in row H O On 00 VO lo 9 CO N H 0 

m d cn 9- mvo cn c^oo on o h n co -9- m mvo r^oo on o' w « co 

HHH hmmmhmmhWWWW 

d 

d 

69 

rn On -9 CO co 00 0 ) N N vO h m Q m On -900 moo N NNVO h mo 

oo vo m m ci o on t>.vo 9 m m 0 co vo m m d o On c^vo 9 m m o 

m d m 9 m mvo c-^oo on o m m d m 9 mvo vo t^oo on o « ci 

MHMMMMMMHMMMddd 

M 

d 

69 

m ci ci m 9 m mvo c^co oo On 0 « n ci co^mmvo t^oo oo On 0 
co vo 9 d c co no 9 ci o oo vo m m m on m m w on m m m o 

m d m 9 9 mvo t^oo coONOHddm^ mvo vo t^oo on 6 m 

HHHMMMHMHMMHdCI 

0 

(N 

99 

-- 

^ 9 moo m m oo m ci owo mo n 9 mco m ci oo m d ovo m Q 
n m m o co no m* onvo 9 d o Nm mocovo mw onvo 9 d o 

* d m m ”9- mvo vo c^.oo ONOO>-<dmm9 mvo vo t^oo on o 

HHMMWMmHMMMMmCI 

ON 

w 

69 

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mvo On ci moo d moo M 9 0 mvo o d moo d moo m 9 ts. q 

^ 9 m owo m ^ oo mmo t^md ovo 9 mcovo m o oo m d o 

M d d m 9 m mvo t>*oo co o o O w d mmt mvo vo t^oo o 

MMMMHMMMMMMMM 

00 

M 

69 

1 

, ^co oo cnno m m 9 m d d m q ooo oo r^vo m m 9 m d d m q 

vo mo t^9*-|00 md ovo m o vo mo n 9 h co m d ovo m o 

m d d m 9 9 mvd vd c^oo on on o m m d* m m 9 m mvd t^oo 

mmhmmmhmmmhm 

M 

99 

v V? *vo £ oo 0000 9 on m o m HVO d n n oo moo 9 o m o 

vo m owo d on m d oo m m oo m m oo -9 m t>. 9 o m ovo mo 

m m d m m 9 m mvo c>» t^oo on on o m m d mm^lm mvd 

VO 

M 

69 

w P'P'OOO o m d 9 m t^co o d m mvo oo o w d 9 m t^oo O 

vo d co 9 o VO m ON m M c^movo d CO 9 o vo m On m H 0 

w M w m m 9 9 mvo vo t^oo « oiOno h h ci d rott mvo 

MMHMMMMMMM 

m 

M 

99 

oo m m moo vo 9 d 0\Nm d ooo m m m cn vo 9 d oism n o 
m m m oo 9 0 vo m n moimovo d oo m On m vo d oo 9 0 

HMddm99m mvo vo r^oo oodv on o 0 m d d m m 9 m 

M 

99 

900 ci m on m n m moo d vo q 9 00 d moimNH moo d vo 0 
m c vo m vo d moo m on 9 0 m 0 vo mvo d 0 . moo m on 9 0 

HMddmm99m mvo r>. t>*oo coddiOOHnci cint 

Rate. 

... 

.... , 

* * * ••••••• 1 ... ( 1 I 

1 1 I 

.. . 

s.. 11 

n • • # , 

r\ w d m 9 mvo c^oo On 0 m d m 9 mvo r^oo on 0 m d m 9 mvo 






































































25 


Six Days’ 
Wages. 

One 

Day. 

Eight 

Hours. 

Six 

Hours. 

Five 

Hours. 

Four 

Hours. 

Two 

Hours. 

One 

Hour. 

$2 

33 % 

26% 

20 

16% 

13% 

6% 

3 % 

3 

5 ° 

40 

30 

25 

20 

10 

5 

4 

66% 

53 % 

40 

33 % 

26% 

• 13% 

6% 

5 

83% 

66% 

50 

41% 

33 % 

16% 

8% 

6 

$1 00 

80 

60 

5 ° 

40 

20 

10 

7 

1 16% 

93 % 

70 

58% 

46% 

23% 


8 

1 33 % 

$1 06% 

80 

66% 

53 % 

26% 

13% 

9 

1 5 ° 

1 20 

90 

75 

60 

3 ° , 

15 

10 

1 66% 

1 33 % 

00 

83% 

66% 

33 % 

16% 

11 

1 83% 

1 46% 

1 10 

a. 9I ^ 

73 % 

36 % 

18% 

12 

2 00 

1 60 

1 20 

$1 OO 

80 

4 ° 

20 

*3 

2 16% 

1 73 % 

1 30 

I 08% 

86% 

43 % 

21% 

*4 

2 33% 

1 86% 

1 40 

I 16% 

* 93 ^ 

46% 

23 % 

15 

2 50 

2 00 

1 5° 

I 25 

$1 00 

50 , 

25 , 

16 

2 66% 

2 13% 

1 60 

i 33% 

1 06% 

53 % 

26H 

17 

2 83% 

2 26% 

1 70 

1 41% 

1 13% 

56% 

28% 

18 

3 00 

2 4c 

1 80 

1 50 

1 20 

60 

3° # 

19 

3 *°% 

2 53 % 

1 90 

1 58 % 

1 26% 

63% 

3 X % 

20 

3 33% 

2 66% 

2 00 

1 66% 

1 33 % 

66% 

33% 


Carpenters’, Plasterers’ and Bricklayer#* 

Work. 

To find how many square yards in a floor or wall: multiply tks 
length by the width or height , and divide the product by Q. 

^ * _ „ A _ r n _OA ..V -O 


How many square yards in a floor 18 ft. 
long and 14 ft. wide; and how mar; v> yards 
of carpet % yd. wide, will it take? 

To divide by a fraction, multiply the 
number by the denominator, and divide 
the product by the numerator. 

To multiply by a fraction, multiply by 
the numerator and divide by the denom¬ 
inator. 


14 X 18=252 sq. feet. 
9 ) 252(28 sq. yds. 

28 

4 

3) ”2 ( 37 % yds. carpet 
( A 28 sq. yds. 

I A 37 % yds. carpet 


Fin.' how many square yards in 
the four walls and ceiling of a 
room 18 by 20 , 11 ft. high; and the 
cost of plastering the same at 15 
cts. per sq. yd. 

The length of the four walls is 
(twice 20 and twice 18 ) 76 feet, 
which multiplied by the height gives the sq. ft. in the walls, 
langth multiplied by the width gives the sq. ft ia the ceiUff^ 


76 X 11=836 sq. ft. in four walla. 
18 X 20=360 “ “ “ ceiling. 

9 ( 1196(133 sq. yds. nearly. 
• i5 

Ans. $19.95 for plastering. 





















26 


To measure square timbers: multiply the length, width and 
thickness together, and divide ike product by 12. 

How many square feet in a joist 2 by 8 , 18 ft. long? 

2 X 8 X 18 = 288 — 12=24 ft. Ans 
Sill 8 by 8 , 22 ft. long? 8 X 8 X 22 = 1408 -^- 12 = 117 ^ ft. Ans. 

Amount of Paint Required for a Given 
Surface. 

It is impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the 
smouut varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, the kind 
of wood or other material to which it is applied, the age of the 
surface, etc. The following is an approximate rule: Divide the 
number of square feet of surface by 200 . The result will be the 
number of gallons of liquid paint required to give two coats; or, 
divide by iS^^d the result will be the number of pounds of pur® 
ground white required to give three coats. 

Howto Kill Grease Spots before Painting. 

Wash over smoky or greasy parts with saltpetre, or very thin 
lime white-wash. If soap-suds are used, they must be washed off 
thoroughly, as they prevent the paint from drying hard. 


Dimensions of One Acre. 


A square, whose sides are 12.649 rods, or 69 57 yards or 208.71 
feet long, contains one acre. Table of dimensions of rectangl* 
containing one acre: 

RODS. 


x X160 

1*4X106% 

2 X 80 

2%X 64 

$ x 53/4 

3^X 45 5-7 

4 X 40 

4^4x 35 5-9 

S X 32 

5/4 X 29 1-11 

6 X 26% 

6 l AX 24 8-13 

* X 22 6-7 

7/4 x 21% 

8 X 20 

8%X 18 14-if 

9 X 17 7-9 

9%X i6 16-19 

10 X iG 

10% X 15 5-21 

■tz X 14 6-11 

11% X 13 21-33 

12 X 13% 

12% X 12 4-5 




12 13-20X 12 13-2© 


Roof Elevations. 


By the ' pitch * of a roof is meant the relation which the height 
of the ridge above the level of the roof-plates bears to the span, or 
the distance between the studs on which the roof rests. 

The length of rafters for the most common pitches can be found 
as follows from any given span: 

!f pitch, multiply span by 5 * 59 , or 7-12 nearly. 

3t % « * “ v 6 , or 3-5 - 

If 34 3 y “ “ 625, erX « 

IfJS “ " “ “ .71 , or 7-10 * 

If H ” u u “ .8 , or 4-5 “ 

T full * " « « 1 . 12 , or 1 % m 








27 

To lengths thus obtained must be added amount of projection tm 
rafters at the eaves. 

As rafters must be purchased of even lengths, a few inches mors 
or less on their lengths will make a difference to the pitch so slight 
that it cannot be detected by the eye. 

Example. —To determine the length of rafters for a’roof con¬ 
structed one-half pitch, with a span of 24 feet— 24 X. 71 = 17 . 04 ; or, 
practically, just 17 feet A projection of one foot for eaves makes 
the length to be purchased 18 feet. 

How To Build Strong Frames. 

Sheathing put on diagonally acts as a brace over the whole sut* 
face, and requires no more lumber than if put on horizontally. It 
Is well to run the sheathing from each side up parallel 'with tho 
rafters, if at the gable ends, and at similar angles at the sides. 
Roofing boards can be put on in the same manner. Studs can be 
allowed to project above the plates and the rafters spiked to the 
sides of studs. Partitions should be braced with waste stuff, and 
In such ways a building can be strengthened that it can be rolled 
Over and over without coming to pieces, and the extra cost wi|f 
simply consist in a few hours extra labor. 

In some parts of the West, and especially in Nebraska, a framed 
sill is in use, which combines qualities that will make it of service 
to builders in many localities. A piece of 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 is laid upon 
<the wall, and flush with one side of this a 2 -inch piece of the same 
width as the joists is placed on edge and securely spiked on, thus 
making che bottom and one side of a trough. These can be fast¬ 
ened before being put in place. The joists are placed with their 
ends upon the bed of the sill and against the side, and spiked to 
both. The studs are halved down, in this case 8 inches, and 
nailed to side of sill and joists. The sides of the sill, running 
parallel with the joists, are formed by two of the joists them¬ 
selves, either set flush with the face of the wall and the studs let 
down back, or set back two inches and the studs let down in 
front. 

When the frame is finished, and before the floor is laid, the wall 
Is built up behind and over the sill; thus holding all in place, 
guarding against wind, as the wall must be torn up before the 
building will go; and also, incidentally, against rats and other 
vermin. It will be found fully as strong and much cheaper than 
timber. 

If posts are used for the foundation a m odification of this arrange¬ 
ment will prove equally serviceable. The principal on which ft 
depends is explained at length farther on. It is well known that a 
thin piece of timber put on edge, as in joists, etc., will support a 
much greater weight than if laid on its side. The strength of a 

f >iece is in direct proportion to the square of its depth and nearly 
aversely as its length. Thus it will be found that simply the 2 x 12 , 

8 feet long, without considering the support afforded to it by the 
walls, would have a strength equal to four 2 x 4 s 16 feet long. It might 
be objected that the joists would not rest on the 2 x 12 , Dut on the 
9x6. This is partly true, but the joists are spiked to the 2 x 12 , an<j 


»re nailed to the studs, which rest on the sill, thus binding tba 
whole together. Particular care must be taken to spike the 2 x 12 
side of the sill to the 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 base at short intervals. All the 
parts must be well nailed together, and especially the studs to the 
joists, and the sills to the posts. This form will have abundant 
strength and stiffness if the posts are not over 8 feet apart. A sill 
constructed in this way, of these dimensions, contains the same 
number of feet as a 6 x 6 sill, but will sustain a weight a third 
greater than the latter, if the weights are placed at the centers,^but 
as the studs are fastened together by the sheathing, the weight 
will be pardy transferred from the sills to the posts. It can also 
be made of any lengths that will reach from post to post, and the 
"lost can thus be made less. 

Shingles 'Required in a Roof* 

I»® the vMare foot it takes 9 if exposed four inches; 8 if exposed 
mches, a vi 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather, 

the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long, 
ju. o. the rafters os, each side 14 ft. Shingles exposed 4 ^ inches. 

28 X 38 = 1064 (sq. ft.) X 8 = 8512 shingles. Ans. 

To find the length sf rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch: 
take three-fifths of tho. width of the building. If the building is 
30 feet wide, they must K t 8 feet long, exclusive of projection. 

The following very useful v ^d practical calculations will be found 
exceedingly handy, as guide., to the builder, in making up^his 
figures when he is called upon to estimate for all portions of a job, 
many of which are not entirely in s own particular line; 

MASON WORK - ^RICK. 

1 % barrels lime and yard sand will 1,000 brick. 

One mac with x% tenders will lay 1,800 to \ooo brick per day. 

RUBBLE. 

barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay too fs ^of stone. 

One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one \nder. 

CEMENT. 

1 # barrels cement and ^ yard sand will lay 100 feet rubble , tone. 
Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. 

NUMBER OF NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER 

WORK. 

To case and hang one door, 1 lb. 

To case and hang one window, ^ lb. 

Base, 100 lineal feet, 1 lb. 

To put on rafters, joists, etc., 3 lbs. to 1,000 feet. 

To put up studding, same. 

Tc lay a 6 -inch pine floor, 15 lbs. to 1,000 


29 

LABOR. 

To place joists, etc., on wall, $4 per 1 , 000 . 

Put up jambs and case a door, $ 1 . 50 . 

Hanging door and locking, 50 c. to 75 c. 

Fitting sash, 50 c. to 75 c. 

Casing window, stool and apron, $ 1 . 00 . 

Hang outside blinds, 50 c. 

Hang inside blinds, 75 c.; if boxed, $ 1.00 
Lay pine floor, 6 in., 30 c. per square. 

Lay pine floor, 4 in., 40 c. per square. 

Lay walnut floor, 3 in., $1 per square. 

Roof and sheathing, 25 c. per square. 

To lay shingles, per 1 , 000 , 75 c. per square. 

COST OF PAINTERS’ WORK. 

s coat shellac, 50 c. per square. 

1 coat lead and oil, 75 c. per square. 

3 coats lead and oil, $ 1.50 per square. 

3 coats lead and oil, $ 2.50 per square^ 

Sanding, 1 coat, 75 c. per square. 

Grain oak, 2 coats, $ 2.50 per square. 

Grain walnut, 2 coats, $ 3.00 per square. 

To set glass, 10 per cent, of cost. 

Calcimining, 60 c. to 75 c. per square, 
x coat varnish, 50 c. per square. 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measure. 

To find the number of square yards in a floor or wall: RUL« t — 
Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet) and divide to* 
product by 9 : the result will be square yards. 

ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS. 

barrels of lime will do 100 square yards plastering, two coat*. 

2 U a U “ 100 “ “ “ one coat. 

xj 4 bushels of hair “ 100 “ “ 

xj 2 yards good sand “ 100 * “ 

barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish ioo square yard® 

Pl i S barref of lime will lay 1,000 bricks. (It takes good lime to da 

3 barrels of lime will lay 1 cord rubble stone. . 

barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble stone. (Estimating 

C °To eyery C barrel of lime estimate about X yards of good saad for 
plastering and brick work. 

IRON FURNACES.—There are about 690 Iron furnaces I* 
the United States. These turned out, in 1882, over 5,000,000 too* 
of pig iron 


it 

THE LARGEST TELESCOPE in the world is the Lord 
Rosbc, which has an aperture of seventy-two inches. The larg- 
ut in this country is at San Jose, Cal., having an aperture 01 
twenty-eight inches. 

Useful Information for Architects and 
Builders. 

NUMBER OF NAILS AND TACKS PER POUND. 


NAILS. No. 
Size, per lb. 

6 Denny, fence 2 in 80 nails 

^ ^ It T / it ^ 


s 

J° 

I* 

3 

3 

4 

I 


9 

J° 

i 

t. 


fine 


2 l A 

ft 

iK 

i/4 

*Ya 

2 

k 

3% 

k 

k 


34 

39 

760 

480 

3°° 

200 

160 

128 

92 

72 

60 

44 

32 

24 

18 

14 

12 


TACKS. 


I 

OZ 

.... % 

inch 



u 

....3-16 

U 


2 

u 

.... H 

a 


2 

« 

....5-16 

a 


3 

u 

.... H 

u 


4 

u 

... .7-16 

u 


6 

u 

. ...0-16 

a 


8 

u 

.... 

a 


10 

u 

... .n-16 

a 


12 

u 

.... H 

a 


H 

u 

—13-16 

a 


16 

u 

.... % . 

a 


18 

u 

....15-16 

a 


20 

u 

.... I 

« 


22 

u 

....1 1-16 

u 


24 

u 

• •••1 % 

u 



No. 
per lb. 
.16,000 
.10,666 
. 8,000 
. 6,400 
. 5.333 

. 4.000 

. 2,666 
. 2,000 
. 1,600 

• 1.333 

• 1.143 

. 1,000 
. 888 
. 800 

. 737 

.56 


1,000 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square 
feet of surface, and 5 lbs. of shingle nails will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number of 
•qoare feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap m the sid¬ 
ing aad matching. 

1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and n lbs. of lathe 
nails will nail them on; 8 bushels ®f good lime, 16 bushels of sand, 
and 1 bushel of hair, will make enough good mortar to plaster 100 
square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, 
will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Five courses of brick will lay 1 foot in height on a chimney; 16 
bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and 
8 bricks in a course will make a flue 8 ins. wide and 16 ins. long. 

Cement 1 bush, and sand 2 bush, will cover 3% sq. yds. 1 inch 
thick, 4 %. sq. yds. % inch thick, and 6% sq. yds. % inch thick; 1 
bush.’ cement and 1 of sand will cover 2% sq. yds. 1 in. thick, 3 
square yards X inch thick, and 4K square yards % incn V zV 












3i 


Quantity of Bricks Required £$ Ctora* 
struct a Building, 


Superficial 
Feet of 

Wall. 

Number ef Bricks to Thickness of 

4 inch. 

8 inch. 

12 inch 

16 inch 

20 inch 

24 inch 

x...... 

7 

i5 

22 

29 

37 

45 

a ... 

15 

3° 

45 

60 

75 

go 

3 . 

23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

4 .. 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

5 . 

38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

6 . 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

Z. 

53 

105 

*58 

210 

263 

315 

•.. 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

9 . 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

10. 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

30 . 

150 

3°° 

450 

600 

750 

900 

30 . ".... 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

i,35<> 

4 *. 

30 c 

600 

900 

1,200 

1,500 

1,800 

50 . 

375 

75o 

1,125 

1,500 

1,875 

2,250 

60.. 

450 

900 

1,350 

1,800 

2,250 

2,700 

70 .. 

525 

1,050 

1,575 

2,100 

2,625 

3,150 

80. 

600 

1,200 

1,800 

2,400 

3,000 

3,600 

9® . 

675 

1,350 

2,025 

2,700 

3,375 

4,050 

TOO . 

75 ° 

1,500 

2,250 

3,000 

3,750 

4,500 

20©. 

1,500 

3,000 

4,500 

6,000 

7 oOo 

9,000 

3 °® .. 

2,250 

4 , 5 °° 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

13.500 

400 . ... 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

18,000 


VALUE OF DIAMONDS. * 

Diamonds averaging one-half carat each, $60 per carat. 

Diamonds averaging three-quarters carat each, $80 per carat. 

Diamonds averaging one carat each, $100 per carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and one-quarter carats each, $no per 
carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and one-half carats each, $120 per 
carat. 

Diamonds averaging one and three-quarters carats each, $145 
per carat. 

Diamonds averaging two carats each, $175 per carat. 

In other words, the value of the gem increases in the geometrical 
ratio of its weight. Four diamonds weighing together two carata 
are ;vorth $ 130 ; but one diamond weighing just as much is worth 
$ 350 . Stones weighing over two carats are about the same price 
per carat as two-carat stones* they should be dearer, but they are 
not, simply because the demand for them is limited. If the demand 
for diamonds were as imperative as the demand for flour or beef, 
She geometrical ratio would again come into play, and five-carat 
Stones would be valued in the thousands. 









































Table showing the requisite sizes of girders and Joists for warehouses, the span and distance ft] 


* 7 * 



32 



*d 
v 
CJ 
rt 
»—< 

3« 

bO 

.£ 

*S 

^2 


c/j 

'O 

3 

*-* 

tfl 


'O u 
X V 

^ &E< 


0 ^H3Q « c 

ic invo 


* 







e* 



ro cov 


$ 


o 

£ 


3 




































Table as before, adapted for churches, public halls, etc. 


33 


c/3 

* 

X 

< 

s 

M 


O 

> 

i 

c< 

V) 

rt 

c /3 

w 

C/3 

• ,4 

o 


"0 

c 

cl 

(A 

u 

V 

u 

• r -4 

bi 

o 

c /3 

b4 

G 

• H 
- 

rt 

u 

K 


G 

Oc 

* 


C 

1 M 

£ 

T3 

U 


3 

o 

K 

0« 

c /3 

jy 

3 

5 


o 


• 

C/3 

C/3 

o 

pG 

O 

00 

On Ov 0 

M 

0 

M 

N 

H 

n 

H 

N N 0* 

M M M 

« cs co co ^ ^ 

M H M M H M 

C/3 

• H 

o 

X 

XXX 

X 

X 

X 

XXX 

X X X X X X 


c 

t—( 

OJ 

2 

2 

2 



o* 

2 

2 

2 

ro co co po ce ro 


C/5 

PH 

3 

a 

as 

l-H 

o 

a, 

o 

2 

< 

C /2 


fa 

w 

M 


o 

M 


<U 

o 

fa 

00 


1) 

u 

fa 

VO 


vo t^co vo oo oo 

V H M M M H M 

X X X X X X 

G H M H M H H 


C/3 

o 

rC 

u 

a 


^ in IOVO vo tN.00 00 00 00 

MHMMMHMMMM 
X X X X X X X X x x 
e*WNMNNMNCO'<*- 
HHHHHHHHMM 


N N N N N IOVO VO fvOO 00 

%—J i_I L_l .. . . . . .. . . ... . . ■ . 1*1 , _■ 


M M 


C/3 

V 

•ft X x X x l 
^00 OvO 

G M M 


4S 


M M M M M 

X X X X X 
On 0 


H M 


xxxxxxxx 


M H 


C/3 o 

u u 


-p-iHMMMMMHMMMMMHMH 

i\xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 

y vo vo vo c^oo OOOvOnOOmmOOOO 

H HHHHMMHH 


*)xed« 

oour;si(j 


N f5 4* tOVO f^OO OO M N rot tovp 
4/hmhhhhhh«C 1WWNW«^ 
fa 


































34 

The Use of the Steel Square. 

ilie standard steel square has a blade 24 inches long and 2 inches 
wide, and a tongue from 14 to 18 inches long and i}& inches wide. 
The blade is exactly at right angles with die tongue, and the angle 
formed by them an exact right angle, or square corner. A proper 
square should have the ordinary divisions of inches, half inches, 
quarters and eighths, and often sixteenths and thirty-seconds. 
Another portion of the square is divided into twelfths of an inch; 
this portion is simply ascaksof 12 feet to an inch, used for any pur¬ 
pose, as measuring scale drawings, etc The diagonal scale on the 
tongue near the blade, often found on squares, is thus termed from 
its diagonal lines However, the proper term is centesimal scale, 
for the reason that by it a unit may be divided into 100 equal parts, 
and therefore any number to the 100 th part of a unit may be 
expressed In this scale A B is one inch; then, if it be required to 
take off 73-100 inches, set one foot of the compasses in the third 
parallel under 1 at E, extend the other foot to the seventh diagonal 
, la that parallel at G, and the distance between E G is that required, 
for E F is one inch and F G 73 parts of an inch. 

Upon one side of the blade of the square, running parallel with 
the length, will be found nine lines, divided at intervals of one inch 
Into sections or spaces by cross lines This is the plank, board and 
scantling measure. On each side of the cross lines referred to are 
figures, sometimes on one side of the cross line and often spread 
over the line, thus, 1 | 4 — 9 | — We will suppose we have a board 
12 feet long and 6 inches wide. Looking on the outer edge of the 
blade we find 12; between the fifth and sixth lines, under 12 , will 
be found 12 again; this is the length of the board. Now follow the 
space along toward the tongue till we come to the cross line under 
6 (on the edge of the blade), this being the width of the board; in 
this space will be lound the figure 6 again, which is the answer in 
board measure, viz., six feet 

On some squares will be found on one side of the blade 9 lines, 
and crossing these lines diagonally to the right are rows of figures, 
as seven is, seven 2 s, seven js, etc. This is another style of board 
measure and gives the leet in a board according to its length and 
width. 

In the center of the tongue will generally be found two parallel 
lines, half an inch apart, with figures between them; this is termed 
the Brace Rule. Near the extreme end of the tongue will be found 
24-24 and to the right of these 33.95. The 24-24 indicate the two 
sides of a right-angle-triangle, while the length of the brace is indi¬ 
cated by 33.95. This will explain the use of any of the figures in 
the brace rule. On the opposite side of the tongue from the brace 
rule will generally be found the octagon scale, situated between 
*wo central parallel lines This space is divided into intervals and 
.lumbered thus; 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 . 50 , 60 . Suppose it becomes neces¬ 
sary to describe an octagon ten inches square; draw a square ten 
inches each way and bisect the square with a horizontal and per¬ 
pendicular center line. To find the length of the octagon line, 
place one point of the compasses on any of the main division^ of the 
scale and the other leg or point on the tenth subdivision This 


35 

length being measured off on each side of center lines, tou^ 
the line of the octagon, will give the points from which to draw the 
octagonal lines. The size of the octagon must equal the number of 
spaces taken off from the tongue by the compasses. 

Weight of a Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone, 
Metal, &c. 


Article. Lbs. 

Alcohol. 40 

Ash Wood. 53 

Bay Wood. 51 

Brass, gun metal. 543 

Brandy... 58 

Beer. 65 

Blood. 66 

Brick, common.. 

Cork. 15 

Cedar. 35 

Copper, cast. 547 

Copper, plates. 543 

Clay. 120 

Coal, Lehigh. 56 

Coal, Lackawanna. 50 

Cider. 64 

Chestnut. 38 

Ebony. 83 

Earth, loose. 94 

Glass, Window. 165 

Gold. 1 , 203 % 

Hickory, pig nut.-. 49 

Hickory, shell-bark. 43 

Hay, bale. 9 

Hay, pressed. 25 

Honey. 90 

Iron, cast. 450 

Iron, plates. 481 

Iron, wrought bars. 486 

* c . e ...57M 

Lignum Vitae Wood. 83 

Logwood. 57 


A rticle. 

Lead,cast. 

Lead, rolled. 

Milk. 

Maple. 

Mortar. 

Mud... 

Marble, Italian. 

Marble, Vermont. 

Mahogany.... 

Oak, Canadian. 

Oak, live, seasoned... 

Oak, white, dry. 

Oil, linseed. 

Pine, yellow.. 

Pine, white. 

Pine, red. 

Pine, well seasoned... 

Platina. 

Red Hickory... 

Silver. 

Steel, plates. 

Steel, soft.. 

Stone, common, adiout 

Sand, wet, about. 

Spruce.. 

Tin. 

Tar. 

Vinegar. 

Water, salt. 

Water, rain. 

Willow. 

Zinc, cast. 


Lbs. 

...709 

. .711 

■•• 64 
...47 
. .110 
.. 102 
.. .169 
..165 
... 66 

••54 
•• 67 

••54 
•• 59 
•• 34 

• 34 

•• 37 

• • 30 

.1,219 

• • 52 

625^ 

4Z7X 

..489 
..158 
. .128 
•• 3i 
••455 

• • 63 
.. 67 
.. 64 
.. 62 

• • 36 
. .428 


To Cut a Hole in Hard Steel.— An authority says: 
Sometimes I have had to make holes in steel that was 
too hard to cut or file easily. Then I make a chemical 
mixture that will cut a hole. I mix one ounce of sulphate 
of copper, a quarter of an ounce of alum, half a tea¬ 
spoonful of powdered salt, a gill of vinegar and twenty 
drops of nitric acid. This will cut a hole in any steel, or, 
if washed off quickly, it will give a beautiful frosted 
appearance to the metal. 




































































3 ® 

Cost of Tin Roofing pen Square and pei* 
Square Foot. 

The following table shows the cost per square and per square 
foot of tin roofing, laid with 14 x 20 tin, with tin at any price from 
$4 to $10 per box. The first column contains the price per box of 
un; the second column shows the cost of tin per square (100 square 
feet) of surface, and the thira column shows the cost of tin pee 
square foot of surface: 

FLAT SEAM ROOFING— COST WITH 14 x 20 TIN. 


Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
square of 



Price of 

Cost per 
square of 



flat roof 

Cost per 

Tin per 

flat roof 

Cost pet 

box. 

14 x 20 Tin, 

sq. 

foot 

box. 

14 x 20 Tin, 

sq 

foot. 

$4-25-•• 

M 

4 


.0221 

$ 8.25 . 

•$4-29. 

• • • 

.0420 

4*S°- • • 

.... 2 . 34 .... 


.0234 

8.50 -- 

• • 4-42. 

... 

. 044 a 

4-75 •• 

— 2.47 — 

• • . . 

.0247 

8-75. 

-• 4-55. 

• • . 

0453 

500 ... 

.... 2 . 60 .... 

• • • • 

.0260 

9.00 . 

.. 4.68 . 

► • 

.0460 

5* 2 5 - •• 

.... 2 . 73 .... 

• • • « 

.0273 

9 . 25 ,..,. 

. 4 81 . 

• . 

.0481 

3-50... 

.... 2 . 86 . ... 

• •.. 

0286 

9-50. 

•• 4-94. 

* ♦ 

.0494 

3*75 

— 2 . 99 .... 

.... 

.0299 

9-75 - 

•• 5-°7 . 

.. . 

0507 

600 .. 

.... 3 . 12 .... 

• . . . 

.0312 

10.00 ... 

.. 5.20 . 


0520 

6 . 25 .., 

.... 3 . 25 .... 

. .. > 

.0325 

10 25 . 

- 5-33 . 

. , 

•0533 

.0546 

6 . 50 .. . 

— 338 -. .. 

... - 

•0338 

10.50 . 

. 5.46 ... 


6 , 75 ... 

.... 3 - 51 .... 

• . . . 

•0351 

i°-75 . 

• ■ 5-59 . 

... 

0559 

7.00 ... 

— 3 . 64 .... 

... 

.0364 

11 . 00 . .... 

.• 5-72 . 

• 

0572 

25-. 

— 3 77 .... 


.0377 

11.25 . 

•• 5-85 . 


.0585 

It 50 .. 

.... 3 . 90 .... 

.... 

.0390 

n .50 - 

. 5 . 98 ... . 


0598 

2*75-•• 

— 403 .... 

• . . . 

.0403 

11 75. 

. 6.11 ... 


.0611 

& 00 ,.. 

.... 4 . 16 .... 

.... 

. 04 x 6 

12.00 ... 

. . 6 . 24 ... 

•• 

.0624 

SI ENDING SEAM 

ROOFING —COST 

WITH 14 x 20 

TIN 


Pric. ol 
Un 1 tr 

Cost per 
Square of 
stand’g seam 
roof with 

Cost pei 

Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
square of 
stand’g seam 
roof with 

Cost per 

box 

14 x 20 Tin. 

sq. foot 

box. 

14 x 20 Tin. 

sq. foot. 

$4 25 . ,. 

-$ 2 -37. 

.,. .0237 

$ 7 25 • 

-. 4403 * 

. .0403 

4-50. 

•••• 2.51 . 

... .0251 

7-50... 



4-75-.•• 

•. 2.65 . 

... .0265 

7 75--. 

- * 31 ... 

.. 0431 

5 . 00 .... 

•••• 2.79 . 

♦ . . .0279 

8 00 . . 

.4 45 ••• 

0445 

3 . 25 .,.. 

•••• 2 -93. 

... .0293 

8 25 ... 

- 4.59 .. 

• -0459 

5 . 50 . 

.... 3 . 06 ... . 

... .0306 

8 . 50 ... 

- 4 73 •••■ 

•0473 

5-75- •• 

.... 3 . 20 ..... 

... .0320 

8 . 75 ... 

.... 4 87 .... 

0487 

6.00 ... 

•••• 3-34. 

... .0334 

9 00 . 



6.25.... 

•••• 3-48 . 

... .0348 

9 25... 



6.50 . 

• ••• 3- 6 2 . 

... .0362 

9.50... 



6 - 7 S-... 

•••• 3-76 . 

... .0376 

9 75 ... 

.... 5.43 ... 

- 0543 

7.00 .. 

3-90. 

.. .0390 

10 00.., 

• ... 5 57 -*. 

• 0557 

















































37 

"tost of Tin Roofing pen Square—con¬ 
tinued. 


FLAT SEAM ROOFING—COST WITH 20 x 28 TIN. 


Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
square of 
flat roof 

Cost per 

Price of 
Tin per 

Cost per 
square of 
flat roof 

Cost per 

box. 

20 x 28 Tin, 

sq. 

foot. 

box. 

20 x 28 Tin. 

sq. 

foot. 

$ 8 . 00 ... 

....$ 2 . 01 ... 

.... 

.0201 

$ 16 . 00 .. 

.... .$ 4 . 01 ... 

• • • • 

.0401 

8 . 50 ... 

.. . 2 . 13 ... 

.... 

.0213 

16 . 50 .. 

.4- 1 3- - • 


•0413 

9 . 00 ... 

.... 2 . 26 ... 

• . . • 

.0226 

17 . 00 .. 

. 4 . 26 ... 

. . . . 

.0426 

9-5°-•• 

- 2 . 38 ... 

.... 

.0238 

17 - 50 .. 

.4-3 8 -.• 

.. .. 

.0438 

10 . 00 ... 

- 2 . 51 ... 

.... 

.0251 

18 . 00 .. 

. 4-5I-." 

.... 

•0451 

10 . 50 ... 

- 2 . 63 ... 

.. .. 

.0263 

18 . 50 .. 

. 4 - 63 -.• 

.... 

.0463 

xz. 00 ... 

.... 2 . 76 ... 

.... 

.0276 

19 . 00 .. 

. 4 - 76 ... 

.... 

.0476 

xi 50 ... 

.... 2 . 88 ... 

... . 

.0288 

19 . 50 .. 

_ 4 . 88 ... 


.0488 

iaoo .. 

.... 3 . 00 ... 

.... 

.O 3 OO 

20 . 00 .. 

. 5-oi... 

.. .. 

.0501 

13.50 .. 

- 3 . 13 . .. 

.... 

• 0 3I3 

20 50 .. 

. 5-I3-.. 

.... 

•0513 

13 . 00 ... 

- 3 . 25 ... 

• V . . 

.0325 

21 . 00 . . 

. 5 . 26 ... 

. . . . 

.0526 

13 5° •• 

.... 3-38... 

.... 

•0338 

21 50 . . 

. 5-38... 

.... 

.0538 

14 . 00 . .. 
X4-5°-.- 

...«. 3 . 50 ... 


.0350 

•C 363 

22 . 00 .. 
22 50 .. 

. 5 51-.y 

. 5' 63 ... 

• • • • 

•0563 

15 . 00 ... 

... 3-75-•• 


•0375 

23.OO.. 

. 5 - 76 ... 


.0576 

IS 50-•• 

.... 3 . 88 ... 

... . 

.0388 






STANDING SEAM ROOFING—COST WITH 20 x 28 TIN. 



Cost per 



Cost per 



square of 



square of 


Price of 

standi’g seam 


Price of 

standi’g seam 


Tin per 

roof with Cost per 

Tin per 

roof with Cost per 

box. 

20 x 28 Tin. sq. 

foot. 

box. 

20 x 28 Tin. sq 

foot. 

$8.00... 

.....$ 2.15 . 

.0215 

$ 16 . 50 . . 

. $4-42 . 

.0442 

8 50 .., 

. 2.28 . 

.0228 

17.00 . 

• ... 4 56. 

.0456 

9.00. , 

. 2.41 ... 

.0241 

17 - 50 -- 

. 4-69 . 

.0469 

9.50 .. 

. 2-55. 

•0255 

18 . 00 . . 


.0482 

10.00... 


.0268 

18 . 50 . . 

- 4-96 . 

.0496 

10 50... 


0282 

19.00 . 

. 5 09 . 

.0509 

XI.00 

. 2.95 . 

.0295 

jg 50 .. 

. 523 . 

.0523 

11.50. 

.3 °9. 

.0309 

20 00 . . 

- 5-3*5. 

.0536 

X 2 OO. .. 


.0321 

20 . ^O . • 


.0549 

xa 50... 

. 3-35 . 

0335 

21-00.. 

• ••• 5-63 . 

.0563 

13 00... 


.0348 

21.50 . 

. 5 76 . 

.0576 

13 50... 


.0362 

22.00 . 

. 5 9° . 

.0590 

14.00... 

. 3 75 . 

•0375 

22 50 . 

. 6 03...... . 

•0603 






.0617 

15.00..' 

. 0 . 

-. .. . 4.02 . 

.0402 

23 . 50 .. 


.0630 

fe CO 


. QJJJC 

24 . OO 


0643 

••* 

16.00... 


.0429 







































































3& 

The Fastest Locomotive Ever Built. 

The largest and fastest passenger engine ever built was by the 
Rhode Island Locomotive Works, for the New York, Providence 
and Boston Railroad Company The main driving wheels are 
six feet in diameter and set but seven feet six inches apart. This 
arrangement makes her run easily on curves. Thr cylinders are 
eighteen inches in diameter, with twenty-four-inch stroke. .The 
boiler is fifty-four inches in diameter at the smoke-stack, with a 
wagon top. It extends to the very end of the cab, and necessitates 
the elevation of the engineer’s seat to a height far above the fire- 
door. The fire required three tons of coal before the engine pulled 
out of the round-house to make her trips, and four tons will be 
carried on the tender. The tank of the latter will hold 4,000 gallons 
of water, and the total weight of the engine proper is 93,000 to 
95,000 pounds. The weight on the driving wheel will be 66,000 
pounds, or 4,800 more than the Connecticut # 

She looks to be enormously high as she sets up well in the air, 
and her short smoke-stack adds to her apparent height. Every 
thing about her is steel. There is not a particle of brass or bright 
work about her. She will make the run from Providence to 
Groton, Conn., a distance of 62.5 miles, including a dead stop at 
Mystic drawbridge, as required by the statutes of Connecticut, in 
just 62.5 minutes, pulling at the same time eight cars f our of which 
are Pullnu ns. 

Notable Bridges of the World. 

Sublician bridge, at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; seventh 
century. Twice rebuilt, but ruins only remain. 

The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the longest bridge 
in England: 1 , 545 feet. 

The old London bridge was the first stone bridge. Commenced 
In 1176 , completed in 1209 . 

The bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built in 1569 ; marble; 
322 feet long 

The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice, ovet which condemned prisoners 
passed to execution, was built in 1589 . 

The Rialto, at Venice, a single marble arch, built from designs 
of Michael Angelo, 98 ^ feet long; completed 1591 . 

Coalbrookdale bridge, England, was the first cast-iron bridge. 
Built over the Severn in 1779-. 

New London bridge, granite, from designs by L. Rennier. 
Commenced in 1824 , completed in about sevpn years; cost 
$7 , 291 , 000 . 

The Britannia bridge, over the Menai Strait, Wales, 103 feet 
above high water. Wrought iron, 1,511 feet long, finished in 1850. 
Cost, $ 3 , 008 , 000 . 

The Niagara Suspension bridge was built by Roebling, in 185a- 
55. Cost, $ 400 , 000 ; 245 feet above water, 1,268 feet long, esti¬ 
mated 1,200 tons. 

Havre de Grace, over the Susquehanna, 3,271 feet long. 

Brooklyn Bridge W 3 S commenced under the direction of J, 


39 


ifco«''oling' In i&7p, and completed in about thirteen years? 3,475 feet 
*° n g» !35 feet high- Cos nearly $15,000,000, 

The Canti-Lever bridge, 1884, over the Niagara, steel. Length 
{>10 feet; total weight, 3,000 tons; cost was $222,000. 

Rush street bridge, Chicago, Ill., 1884, cost $132,000; the larg- 
est general traffic drawbridge in the world. Will accommodate 
four teams abreast, and its foot passages are seven feet wide in 
the clep. Swung by steam power and lighted by electric light 
Cincinnati, over Ohio river (suspension), 2,220 feet long 
Trajans, over Danube river (stone), 4,770 feet long 
Highbridge, Har’em (stone). *,460 feet long, 

Victoria, Montreal (tubular), 9,144 feet long. 

Louisville, ove* Ohio river (truss), 5,2x8 feet long 
St. Louis, over the Mississippi (steel), 2,045 feet long. 


Height of Principal Monuments and Towers. 

« 

Places. Names. Feet. 

Paris, France.Eifel.1,000 

Washington, D. C.Washington Monument. 555 

Egypt.Pyramid of Cheops. 486 

Belgium.Antwerp Cathedral. 476 

France..................Strasburg Cathedral.. 474 

Egypt...Pyramid of Cephrenes...456 

Rome...St. Peter’s Church.448 

Germany....St. Martin’s Church at Landshut... 411 

England...St. Paul’s Church, London.365 

England.Salisbury Cathedral............... 400 

Italy ..Cathedral at Florence. 386 

Lombardy...Cathedral at Cremona...... ,.397 

Germany.Church at Fribourg........386 

Spain ...Cathedral of Seville. .. 360 

Lombardy......Cathedral of Milan.... 355 

Holland.....Cathedral of Utrecht...356 

Egypt.......Pyramid of Sakkarah.356 

Bavaria.Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich. 348 

Venice...St. Mark’s Church . 328 

Italy... ...Assinelli Tower, Bologna.... 272 

New York...Trinity Church. 284 

Hindos tan .... Column at Delhi.. 262 

China.........Porcelain Tower, Nankin.260 

Paris.....Church of Notre Dame. 224 

Massachusetts.Bunker Hill Monument.221 

Italy......Leaning Tower of Pisa. 179 

Baltimore....Washington Monument...175 

Paris ...Monument, Place Vendome.153 

Italy......Trajan’s Pillar, Rome.. 151 

Pans ..Obelisk of Luxor. . no 


ANDERSONVILLE. —The total number of deaths in Anuer- 
sonville prison was 12,462, about one-third of which took place te 
the stockade and twc-thirds in the hospital. The greatest numbe f 
imprisoned at any one time was 33,006. Number of escapes, 328, 




























































40 


IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR. 

A complete list containing every engagement, great and 
small, during the Late Civil War, with casualties on both 
sides so far as known, and the victors in the more import¬ 
ant battles; compiled expressly for Conklin’s Handy Manua!, 
from the records of the Government for Grand Army refer¬ 
ence, and being the only list ever published for the oublic. 

The following abstract may be depended upon as, being as 
nearly reliable as can be compiled. Were it possible to Consult 
the memory of every veteran who took part in our meOEOrable 
struggle, much more could doubtless be added. Many the 
casualties were never recorded in the heat and confusion of 
battle, but, so far as they appear on the records on either 
side, they are here inscribed : , 

NOVEMBER, i860. 

10—Bill to equip and raise 10,000 volunteers introduced io 
South Carolina Legislature. 

18—Georgia Legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm the State. 

20— 23—Specie payment suspended by banks in Richmond* 
Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia and Trenton, also gen¬ 
erally through the South. 

DECEMBER, i860. 

3— A John Brown anniversary meeting in Boston broken up 
by riot, 

io—Louisiana Legislature voted $500,000 to arm the State. 

24—Election in Alabama—60,000 majority for secession. 

27—Troops ordered out in Charleston. 

JANUARY, 1861. 

5—Steamer Star of the West sailed from N. Y. with supplies 
and reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston 
on 9th, was fired upon and driven back to sea; returned to 
N. Y. on 12th with two shot holes in her hull. 

7—Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a secession speeds 
in U. S. Senate. 

18—Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 for the de¬ 
fense of the State. 

21— Jefferson Davis withdrew from U. S. Senate. 

31—U. S. Mint at New Orleans seized by State authorities. 

FEBRUARY, 1861. 

9 —Jefferson Davis elected President of C. S. A. 

g—U. S. $25,000,000 loan bill signed by the President. 

MARCH, 1861. 

4— Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President, 

26—Sam Houston, Governor of Texas, deposed for refusal 
to take an oath of allegiance to the C. S. A. 


M O C9M O* WWW H <3 vi C» Oj OOVJ "slvj *MOO)M hio vJhO O Ln M OW N DATE. 


41 



CASUALTIES. 

APRIL, 1861. 

UNION. 

CANTED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

l 

K. 

w. 

S 

1 

cu 

Bombardment of Fort Sum¬ 
ter. No casualties. 







Evacuation of Ft. Sumter, S.C. 
Riots in Baltimore, Md. 

I 

4 

3 

20 


9 



MAY. 

N. Y. 69th Regme«t arrived in 
Washington. 






Gen. Butfer took possession 
of Relay House. 




• 



Camp Jackson, Mo. 






639 

Riots in St. Louis, Mo. 

4 



27 


Charleston blockade establs’d 
C. S. Cong, authorized issue of 
$50,000,000 8% 20-year bonds 
Pres’t Davis reached Richm’d 
Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax 
C. H. Va. 






JUNE. 

Fairfax Court House, Va. 

Phillippi, West Virginia. 

Big Bethel, Va. 

1 

16 

4 

2 

34 


1 

1 

14 

16 

7 


♦Romney, West Virginia.. 

Confederates evacuate and 

burn Harper’s Ferry, Va- 

Vienna, Virginia. 

" 5 

1 

6 


2 

6 

1 


♦Boonville, Mo. 

2 

19 


15 

20 


Edward’s Ferry. Md. 

1 

4 


15 



Camp Cole, Mo. 

15 

52 


7 

20 


48 B^ & O. R. R. locomotives, 
valued at $400,000, destroyed 
by the Confederates. 





Patterson Creek, Va. 

1 

1 


7 

2 


Matthias’ Point, Va. 

1 

4 





General council of war held at 
Washington.. 







” JULY. 

Falling Waters, Md. 

8 

IS 


31 

5° 


♦Carthage, or Dry Forks, Mo. 
Newport News . 

13 

3 i 

6 


40 

125 

6 

45 

President Lincoln called for 
400,000 men and $400,000,000 
to put down the rebellion... 
Middle Creek Fork, W. Va... 
fireat Falls, Va. 

1 

2 

6 


7 

12 



T.anrel Hill, W. Va. 

2 

6 





Monroe Station, Mo. 

3 



4 

20 

75 

♦Rich Mt., Va. (Camp lost and 
















































42 




N 

H 

■< 

Q 

JULY, 1861. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

04 

K. 

W. 

a 

<1 


150 prisoners taken.). 

II 

35 


60 

140 

100 

12 

Barboursville, or Red House, 








Va. 

I 



10 



13 

Beverly, W. Va. 






600 

14 

Carrick’s Ford, W. Va. 

*3 

40 


20 

10 

50 

16 

Millsville, or Wentzville, Mo. 

7 

1 


7 



17 

Fulton, Mo. 

1 

15 





17 

Scarry town, W. Va. 

9 

38 





17 

Martinsburg, Mo. 

1 

1 





17 

Bunker Hill, Va. 




4 



18 

Blackburn’s Ford, Va. 

19 

38 


15 

53 


19 

Harrisonville and Parkers- 








ville, Mo. 

1 



14 



*1 

tBull Run, or Manassas, Va... 

481 

IOII 

1460 

269 

1483 


33 

Forsyth, Mo. 


3 


5 

10 


24 

Blue Mills, Mo. 

1 

12 





36 

Lane’s Prairie, near Rolla, Mo. 


3 


1 

3 


*7 

Ft. Fillmore, New Mexico.... 



420 





AUGUST. 







3 

Dug Springs, Mo. 

4 

37 


40 

44 


3 

Messilla, New Mexico. 

3 

6 


12 



5 

Athens, Mo. 

3 

8 


14 

14 


5 

Point of Rocks, Md. 




3 

2 


7 

Hampton, Va. 




3 

6 


8 

♦Lovettsville, Va. 




1 

5 


10 

♦Wilson’s Creek, Mo. (Gen. 








Lyon killed.). 

223 

T2I 

29T 




11 

Potosi, Mo. 

1 



2 

3 

30 

*4 

Martial law declared at St. 








Louis, Mo. 







17 

Brunswick, Mo. 

1 

7 





19 

Charleston, or Bird’s Pt., Mo. 

1 

6 


40 



to 

♦Hawk’s Nest, W. Va. 


3 


1 

3 


•6 

Cross Lanes, or Somerville, 








VV. Va. 

5 

40 

200 




«7 

Ball’s Cross Roads, Va. 

1 

3 





*S ~9 

♦Ft. Hatteras, N. C. 

1 

3 


5 

31 

715 

•9 

Lexington, Mo. 




8 



3 i 

Munson’s Hill, Va. 

3 

3 






SEPTEMBER. 







1 

Bennett’s Mills, Mo. 

I 

8 





1 

Boone Court House, W. Va... 


6 


30 



3 

Dallas, Mo. 

3 






3 

Dry Wood, or Ft. Scott, Mo.. 

4 

9 





3 

Beher’s Mills, Mo. 




3 

< 


6 

Paducah, Ky., occupied by 








Union forces. 






















































43 


N 

< 

P 

SEPTEMBER, 1861 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFE 

K. 

w. 

3 

1 

CL 

K. 

W. 

XO 

Carnifex Ferry. 

16 

102 




II 

Lewinsville, Va. 

6 

8 




12 

Black River, near Ironton, Mo. 




5 


13 

Cheat Mountain, W. Va. 

9 

12 



80 

13 

Booneville, Mo. 

1 

4 


12 

30 

14 

Confed. privateer Judah de- 







stroyed near Pensacola, Fla. 

3 

15 




15 

Pritchard’s Mills, Va. 

1 



8 

75 

12- 

20. fLexington, Mo. 

42 

108 

1624 

25 

75 

17 

Morristown, Mo. 

2 

6 


7 


*7 

Blue Hills, Mo. 

11 

39 


10 

60 

x8 

Banks of New Orleans sus- 







pend specie payment. 






18 

Barbourville, W. Va. 

1 

1 


7 


21 

tBall’s Bluff, Va. (Col. Baker 







killed.). 

220 

266 

500 

36 

264 

*2 

Poppinsville, or Osceola, Mo. 

17 





22 

Elliott’s Mills, Mo. 

1 

5 




*3 

*Romney, or Hanging Rock, 







W. Va. 

3 

50 


35 


*5 

Chapmansville, W. Va. 

4 

9 


20 

50 

26 

Lucas Bend, Ky. 




4 


29 

Munson’s Hill . 

9 

25 





OCTOBER. 






3 

Grienbrier, W. Va. 

8 

32 


100 

75 

4 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico. 




11 


4 

Buffalo Hill, Ky. 

20 



50 


8 

Hillsboro, Ky. 

3 

2 


IT 

29 

9 

Santa Rosa, Fla. 

14 

29 




12 

Cameron, Mo. 

1 

4 


8 

35 ®j 

12 

Upton Hill, Ky. 




5 

3 

X2 

Bayles Crossroads, La. 


4 




13 

Beckwith Farm, Mo. 

2 

5 > 


1 

2 

13 

West Glaze, Mo. 




62 


15 

Big River Br’ge, nr. Potosi, Mo. 

I 

6 

33 

5 

4 

15 

Lime Creek, Mo. 




63 

40 

16 

Bolivar Heights, Mo. 

4 

7 




16 

Warsaw, Mo. 




3 


17- 

21. Fr’d’ckst’nandl’nton, Mo. 

6 

60 



200 

19 

Big Hurricane Creek, Mo. 

2 

14 


14 


21 

Bell’s Bluff; called Edwards 






f" 

Ferry, or Har’sn’s Ln’ dg,Va. 

223 

226 

445 

36 

264 

22 

Buffalo Mills, Mo. 




17 


33 

West Liberty, Ky. 


2 


10 

5 

33 

Hodgeville, Ky.. 


3 


3 

5 

25 

Zagonyi’s ch’ge, Spr’gfield.Mo. 

18 

37 


100 


26 

Romney, or Mill Creek,W^Va. 

2 

15 

v. • 

20 

15 




P-M 



















































DATE. 

OCTOBER, 1861. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

ft« 

K. 

W. 

3 

l 

26 

Saratoga, Ky. 


4 


8 

17 


27 

Plattsburg, Mo. 




8 



2 7 

Spring Hill, Mo. 


5 





29 

Woodbury and Morgant’n, Ky. 


1 






NOVEMBER. 







I 

Winfield Scott, Com. U. S. 








army, retired, and Maj.-Gen. 








Geo. B. McClellan app’nted.. 







I 

Renick, Randolph Co., Mo.... 


14 





6 

Little Santa Fe, Mo. 

2 

6 





7 

*Belmont, Mo. 1 . 

90 

173 

235 

261 

427 

378 

7 

Galveston Harbor, Tex. 

1 

8 



3 


7 

*Port Royal, S. C.. 

8 

23 


11 

39 


9 

*Piketown, or Fry Mtn., Ky. (70 








wagons, stores, and eq’p'gs.) 

4 

26 


18 

45 

200 

10 

Guyandotte, W. Va. 

7 

20 


3 

10 


10 

Gauley Bridge, W. Va. 

2 

l6 





ii 

Little Blue, Mo. 

7 

9 





12 

Occoguan Creek, Va. 

3 

1 





17 

Cypress Bridge, Ky. 

10 

15 





18 

Palmyra, Mo. 




3 

5 


19 

Wirt Court House, W. Va. 




1 

5 


19 

Eng. packet Trent boarded by 








Capt. Wilkes, and Mason 








and Slidell captured. On the 








24th inst. they were placed in 








Ft. Warren, Boston Harbor; 








released Jan. 1,1862, on a de- 








mand of the British govt.... 







23 

Ft. Pickens, Pensacola, Fla... 

5 

7 


5 

23 


24 

Lancaster, Mo. 

1 

2 


t 3 



26 

Little Blue, Mo. 

1 

1 





26 

Drainesville, Va. 




2 



29 

Black Walnut Creek, Mo. 


15 


17 




DECEMBER. 







3 

Salem, Mo. 

6 

10 


16 

20 


3 

Vienna, Va. 




1 



4 

Anandale, Va. 

1 



17 



4 

Dunksburg, Mo.; citizens re- 








pulse raiders. 




7 

10 


9 

Congress passed bill authoriz’g 








exchange of prisoners. 







to 

Shelling of Free Stone Point 








by Union gunboats. 







ti 

Bertrand, Mo. 







*3 

Camp Allegheny, or Buffalo 








Mt., W. Va. 

20 

107 


20 

96 
















































45 


*7 

i8 

20 

21 

22 

28 

28 

30 


l 

4 

4 

4 

7 

8 
8 
8 

9 

io 

19- 

22 

29 

I 

6 

8 

8 


io 

13 

14 
>4- 


17 

18 
21 
24 
26 


DECEMBER, 1861. 

CASU/ 

UNION. 

lLTIES, 

CONFF. 

K. 

W. 

s 

Pu 

K. 

w. 

Rowlett’s Station, Ky. 

IO 

22 


33 

5 ° 

*Milford, Blackwater, Mo. 

2 

8 




Drainsville, Va. 

7 

61 



43 

Hudson, Mo. 


5 


10 


Wadesburg, Mo. 


2 




Sacramento, Ky. 

1 

8 


30 


Mt. Zion, Mo. 

5 

63 


25 

150 

Banks of New York, Philadel- 






phia, Albany,and Boston sus- 






pend specie payment. 




4 


JANUARY, 1862. 






Port Royal, S, C. 

1 

10 




Huntersville, Va. 


1 


I 

7 

Near Bath, Va. 

2 

2 



30 

Calhoun, Mo... 


10 



30 

Blue Gap, near Romney, Va.. 




15 


Jennie’s Creek, Ky. 

3 

I 


6 

14 

Charleston. Mo. 

8 

16 




Dry Forks, W. Va... 


6 


6 


Silver Creek, Mo. 

5 

6 



80 

Columbus, Mo. 

5 





Middle Creek, Ky. 

2 

25 

* 

40 


20. *Mill Springs, Ky. (Gen. 






Zolicoffer killed). 

3 « 

194 


100 

160 

Knob Noster, Mo. 

1 





Occoguan Bridge, Mo. 

1 

4 


10 


FEBRUARY. 






Bowling Green, Ky. 

3 

2 




*Fort Henry, Tenn. 


40 


5 

11 

Linn Creek, Va. 

1 

I 


8 

7 

*Roanoke Island, N. C. (Sur- 






render of Ft. Henry, Tenn., 






to Federal army. 

35 

200 


16 

39 

Elizabeth City, N. C. 

3 





Blooming Gap, Va. 

2 

5 


13 


Flat LiclT Fords, Ky. 




4 

4 

15, 16. *Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. 






(6 forts, 65 guns, and 17,500 






small arms captured, and 






) 13,829 Conf. w. and m.). 

446 

1735 

150 

231 

1007 

Pea Ridge, Mo. 

5 

9 




Independence, Mo. 

1 

3 


4 

5 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico. 

62 

140 



150 

Mason’s Neck, Va. 

2 

1 




Keytersville, Mo. 

2 

1 


I 


MARCH. 






Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. 

5 

5 


20 

200I 


13c© 

UM 


25 ® 



























































46 


5 

6 - 

7 

3 

9 

9 

10 

PO 

11 
ia 
ia 

ii 

i* 

xft 

-3 

21 

32 

23 

*3 


MARCH, 1862. 


New Madrid, Mo. 

Occoguan, Va . 

7,8, *Pea Ridge, Ark. 

Fox Creek, Mo. 

Near Nashville, Tenn. 

Mountain Grove, Mo... 

Hampton Roads, Va. 

Burke’s Station, Va. 

Jacksb’o,Big Creek Gap,Tenn. 

PariS, Tenn. 

Lexington, Mo.»... 

Near Lebanon, Mo. 

New Madrid, Mo. 

*Newberne, N. C. 

Black Jack Forest, Tenn. 

Salem, or Spring River, Ark... 

Mosquito Inlet, Fla. 

Independence, Mo. 

Carthage, Mo. 

^Winchester, Va. (Gens. Mc¬ 
Intosh, McCulloch and Slack 

killed). 

ib Warrensburg, Mo. 

26 Humonsville, Mo. 

26- 27, 28. Near Santa Fe, N. M. 

28 Warrensburg, Mo. 

APRIL. 

2 Putnam’s Ferry, Mo. 

4 Great Bethel, Va. 

4 Crump’s Landing, Tenn. 

6-7 *Shiloh,or Pittsb’g Ld’g, Tenn. 
8 ^Island No. 10, Tenn. (6 forts 

captured)... 

8 Near Corinth, Miss. 

g Owens River, Cal. 

10 *Ft. Pulaski, Ga. 

11 Huntsville, Ala. 

zi Yorktown, Va. 

12 Little Blue River, Mo. 

12 Monterey, Va. 

14 Pollocksville, N. C. 

14 Diamond Grove, Mo. 

14 Walkersville, Mo........... 

14 Monta Vallo, Mo. 

15 Pechach’s Pass, Ariz. 

xC Savannah, Tenn. 

it Wilmington Island, Ga. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 


K. 


W. 


1 

2 

203 

1 

IO 

26l 

I 

5 

I 


91 

5 

8 

1 


103 

1 

32 

3 


1735 


3 
2 

972 

5 

2 

2 

108 

2 

5 

1 

50 

466 

4 

10 

8 

2 
1 


440 

22 

5 

75 

1 


10 

2 

7882 


174 


24 

35 

3950 


8 

3 

1 

3 

6) 

3 

35 


CONFED. 


K. 


9 

13 

64 

IOO 


80 

9 

36 

15 


1728 

17 

15 


W. 


2500 


17 

5 

4 

10 

3 

5 

IOO 

106 


i6ot 


4 1* 


342 

17 

15 

60 


20 

8012 


25 

4 


26} 




955 

6000 

20c 

36c 

20c 


10 






































































47 


K 

H 

t 

APRIL, 18C2. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED„ 

K. 

w. 

S 

1 

cu 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

& 

16 

Lee’s Mills, Va. 

35 

129 


20 

75 

30 

17 

Holly River, W. Va. 


3 


2 



18 

Falmouth, Va... 

5 

in 




>9 

18 

Edisto Island, S. C. 


3 





*8- 

28. Fts. Jackson and St. Phillip 








and the capture of New Or- 








leans, La. 

36 

193 


185 

197 

400 

*g 

Talbot’s Ferry, Ark. 

1 



3 



tg 

Camden. N. C. 

12 

98 


6 

19 


*3 

Grass Lick, W. Va. 

3 






25 

Ft. Macon, N. C. 

1 

11 


7 

18 

450 

26 

Turnback Creek, Mo. 

1 






26 

Neosha, Mo. 

3 

3 



30 

6a 

26 

Com. Farragut demanded the 








surrender of New Orleans.. 







36 

In front of Yorktown, Va. 

3 

16 





*7 

Norton’s Mills, N. C. 

1 

6 



3 


38 

Paint Rock R.R. Bridge, Tenn. 

7 






38 

Cumberland Mountain, Tenn. 







«6 

Monterey, Tenn. 

1 

3 


5 



9 S 

Bridgeport, Ala. 

MAV 




72 


350 


New Orleans capt’d by Union 








soldiers . 







1 

Clarke’s Hollow, West Va. 

1 

21 





9 

Farmington, Miss. 

2 

12 


30 




Licking, Mo. 

1 

2 





4 

Cheese Cake Church, Va. 







5 

Lebanon, Tenn. 

6 

25 




6a 

* 

Lock Ridge Mills, Ky. 

4 

16 

68 




5 

* Williamsburg, Va. 

45 ° 

1400 

372 

1000 



7 

West Point, Va... 

40 

104 

41 





Somerville Heights, Va. 

2 

7 

24 




l 

McDowell or Bull Pasture, Va. 

28 

225 


100 

200 


g 

Corinth, Miss. 

I 

4 


30 



S 

Elk Station, Ala. 

5 


43 

16 



Q 

New Kent C. H., Va. 

4 

3 


10 

14 


10 

Port Pillow, Tenn. 


3 


r* 

1 


JC 

Surrender of Norfolk, Va. 







10 

Gen. Butler captured $800,000 








in Gold at New Orleans. 







11 

Bloomfield, Mo. 



1 




13 

Monterey, Tenn. 


2 


2 

3 


13 

Linden, Va. 

1 

3 

14 




*5 

Fort Darling, James River, Va. 

12 

14 


7 

8 


M 

Clalk Bluff, Mo. 

1 

3 






Butler, Bates Co., Mo. 

3 

1 






















































48 


15-8 

x? 

19 

xg 

21 

22 

22 

23 

23 

23 

23 

24 

24 

25 
27 

27 
*7 

28 

29 

30 
30 

30 

3 1 
3i 
3i 


2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 
13 

13 

14 

16 

17 

17 


MAY, 1862. 

CASUALTIES. 

UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

L 

K. 

W. 

2 

l 

Princeton, West Va. 

30 

70 


2 

14 


Corinth, Miss. 

10 

39 


12 



Searcy Landing, Ark. 

18 

17 


150 



Clinton, N. C. 


5 


9 



Phillips Creek, Miss. 


3 





Florida, Mo. 


2 





Near Newberne, N. C. 

3 

8 





Louisburg, Va. 

14 

60 


40 

60 

IOO 

Front Royal, Va. 

32 

122 

750 




Backton Station, Va. 

2 

6 


12 



Ft. Craig, New Mexico.. 


3 





New Bridge, Va. 

I 

10 


60 


27 

Chickahominy, Va. 

2 

4 





(•Winchester, Va. (Fed. retr’d.) 

38 

155 

711 




Hanover Court House, Va.... 

53 

344 


200 


730 

Big Indian Creek, Ark. 


3 


5 

25 


Osceola, Mo. 

3 

2 





Wardensville, Va. 




2 

3 


Pocotaligo, S. C. 

2 

9 





Booneville, Miss. 






2000 

Front Royal, Va. 

5 

8 




156 

*Corinth, Miss. 







Neosho, Mo... 

2 

3 





Near Washington, N. C. 


1 


3 

2 


And 







JUNE. 







(Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, 







Va. 

800 

3627 

1222 

2800 

3807 

130 C 

Strasburg, Va..... 


2 





Legare’s Point, S. C. 


5 





Jasper, Tenn.. 

2 

7 


20 

20 


I 31 ackand, Miss. 

5 

14 





Tranter’s Creek, N. C. 

7 

11 





Memphis, Tenn. (Memphis sur- 







renders). 




80 

80 

IOC 

Harrisonburg, Va. 



63 

1 7 

50 


t Cross Keys, Va. 

125 

500 


42 

230 


tPort Republic, Va. 

67 

364 

574 

88 

335 

34 

James Island, S. C. 

3 

13 


17 

30 


"Monterey, Ky. ....... 

2 





IOC 

Waddell’s Farm, Ark... 

12 



28 



Old Church, Va. 




I 



James Island, S. C. 

3 

19 


19 

6 


Turnstall Station, Va... 

4 

8 





Ft. Johnson, James Isl’d, S. C. 

85 

4/2 

128 

51 

144 


St. Charles, Ark. 

105 

30 



155 


Warrensburg, Mo. 

2 






























































49 


ti 

s 

c 

JUNE, 1862. 

CASUA 

UNION, 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

s 

i 

K. 

W. 

2 

i 

17 

Smithville, Ark.^ 

2 

4 



4 

IS 

18 

Williamsburg Road, Va. 

7 

57 


5 

9 

Si 

Battle Creek, Tenn. 

4 

3 





22 

Raceland, La. 

3 

8 





23 

Raytown, Mo. 

1 

1 





25 

Oak Grove, Va. 

51 

401 

64 

65 

495 

IS 

25 

Germantown, Tenn. 

10 






25 

Little Red River, Ark. 


2 





26 

*Chickahominy, Va. 

80 

150 


1000 



27 

tGaines Mills, Va. 

7500 

k w 

& m 

7500 

k w 

& m 

26- 

29. U. S. fleet under Com. Far- 








ragut; no casualties rec’rd’d. 







96 

to July 1. *Malvern Hill, Va. 

1000 

k w 

& m 

5000 

k w 

& m 


President Lincoln calls for 








600,000 men. The seven days’ 








retreat of the Army of the 








Potomac under Gen. Geo. B. 








McClellan; total casualties 








in the various engagements 








were: 1st corps. 

253 

1240 

1581 





2d corps. 

187 

1076 

848 





3d corps. 

189 

1051 

833 





4 th corps... 

69 

507 

201 





5th corps. 

620 

2460 

1198 





6th corps. 

245 

1313 

1179 





Engineer’s corps. 


2 

21 





Total. 

1582 

77 09 

5958 





Total casualties in Confed. 








divisions were 14,011 w.... 




2820 


752 


JULY. 







1 

Booneville, Miss. 

45 



17 

65 


X 

Morning Sun, Texas. 

4 


11 

26 


3 

Elvington Heights, Va. 

8 

32 


100 



6 

Grand Prairie, Ark. 

1 

21 


84 



7 

Bayou Cache, La. 

7 

57 


no 

200 


8 

Black River, Mo. 

1 

3 





9 

Hamilton, N. C. 

1 

20 





9 

Aberdeen, Ark. 







9 

Thompkinsville, Ky. 

4 

6 


10 



XI 

Williamsburg, Va. 




3 



11 

Pleasant Hill, Mo. 

10 

19 


6 

5 


X2 

Lebanon, Ky. (Morgan’s raid). 

2 


65 




12 

Near Culpepper, Va. 




1 

5 


n 

MurfreesGoro, Tenn. 

33 

62 

800 

50 

100 


14 

Batesville, Ark. 

1 

4 





15 

Apache Pass, Ariz. 


1 





n 

Fayetteville, Ark. 






15® 
























































S>« I date, 


50 


31 

1 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 
6 
6 
7 
9 
9 

9 

10 

XI 

12 

13 
>5 
x6 

J 9 

20 

*2 


JULY, 1862. 


Decatur, Tenn. 

Cynthiana, Ky. Morgan’s raid. 
Postage stamps made legal 

tender. 

Memphis, Mo. 

Guerrilla campaign in Mo. to 
Sept. 20. (Morgan’s guer¬ 
rillas scattered). 

Florida, Mo. 

Columbus, Mo. 

Trinity, Ala. 

Near Florida, Mo. 

Courtland Bridge, Mo. 

Young’s Crossroads, N. C. 

Moore’s Mills, Mo. 

Brownsville, Tenn. 

Paris, Ky. 

Coggin’s Point, Va. 

AUGUST. 

Newark, Mo. 

Orange Court House, Va.. 

Clear Creek, Mo. 

Languelle Ferry, Ark. 


000 men to be drafted.. 

Sparta, Tenn. 

♦Baton Rouge, La. (Gen.Will¬ 
iams killed). 

Malvern Hill, Va. 

Kirksville, Mo. 

Thornburg, Va. 

Tazewell, Tenn.. 

Trenton, Tenn. 

Stockton, Mo. 

♦Cedar Mountain, Va. (Conf. 

repulsed). 

Nueces River, Tex. 

to 13. Grand River skirmishes 

Mo. Total. 

Independence, Mo....... 

Gallatin, Tenn. 

Clarendon, Ark. 

Merriweather’s Ferry, Tenn. 

Lone Jack, Mo. 

Clarksville, Tenn. 

F.dgefield Junction, Tenn_ 

TGallatin, Tenn. (Gen. John 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

s 

1 

Ot 

K. 

W. 

l 


4 





17 

34 


8 

29 


13 

35 


23 



77 

156 

347 

500 

1800 

5 <S« 


22 


3 




2 





2 

11 


12 

30 


1 

2 

100 

1 

12 



7 


4 

13 


19 

21 


30 

IOO 1 


4 

6 


4 

6 





27 

39 


10 

?5 


IO 

6 


4 

4 

60 

73 



4 

12 


12 


* 

5 

14 


11 



17 

38 



10 

n 

82 

255 

34 

84 

316 

71 

3 

11 




KM 

28 

60 


128 

aoo 


2 

12 

72 




3 

23 

50 

9 

40 





30 

20 





13 

36 


450 

660 

290 

229 

1047 

K 

40 



8 

14 


100 






14 

18 

312 




30 

50 

200 

6 

18 

709 

3 

6 


20 



60 

100 

200 

no 



8 

' 18 



1 

























































5i 


M 

H 

•< 

a 


23 

33 

23 

25-6 

27 

28-9 


29 
So 

30 

30 

sx 

I 

I 


6 

9 

JO 

JO 

12- 

11 

14-6 

15 

17 

19 - 

20 

22 

30 

I 

3-4 

5 

i 



CASUALTIES. 

AUGUST, 1862. 

UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

i 

K. 

W. 

» 

1 

0. 

son . 

64 

10 

100 

200 

1 IO 

k 

& w 

Big Hill, Madison Co., Ky- 

Waterloo Pridgft, Va. 

40 


25 

37 

94 


Pbpe’s campaign in Va t< to 
Sept. 1. Army of Virginia.. 
Pt Pr»nne 1 j Tfinn. 

7000 

31 

300 

7000 



1500 

30 

8000 

♦Bull Run and I ettle Run, Va. 
♦Groverton ani Gainesville, 
Va. Army of Potomac losses 
in all corps... 



1 p, 12000 

k w 

1000 

&m 

Manchp^tprj Tpnn.... 



100 



tSecond Battle of Bull Run, or 

800 

4000 

18 

3000 

700 

3000 


Bolivar, Term .. 

5 

64 

100 


•j-RirVimond, Ky.. 

200 

700 

4000 

250 

500 



3 

13 

43 


SEPTEMBER. 

5 

51 

52 

179 

100 


tChantilly, Va. McDowell’s 
corps,Hooker and Kearney’s 
Div. of 3d corps, and Reno’s 
corps. (Gens. Kearney and 
Stearns, Federals, killed.... 

1300 

8 

36 

800 

30 

100 





18 

45 


Cold Wat^r, Miss. T t ... ... 




4 

3 o| 



13 

80 




15. Harper’s Ferry, Va. 11583 

Union prisoners taken. 

♦ South Mountain, Md. (Gen. 

80 

443 

50 

120 

1800 


500 

900 

2344 

1500 



3566 

715 

Harper’s Ferry surrenders 11,- 
500 Federals .-. 


' M 


♦Antietam, or Sharpsburg, Md. 
Total loss in all corps . 

2010 

0416 

1043 

3500 

CM 

UJ 

vS 

6000 


144 

598 

263 

69a 

50E 


92 

131 

103 

33 

231 


Emancipation Proclamation is- 




50 

8c 

115 

22c 

280 


OCTOBER. 

QVwsnViprrlstown. Va.......... . 

12 

6c 


2248 



1812 

232 

IA23 

5692 


50c 

3 


40c 

t ck Vpranp. Tenn. 

g 


8 c 


m 

♦Perryville, Ky .. . 

916 

294' 

48s 

2500] 
























































52 


DATE, 

OCTOBER, 1862. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONKED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

a, 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

a. 

10 

Harrodsburg, Ky. 






1600 

1 7 

Lexington, Ky. 

4 

24 

350 




18 

Morgan, the raider, dashed into 








Lexington and captured 125 








prisoners. 







22 

Maysville, Ark. 







22 

Pocotaligo, S. C. 

43 

258 


14 

ro2 



NOVEMBER. 







I 

Artillery fight at Philmont, Va. 







3 

Reconnoisance at the base of 








Blue Ridge Mts. Confeder- 








ates literally driven into the 








river and drowned by scores. 







3 

Harrisonville, Mo. 

10 

3 


6 

20 


4 

Galveston, Texas, surrendered 







e 

Nashville, Tenn. 


26 




23 

6 

Garretsburg, Ky. 




i 7 

85 


7 

Big Beaver Creek, Mo. 



300 




8 

Hudsonville, Miss. 




16 


185 

21 

Gen. Sumner demands surren- 








der of Fredericksburg, Va... 







24 

Beaver Creek, Mo. 

6 

10 


5 

20 


28 

Crane Hill, Boonesboro, Ark.. 

4 

36 


75 

300 


28 

Hartwood Church, Va. 

4 

9 

200 





DECEMBER. 







4 

Winchester, Va., captured by 








Union soldiers. 







5 

Coffeeville, Miss. 

10 

54 


7 

43 


7 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

167 

798 

183 

300 

1200' 


7 

Hartsville, Tenn. 

55 


1800 

21 

II 4 


9 

Dobbin’s Ferrv, Tenn. 

5 

48 





12-S 

Goldsboro expedition, N. C... 

90 

478 


•71 

268 

400 

13 

t Frederickburg, Va., Army of 








the Potomac. 

1180 

0028 

2145 

579 

3870 

127 

14 

Kingston, N. C. 

40 

120 


50 

75 

400 

18 

Lexington, Tenn. 

7 

10 

124 

7 

28 


20 

i Hollv Springs, Miss. 



1000 




21 

! Davis Mills, Miss. 


3 


22 

50 


23-0 

tChicasaw Bayou, Vicksburg. 

191 

982 

75 & 


207 


30 

Red Mound, Tenn. 

23 

139 

58 

50 

150 

300 

81 

To 








JANUARY, 1863. 







** 

'•'■Murfreesboro, or Stone River, 








Tenn., Army of Cumberland. 

1533 

7245 

2800 

1456 

0 


I 

Galveston. Tex. 

600 



50 



8 

Springfield, Mo. 

14 

144 


4 

200 


31 

*Ft. Hindman, 'rk. 

129 

831 


100 

400 

5000 















































53 


FEBRUARY, 1863. 


14 
1 7 
20 
30 


10 


12-4 

16 

26 

27 

29 

30 

I 

1 

i-4 

2 

11 

12 
14 

16 

17 
x8 


*7 


4 

6-8 

9 

9 

13-5 


Ft. Donnelson, Tenn. 

MARCH. 

Spring Hill and Unionville, 

Tenn. 

Port Hudson, La.. 

Kelly’s Ford, Va. 

Vaught’s Hill, Tenn. 

Dutton’s Hill,or Somerset,Ky. 

APRIL. 

Bombardment of Ft. Sumter, 
by South Atlantic squadron. 
Franklin and Harpeth River, 

Tenn. 

Irish Bend, or Indian Ridge 

La. 

Siege of Suffolk, Va. 

Cape Girardeau, Mo. 

Streight’s raid from Tuscum 
bia, Ala., to Rome, Ga.. 

Fairmount, W. Va. 

Spottsylvania Court House, Va 
MAY 

Port Gibson, Miss. 

La Grange, Ark. 

♦Chancellorsville, Va. 

(Fredericksburg, Va. 

Horse Shoe Bend, Ky.... 

Raymond, Miss. 

*Jackson, Miss... 

♦Champion Hills, Miss. (20 

cannon captured). 

♦Big Black River, Miss. (17 

cannon captured)... 

to 22. (Siege of Vicksburg 
by Gen. Grant and Porter’ 
gunboat fleet. (31,277 Con 
killed, wounded and miss’ng 
to July 9. Siege of Port Hud 

son, La.. 

JUNE. 

Franklin, Tenn. 

♦Milliken’s Bend,La. Colored 
regm’ts. No quarters shown 
Monticello and Rocky Gap, Ky 
Bevery Ford and Brandy Sta 
tion, Va. Cavalry fight 
■(Winchester, Va. 


CASUALTIES. 




£ 

K. 

W. 

S 

K. 

W. 

1 

0 * 

0. 

16 

60 

50 

140 

400 

ii 3 ° 

100 

300 

1306 

150 

450 



65 



88 


9 

35 


11 


7 

48 


63 

300 


10 

25 


200 



O 

20 


4 

10 


100 



19 

35 

85 

350 




400 

2000 

44 

202 


500 


400 

6 

6 


60 

275 


12 

69 

1466 




I 

6 


100 



58 






130 

718 

& m 

1150 


500 

2000 

k w 




1512 

95 i 8 

5000 

1581 

8700 

2000 

2000 






10 

20 

4 ° 

100 



60 

34 i 


909 



40 

240 


45 ° 



426 

1842 

189 

2500 


1800 

29 

242 


600 


2500 

545 

368S 

303 




50c 

250c 


IOC 

70c 

6408 

25 



20c 



154 

22; 

115 

125 

40c 

200 

4 

2( 


2 C 

8c 


5 <* 



70C 



300c 



85 C 

























































54 


CASUALTIES. 


M 

H 

•< 

O 


JUNE, 1863. 


X4 

17 

20-1 

21 

23 

23 


28 

30 

x -3 


I— 

4 

4 

4-5 


5 

5 

8 

9 - 

10- 

13 

13 
13- 

14 
14 

16 

17 
17 
ai -3 


Martinsburg; Va. 

Aldie, Va.Kilpatrick’s cavalry 

La Forche Crossing, La. 

Upperville, Va. 

Brashearn City, La. 

to 30. *Rosenkranz’s campaign 
from Murfreesboro to Tal- 

lahoma, Tenn. 

Donaldsonville,' La. 

Hanover, Penn. 

JULY. 

* Gettysburg, Pa., Army of the 
Potomac. Decisive battle of 

the war. 

26. Morgan’s raid into Ken¬ 
tucky, Indiana and Ohio.... 

♦Helena, Ark. 

Vicksburg surrenders. 

* Bolton and Birdway Ferry, 

Miss, (rear guard of John¬ 
ston’s army). 

Smithburg, Md. 

Lebanon, Ly. 

♦Port Hudson surrenders. 

16. tjackson, Miss. 

Sept. 6. Siege of Fort Wagner, 

Morris Island, S. C. 

Yazoo, City, Miss. 

Donaldsonville, La. 

15. Draft riots in N. Y. City.. 

Falling Waters, Md. 

♦Bristow Station, Va. 

Sheppardtown, Va. 

Honey Springs, Indian Ter.... 

Wytheville W. Va. 

Manassas Gap and Chester 
Gap, Va. 


AUGUST. 


x-3 

3 

9 

20 

21 

26 

85 


Rappahannock, Station, Va... 

Jacksonville, La. 

Sparta, Tenn. 

Lawrence, Kas., burned. 

Massacre at Lawrence, Kas.. 

Rocky Gap, Va. 

to 31. Brownsville Bayou, Ark 
SEPTEMBER. 




Night attack on Ft. Sumter,,. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

S 

K. 

W. 

a 

1 



CL 






200 

I 

2 


24 

4 i 

89 


100 


8 

40 


53 

150 



94 


20 

IOO 

60 

46 

40 

300 

3 

18 


85 

462 


1634 






39 

112 

150 

12 

43 



75 

60 


W 



M 

M 


U> 




O* 

2834 


6643 

3500 

8 

& 

M 

22 

80 

790 

86 

385 

3000 

57 

11 7 

32 

173 

687 

77 ® 






2000 

30 



30 


IOO 

9 

15 

400 

3 

6 







5500 

100 

800 

100 

7 i 

504 

764 

t 757 



501 








250 

450 






1000 






29 

36 


125 


1500 

5 i 

329 


1200 


80© 




25 

75 


17 

60 


150 

400 


17 

6 i< 


75 


125 

35 

102 


300 



16 

134 





2 

2 

27 




6 

25 





140 

24 


40 



16 

113 


150 



13 

72 





3 


n 4 





















































55 


SEPTEMBER, 1863. 


22 
39 

II 

13-3 

X 3 

14 

X 4 

X5-8 

*7 


l 


3 
3-4 

6 

6 

7 

11 

14 

14 

16 

*7 

83-5 


* 0-4 


Cumberland Gap, Tenn. 

Culpepper, Va . 

and 20. Chickamauga, Ga. 
Army of Cumberland; 13,412 

Confed. wounded. 

Blountsville, Tenn. 

Near Morganzia, La. 

OCTOBER, 

Henderson’s Mills, Tenn.. 
Ingham’s Mills and Wyatt’s, 

Miss.... 

Culpepper and White Sulphur 

Springs, Va. 

Auburn, Va.. 

Bristol Station, Va. 

Canton, Brownsville, and Clin¬ 
ton, Miss. 

President Lincoln calls for 

300,000 more men. 

Charlestown, W. Va. 

Cherokee Station, Ala.... 

Pine Bluff, Ark. 

Cane Creek, Ala.. 

Wauhatchie, Tenn. 

NOVEMBER. 

Grand Cateau, La. 

Colliersville & Moscow, Tenn 

Rogersville, Tenn. 

Droop Mountain, Va. 

Rappahannock Station, Va 

Natchez, Miss. 

Huff’s Ferry, Tenn. 

Maysville, Tenn. 

Campbell’s Station, Tenn.... 
to Dec. 4. Siege of Knoxville, 

Tenn. Army of the Ohio- 

♦Chattanooga, Tenn., Look¬ 
out Mt., and Mis’y Ridge, 

Army of the Tennessee. 

36-8j Operations at Mine Run, Va., 

Army of the Potomac. 

Cleveland, Tenn. 

♦Ringgold and Taylor's Ridge, 

Ga. 

DECEMBER. 

Bean’s Sta. and Morristown, 
Tenn. 


CASUALTIES. 


K. W. 


1644 

5 

14 


7 

11 

2 

76 

26 

7 

5 

3 i 

370 

4 

100 

100 

60 

20 


40 


9262 4945 
22 


757 

100 

68 

700 


40 


46 

42 

329 


13 

37 

27 

6 

339 

124 

57 

12 

94 


340 

80 

4529 

400 


400 


35 i 


K. W 


2389 

15 


30 

50 

8 

750 

200 


379 


570 

650 


330 


40 

53 

10 

300 

60 

10 

50 


570 

80 


36 


50 


932 


40 


50 


2000 

75 


2003 

100 


24 


15 ® 


164 

30 

1200 

320 

100 

20 

250 

98 

8 


400 

2181 

400 

200 


65 


100 

1627 


300 

6141 

203 

230 

ip 
























































56 


DATE. 

DECEMBER, 1863. 

CASUA 

UNION 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

K. 

W. 

S 

1 

0. 

IQ 

Barran Fork, Ind. Ter. 




50 



28 

Charleston, Tenn. 

2 

15 


8 

39 

21 

30 

St. Augustine, Fla. 

4 







JANUARY, 1864. 







I 

London Heights, Va. 

29 


41 

4 

10 


3 

Jonesville, Va. 

12 

48 

300 

4 

12 


13 

Mossy Creek, Tenn. 




14 



16-7 

Dandridge, Tenn. 


150 





23 

Rolling Prairie, Ark. 

II 






24 

Taswell, Tenn. 




3 i 



27 

Kelly’s Ford, Tenn. 

IOO 



65 



29 

Medley, W. Va. 

IO 

70 



IOO 



FEBRUARY. 







i -3 

Newberne, N. C. 

16 

50 

250 

5 

30 


1 

March 8. Yazoo River exp’d’n 

35 

121 


35 

90 


3 - 

March 5. Expedition from 








Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss. 

50 

138 

105 

503 


212 

5 

Qualltown, N. C. 

3 

6 




’ 50 

6 

Morton’s Ford, Va. 

10 

201 




IOO 

9 

Morgan’s Mills, Ark. 

1 

4 


65 



10- 

25. Smith’s raid from Ger- 








mantown, Tenn., into Miss.. 

43 

267 



50 

300 

14-5 

Waterproof, La. Col’d troops. 

8 

14 


15 



20 

Olustee or Silver Lake, Fla... 

193 

1175 

400 

IOO 

400 


22 

Mulberry Gap, Tenn. 

13 


256 




25-7 

Buzzard Roost, Ga . 

1 7 

272 


20 

120 


28- 

March 4. Kilpatrick’s raid from 








Stephensburg to Richmond, Va. 

330 



308 




MARCH. 







1 

Burton’s Ford, Va. 

10 





30 

9 

Suffolk, Va. 

8 

I 



25 


17 

Manchester, Tenn. 




’ 21 



17 

Gen. Grant assumes command 








of all the armies of the U. S. 







21 

Henderson Hills, La. 


I 


8 


2SO 

25 

Ft. Anderson, Ky. 

14 

46 


10 

40 


26 

to 30. Longview and Mt. Elba, 








Ark. 

4 

18 


12 

35 

300 

31 

Near Snydersville, Miss. 

16 

3 


3 

7 



APRIL. 







2 

Spooneville, Ark. 

10 

33 


IOO 



3 

Okalona, Ark. 

16 

7 ? 


85 



5 

Roseville, Ark. 

19 

11 


15 

25 

II 

7 

Wilson’s Farm, La. 

14 

39 


15 

40 

100 

8-9 

Sabin Cross Roads and Pleas- 








ant Hills, La. 

300 

1600 

2100 

600 

204 

500 

10-3 

Prairie di Ann, Ark..... 

IOO 



50 


















































57 


12 

15 

17 

18 

23 

24 
30 


1-8 

5 - 

6 

5 - 9 

6 - 7 
8 


CASUALTIES. 


APRIL, 1864. 


UNION. 


9 - 

9 - 

12-6 

13-6 

15 

16 
18 
23-7 
25 

26- 9 

27- 8 
30 

I—12 

5 

6 

9 

9-30 

10 


Pleasant Hill Landing, La- 

and 16. Liberty P.O. and occu¬ 
pation of Camden, Ark .... 

to 20. fPlymouth, N. C. 

Poison Springs, Ark. 

and 24. Moneti’s Bluff, La- 

Mark’s Mills, Ark. 

Jenkin’s Ferry, Ark. 

MAY. 

Hudnot’s plantat’n, near Alex¬ 
andria, La. 

Battle of the Wilderness, Va. 

Army of the Potomac. 

Gen. Sherman begins his At¬ 
lanta campaign. 

Rocky Face Ridge, Ga. Army 

of theCumberland. 

Chester Station, Va. 

Todd’s Tavern, Va. 

18. Spottsylvania, Fredericks¬ 
burg Road, Army of the Po- 
mac. (2 Confederate generals 
and 30 guns captured)... 

10. Swift Creek, Va. 

10. Cloyn’s Mountain, Va. 

13. Sheridan’s cavalry raids 

in Virginia. 

Drury’s Bluff, Va. 

* Resaca, Ga. 

Newmarket, Va. ••••• 

to 30. Bermuda Hundred, Va 

Calhoun Station, La. 

North Ann River, Va. 

to June 4. ^Dallas, Ga. Army 

of the Cumberland. 

Decatur, Ala. 

Hanoverton, Va. 

Ashland, Va.< 

JUNE. 

tCold Harbor, Va.: 10,570 Fed 

wounded. 

Piedmont, W. Va. 

Lake Chicot. Ark. 

Mount Sterling, Ky. 

Kenesaw Mountain, Army o 

the Cumberland... 

Brice’s Cross Roads, Miss... 


K. 

w . 


1 

255 


20 

80 I 

113 

88 

350 


100 

250 

200 

955 

33 

8 7 

5597 

M 

200 

4 - 

Os 

U> 

637 

48 

250 

40 

150 

4177 

M 

O 

o> 

00 

90 

400 

126 

585 

50 

174 

422 

2383 

600 

2147 

120 

500 

200 

1000 

6 c 

300 

223 

1400 

240c 


48 


2' 

119 

2 i 

130 

199' 


13c 

> 650 

4< 

70 

3f 

150 

137c 

J 6500 

22; 

394 


68 


100 


CONFED. 


K. 


W. 


200 


500 

400 
110 
300 


25 


3000 


7 28 
300 


6coo 


2577 


200 

210 

240 


290 


200 


2450 


800 

1623 


600 

50 

30 


699 


40 


3400 


200 

15° 


5000 3000 
500 
300 


400 

300 

85 

3000 

500 

2000 

3000 

60 

475 


2000 

1500 

320 


1200 

400 

100 

5 ° 

1100 

131 


1450 


200 


475 


100 

100 

1000 


500 

1060 

250 

3500 






































































58 




CASUALTIES. 

N 

JUNE, 1864. 

UNION. 

CONFED. 

H 

< 

P 

K. 

w. 

s 

1 

a, 

K. 

w. 

3 

! 

cu 

II 

Cynthiana, Ky...„. 

150 

85 

25 

1398 

IOO 

112 



300 


400 

II 

15 

15-9 

and 12. Trevillian Sta., Va.. 
Malvern Hill. 

490 

3 

160 

IOO 


370 

^Petersburg, Va., Army of the 
James. 

7474 

500 

506 

2494 

317 

235 

200 

1814 

IOO 

800 




17 

19 

20 

and 18. Lynchburg, Va. 

Alabama sunk off Charbourg, 
France, by the Kearsage... 
to 30. In front of Petersburg, 
Va. 

200 



82-3 

Jerusalem Plank road, Va. 
Army of the Potomac. 

604 

92 

54 

2117 

734 

300 


300 

200 

82 

23-4 

to 30. ^Wilson’s raid on th r : 

Weldon railroad, Va. 

Jones’ Bridge, Va. 

365 

250 

25-9 

Clarendon, St. Charles river, 
Ark. 


200 


88 

Confederates move on Wash¬ 
ington by way of the She¬ 
nandoah Valley, Va. 





I 

3-5 

3-9 

JULY. 

to 31, In front of Petersburg, 
Va., Deep Bottom, New¬ 
market and Malvern Hill... 
Smyrna, Ga. 

898 

60 

4060 

310 

150 

567 

450 

579 

3i9 

3110 

400 

IOO 

600 

200 

Expedition from Vicksburg to 
Jackson, Miss. 





5-18 

Smith’s expedition from La 
Grange, Tenn., to Tapola, 
Miss. 

85 

80 


no 

600 


6 -io 

Chattahoochee river,Ga. Army 
of the Ohio. 

200 

1200 


9 

Monocacy, Md. 

90 

54 

200 


400 


12 

18 

Ft. Stephens, Washington, D.C 
Ashby’s Gap, Va. 

500 


*9 

20. Winchester. Va. 

37 

300 

500 

1200 

IOO 

IOO 

175 

1310 

2141 

500 

600 

484 



300 


20 

^Peachtree Creek, Ga. 




22 

24-4 

26- 

26- 

*Atlanta,Ga. (McPherson k’ld) 
Kernstown and Winchester.. 
31. Stoneman’s raid to Macon 
31. McCook’s raid to Love- 
joy Station, Ga. 

1000 

990 

2482 

600 

4000 

2017 

28 

l- 3 i 

5-23 

Atlanta, Ga, Second sortie at 

Ezra Chapel. 

AUGUST. 

In front of Petersburg, Va.... 
*Ft. Gaines, Mobile Harbor, 

IOO 

87 


642 

4000 

1900 



































OCTOBER, 1864. 


7 

9 
24-8 
16 
zS 

21 

*5 

25 

29 

3i 

1 

1-8 

10 

2 

3-4 

4 

16 

19- 


23 

26-7 

27 

28— 

30 

1 

2 
2 
5 

7-13 

13 

13 

t 5 

19 


CASUALTIES. 


Ala. (100 drowned by sink¬ 
ing of the Tecumseh. 150 

guns captured). 

Morefieid, Va... 

Explosion at City Point, Va... 

Strawberry Plains, Va. 

Front Royal, Va. 

19, 21. *Six Mile House, Wel¬ 
don R. R. (Railroad cap’d). 
Summitt Pt., Berryville, and 

Flowing Springs, Va. 

Smithville and Kearneysville, 

Va... 

Ream’s Station, Va. 

Smithfield, Va. 

And 

SEPTEMBER. 

Jonesboro, Ga... .. 

Rosseau’s pursuit of Wheeler 

in Tennessee. 

Oct. 30. In front of Peters¬ 
burg, Va. Army of the Pot’c 

*Fall of Atlanta, Ga. 

Berryville, Va... 

Greenville, Tenn. 

Sycamore Church, Va. 

22. '^Winchester and Fisher’s 
Hills,Va. 2d Div. 19th corps 
under Sheridan. (Con.Gens. 
Rhodes and Gordon killed). 

Athens, Ala.»• • • 

♦ Pilot Knob, or Ironton, Mo.. 

Massacre by Price, Mo. 

30. Newmarket Heights, or 

Laurel Hill, Va. 

And OCTOBER. 

Poplar Springs Church, Va... 

Waynesboro, Va. 

Saltville, Va..... 

Allatoona, Ga... 

Darbytown Road, Va.. 

Strasburg, Va. 

Dalton,Ga. Troops under Col 

1 Johnson. 

Glascow, Mo.... 


ride). 


K. 

w. 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

i 

75 


170 



2144 

9 

22 


IOO 


400 

70 

130 





400 

1755 

14OO 


1000 


13 

58 


30 

150 

300 

Z-'V 

-155 

3176 


2000 

2000 

600 



400 



20 

60 

IOO 

300 



127 

546 

1709 

1500 



10 

90 


200 



1149 



200 



10 

30 


300 



170 

820 

8l2 


1000 







200 

30 

l82 

IOO 

23 

IOO 

79 


6 


IO 

60 

75 

400 



50 



693 

4033 

623 

3 f ' 5 ° 


3600 



950 5 

25 


28 

56 

IOO 

1500 



122 

2 

! 




400 

2029 


2000 



141 

! 788 

1750 


800 

IOO 

5 ° 






54 

190 

104 

18 

7 i 

21 

142 

352 

212 

231 

500 

4H 

105 

502 

206 

1100 


350 

30 

144 

40 






400 





40c 


50 



588 

35 ^ 

1891 

300c 


120a 



























































6 o 


DATE. 

OCTOBER, 1864. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

0< 

2 7 

tNatcher’s Run, Va. 

OX56 

1047 

699 

206 

600 

200 

27-8 

Fair Oaks, Va. 

0120 

783 

400 

60 

311 

80 

29 

Beverly, W. Va. 

8 

25 

13 

17 

27 

92 


NOVEMBER. 







9 

Atlanta,Ga. 




20 



12 

Newton and Cedar Spring, Va 


84 

100 



150 

13 

Ball’s Gap, Tenn. 

5 

36 

200 




18 

Myerstown, Va. 

60 



IO 



22 

Griswoldville, Ga. 

10 

52 


50 

200 

400 

26 

Saundersonville, Ga. 



100 



IOO 

26-9 

Sylvan Grove, Ga. 

46 



600 



29- 

30. ^Spring Hill and Franklin, 








Tenn. 

i8q 

1033 

1004 

1750 

3800 

70a 

30 

Honey Hill, or Grahamsville, 








S. C. 

66 

645 






DECEMBER. 







I 

Stony Creek Station, Va. 


40 




175 

I-14 

*In front of Nashville, Tenn. 

16 

100 





I- 3 I 

In front of Petersburg. Army 








of the Potomac. 

40 

329 





4 

Block House No. 7, Tenn. 


100 


IOO 



5-8 

Murfreesboro, Tenn. 

30 

0175 




197 

6-9 

Deveaux’s Neck, S. C. 

39 

300 

200 

400 


8-9 

Hatcher’s Run, Va. 

125 






10- 

21. Siege of Savannah, Ga_ 


200 




800 

12- 

21. Stoneman’s raid, Bean’s 








Sta., Tenn., to Saltv’le, Va. 

20 

123 


8 

126 

500 

13 

*Ft. McAllister, Ga. 

24 

no 




250 

15-7 

Nashville, Tenn. 

400 

1740 




446a 

17 

Franklin, Tenn. Wilson’s cav. 








Wounded and sick captured 






1800 

25 

+Ft. Fisher, N. C.. 

8 

38 


3 

55 

280 

28 

Egypt Station, Miss. 

23 

88 




500 


JANUARY, 1865. 







2 

Franklin, Miss. 

4 

9 


20 

30 


13-5 

*Ft. Fisher, N. C. 

184 

749 


400 


2083 

16 

Explosion of magazine at Ft. 








Fisher, N. C. (Fort and 72 








guns captured). 

25 

66 





25 

To Feb. 9. Combahee River, 








S. C. 

138 







FEBRUARY. 







5-7 

tDabney’s Mills, Hatcher’s 








Run, Va. 

232 

1062 

186 

1200 



8^14 

Williston, Blackville, and 








Aiken, S C. Kilpatrick’s cav. 




200 


IOO 

30 

James Island, S. C. 

20 

76 


20 

70 















































6i 


H 

b 

< 

O 

FEBRUARY, 1865. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

.LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

S 

1 

d, 

K. 

W. 

l 

18- 

22. Ft. Anderson, N. C.. . 

40 

204 


7 ° 

400 

375 

27- 

March 25. Sheridan’s raid in 








Virginia. 

35 





n.67 


MARCH. 







8-10 

Wilcox Bridge, N. C. 

80 

421 

600 

1500 



16 

Averysboro, N. C. 

77 

477 


108 

540 

217 

19- 

2i. *Bentonville, N. C., Kil- 








Patrick’s cavalry. 

191 

1086 

287 

267 

0 

1625 

22- 

April 24. Wilson’s raid from 








Chickasaw, Ala., to Macon. 

63 

345 

63 

22 

38 

6766 

25 

Ft. Stedman, in front of Pe- 








tersburg, Va. 

68 

337 

506 

800 


1881 

25 

Assault of 2d and 6th corps... 

103 

864 

209 



834 

26- 

April 9. Siege of Mobile, Ala., 








including Spanish fort and 








Port Blakely. 

213 

1211 


500 


2952 

29 

Quaker Road, Va. 

55 

300 


135 

400 

100 

31 

Boydton and White Oak Roads 

177 

1034 

556 


1000 

235 

31 

Dinwiddie Court House, Va. 

67 

354 


400 




APRIL. 







I 

*Five Forks, Va. All of Lee’s 








artillery captured). 

124 

706 


3000 


5500 

2 

Fall of Petersburg, Va. 

269 

2565 

5000 



3000 

3 

Fall of Richmond! 6,000 Con. 








prisoners taken, of whom 








5,000 were sick and wounded 







5 

Amelia Springs, Va. 

20 

96 





6 

Sailor’s Creek, Va. 

166 

1014 


1000 


600c 

7 

Farmville, Va. 

655 






8-9 

Appomattox Court House. Va. 

200 



500 




APRIL— Continued. 


9—Lee surrendered to,the Armies of the Potomac and James 
(Maj.-Gen. Grant), with'26,000 prisoners. 

14—Mobile surrendered to a combined army and naval at¬ 
tack. 

14—The flag that Gen. Anderson had lowered at Ft. Sumter 
was returned to its position. 

14— President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington. He 
was shot in the back of the head at Ford’s theatre by Wilkes 
Booth, and died next morning. 

15— Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, took the oath of office 
as President. 

17—Surrender of Mosby to Maj.-Gen. Hancock, with 700 
prisoners. 

2jb —Wilkes Booth shot in & barn in Virginia and died in 
twenty-four hours. 








































6 2 


APRIL— Continued. 

26—Johnson surrendered to the Armies of the Tennessee, 
Georgia, and Ohio (Maj.-Gen. Sherman), with 29,924 prisoners. 

MAY, 1865. 

5— Galveston, Tex., surrenders to the Federals. 

10—Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. 

10—Surrender of Sam. Jones’ command at Tallehassee, 
Fla., with 8,000 prisoners. 

ix—Chalk Bluff, Ark. Surrender of Jeff Thompson’s com¬ 
mand with 7,454 prisoners. 

13—Palmetto Ranch, Tex., 118 Federals killed. 

26—Surrender of Kirby Smith to Maj.-Gen. Canby’s com¬ 
mand with 20,000 prisoners. 

26—The Armies of the East and West were disbanded and 
returned home, after a review at Washington. 

JUNE, 1865. 

6— An order was issued for the release of all prisoners of 
war in the depots of the North. 

JULY, 1865. 

7— Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne, and Azertoth hanged at 
Washington for conspiracy in the murder of Lincoln. 

DECEMBER, 1865. 

18—Secretary Seward officially declared slavery abolished. 


Explanation of Marks and Abbreviations. 
* Federals victorious, 
t Confederates victorious, 
k—Killed, 
w—Wounded, 
m—Missing. 

p-m —Prisoners and missing. 


ELECTRICITY. 

As far back as 321 B. C , the ancient philosopher Theo¬ 
phrastus mentions the power of amber to attract straws and 
dry leaves, Pliny, in 70 A. D., writes concerning the same 
phenomenon, and it is from the Greek name of ‘‘ amber,” pro¬ 
nounced “ elecktron,” that we call this phenomenon ‘‘elec¬ 
tricity.” Dr. Gilbert, of Colchester, may be considered the 
founder of the science of electricity, for it was he that care¬ 
fully repeated the observations of the ancients, and experi¬ 
mented in various ways and published these experiments 
in a book during the period between 1540 and 1603. 
Sir Wm. Watson (1715 to 1807) distinctly announced 
the theory of positive and negative electricity, which 
was afterwards elaborated by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Dr. 
Franklin also established the fact that the lightning was an 
electrical spark, similar to that made by an electric machine 
or Leyden jar. 101790, Galvani discovered that the contact of 
metals produced muscular contraction in the legs of a dead 




6 3 

frog, and in 1800, Valta discovered the art of generating elec¬ 
tricity by contact of metals with damp cloths. From these we 
obtained the galvanic battery and the voltaic pile. It re¬ 
mained with Prof. H. C. Oersted, of Copenhagen, however, to 
bring forward the most important fact, viz., the magnetic 
action of the electrical current. This was in 1820. As soon as 
the discovery reached France, the eminent French philoso¬ 
pher Ampere set to work to develop the important conse¬ 
quences it involved. Faraday in 1820, discovered electric- 
magnetic rotation. From this’ time up, experimentists and 
theorists were busy searching for ways and means by which the 
electrical energy could be utilized as mechanical power, and 
to-day the galvanic battery and electric dynamo are rapidly 
ousting steam, and in a thousand ways doing its work, with 
less noise, expense and better results. Electrical lighting is 
done by means of the arc and incandescent systems. 

THE. PHONOGRAPH. 

The Phonograph is a machine for recording and then 
transmitting sounds, speech, mucic, etc. It is the invention 
of Thos. A. Edison, the most noted electrician of this age. 
The phonograpn was accidentally discovered. Mr. Edison 
was at work on an apparatus for recording a telegraphic mes¬ 
sage, by having an armature (with a needle fastened in one 
end) of the sounder make indentations on a piece of tin foil 
wrapped around a cylinder. The message would thus.be 
punctured or indented on this tin foil, then, by substituting 
another needle—blunt—for the sharp one and turning the 
cylinder, the armature would be vibrated as the needle entered 
into and passed out of the indentations. While experiment¬ 
ing, he turned the cylinder verp rapidly, and instead of a suc¬ 
cession of “clicks,” a musical sound was produced. He 
seized the idea, and the Edison Phonograph was the result. 
The perfected phonograph of to-dgy consists of a cylinder of 
wax, or other plastic material, which is revolved either by 
hand, foot power or an electric motor. This cylinder, called 
the phonogram , is used for recording the sound. This is done 
by a diaphragm—such as is used in a telephone—into the cen¬ 
ter of which is fastened a sharp needle, which rests upon and 
just touches the phonogram. When the words are spoken 
the diaphragm vibrates, moving this needle up and down, 
and a series of indentations are made in a spiral line on the 
phonogram, which is turning around about eighty-five times a 
minute. To make the phonograph speak , or repeat the words, 
another diaphragm, similar to the first or recorder, but having 
a blunt instead of a sharp needle, is placed at the starting 
point and the phonogram made to revolve, of course, as the 
needle passes over the indentations it.vibrates the diaphragm 
and the words are reproduced—as in a telephone. The 
phonograph faithfully reproduces music, whistling, singing, 
speech, or any sounds, and the phonograms can be packed 
into a mailing tube and sent all over the world to be used as 
often as desired. 


64 

THE TELEPHONE. 

In 1831, Wheatstone showed that when the sounding 
boards of two musical instruments were connected together by 
a rod of pine wood, a tune played on one will be faithfully 
reproduced by the other. Somewhat later a toy, called the 
Lovers’ String, was made, and is the simplest form of a 
mechanical telephone. The toy consisted of two tin cups, 
the bottoms made of parchment or cat gut tightly stretched 
like a drum head, and connected, one with the other, by a 
string or cord. When the string was drawn taut, sounds, such 
as those of ordinary speech, produced in front of one of the 
cups were transmitted along the string to the other cup and 
reproduced there. This was the first telephone. At various 
times between 1831 and 1876, electricians and scientists had 
experimented with electro-magnets as a means of transmitting 
sounds a long distance. Charles Bourseul in 1854 published 
an article on the electrical transmission of speech, and recom¬ 
mended the use of a flexible plate at the source of sound, 
which would vibrate in response to the atmospheric pulsa¬ 
tions and thus open and shut an electrical circuit, and would 
thus operate, by an electro-magnet, upon a similar plate at a 
distance connected by wire with tne first, causing it to give 
out as many pulsations as there were breaks in the circuit. 
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell first exhibited the speaking 
telephone at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. It is 
this telephone, greatly improved, however, which is now in 
common use. This telephone consists of a compouud perma¬ 
nent magnet fitted into the center of a hard rubber tube and 
carrying, at one end, a short electro-magnet. In front of this 
electro-magnet is fixea a thin, soft iron disk, about one and 
three-fourths inches in diameter. This disk lies at tne end of 
the rubber tube, where the tube is formed into a mouth piece. 
The action of telephoning with this telephone is very simple. 
The sound, as ordinary speech, is made in the mouth piece. 
The atmosphere conveys the sound—vibrations against the 
thin, iron disk (commonly called the diaphragm.) The disk 
vibrates in sympathy, and ceming against the electro-magnet, 
breaks and opens the electric circuit with every vibration. 
By means of the connecting wire, the electro-magnet in the 
distant telephone causes the diaphragm to vibrate corre¬ 
sponding to the breaks in the current. This of course vibrates 
the atmosphere and the pulsations are conveyed to the ear. 
The telephone thus described is now used as a receiver. The 
transmitter invented and improved by Edison and Blake, is 
combined with the Bell telephone and makes the telephone of 
general use. Telephonic communication nave been held 
between Chicago and New York, but not with overwhelming 
success 


Highest and Greatest Mountains in the 

World. 

Feet 

Name. Country High. Miles 

Mt. Everest (Himalayas)... .Thibet_.... 29,002 5 

Sorato, the highest in America.Bolivia.21,284 4 

Illimani... . .Bolivia.21,145 4 

Chimborazo..Ecuador.21,422 4% 

Hindoo-Koosh.. .Afghanistan.. .20,600 3^ 

Demavend, highest of Elburz Mts.Persia.20,000 3^ 

Cotopaxi, highest volcano in the world.Ecuador.19,496 3% 

Antisana...Ecuador.19,15° 3 % 

St. Eiias, highest in Noith America-Alaska . 17.850 3^ 

Popocatapetl, volcano.Mexico.17,54° 3% 

Mt. Roa, highest in Oceanica.Hawaii ....... 16,000 3 

Mt. Brown, highest peak of R’ky Mts .Brit. America 15,900 3 

Mont Bianc, highest in Europe, Alps. .Savoy.15 73 2 3 

Mt. Rosa, next highest peak of Alps.. Savoy.15,15° 2% 

Limit of perpetual show at the.. .Equator.i5> 2 °7 2 J6 

Pichinca. .Ecuador..*5,924 3 

Mt. Whitney . .California-14,887 2% 

Mt. Fairweather..■ ..Alaska....14,5°° 2 ^i 

Mt. Shasta .,.California.14,44 2 2 ^ 

Mt. Fanier... .Wash. Territ’y 14,444 2 ?| 

Long's Peak, Rocky Mountains ..Colorado.14,271 2% 

Mt. A.arat. .Armenia.i4,3 2 ° 

Pike’s Peak.Colorado - 14,216 2% 

Mt. Ophir. Sumatra.13,800 2% 

Fremont’s Peak, Rocky Mountains,.'. Wyoming... .13,57° 2 £6 

Mt. St. Helens...Wash Tarrit’y 13,400 2% 

Peak of Teneriffe.Canaries . ...12,182 2J4 

Miltzin, highest of Atlas Mountains-Morocco.n,5°° 2 

Mt. Hood .Oregon .11,225 2 

Mt. Lebanon.Syria. IO ,533 2 

Mt. Perda, highest of Pyrenees.France.-- i°, 95° 2 

Mt. ./Etna, volcano... Sicily....10,835 2 

Monte Corno, highest of Appenines. •. .Naples.9>5 2 3 

Sneehattan, highest Dovrefield Mts-Norway.8,115 

Pindus, highest in.Greece. 7,^77 

Mount Sinai.Arabia.6,54* 

Black Mountain, highest in.N. Carolina... 6,760 

Mt. Washington, highest White Mts.. .N Hampshire 6,285 

Mt. Marcy, highest in...New York.... 5»4° 2 1 

Mt Hecla, volcano.Iceland.5, io 4 1 

Ben Nevis, highest in Great Britain-Scotland.4,4°6 7 A 

Mansfield, highest of Green Mountains.Vermont. 4,280 % 

Peaks of Otter.Virginia 4,260 % 

Mt. Vesuvius. Naples.4,253 % 

Round Top, highest of Catskill Mts... .New York.... 3,804 ^ 

ONE HORSE POWER is the strength necessary to lift 33,000 
pounds one foot per minute ’ 

























































06 


HOW FAST THE USE OF THE TELEPHONE IS GROWING. 

The 1890 census gives the following startling figures 
concerning this new branch of electrical contrivances. 
We only insert round figures. - Qan 

Capital invested in the Telephone business. 1880, “ 
millions; 1890, 72 millions. Gross earnings: 1880, 3 
millions; 1890, 1614 millions. Net earnings: 1880, 
millions; 1890, 514 millions. Number of exchanges: 
1880. 437; 1890. 1,241. The number of instruments was 
from 108.638 to 467,356; the miles of wire from 34 305 
to 240,412; the number of employes from 3,338 to 8,645, 
and the number of subscribers from 48,414 to 227,357. 
The census-takers, in 1890, report 453,200,000 conversa¬ 
tions to have taken place over the telephone wires of the 
United States during the preceding year. Isn’t that 
gigantic ? 


Average Temperature in United States. 

AVERAGE OP THREE YEARS. 


Prescott, Arizona. ..51.9 

Jacksonville, Florida.70.4 

New Orleans, Louisiana. .70.2 

Galveston. Texas. 70.5 

Mobile, Alabama .67.4 

Jackson, Mississippi.66 

Little Rock, Arkansas-62.3 

Charleston, S. Carolina. .-.66.9 
Ft. Gibson, Indian Ter.. .59.4 

Charlotte, N. Carolina_60.6 

Atlanta, Georgia.61.7 

Memphis, Tennessee.61.7 

Norfolk, Virginia.60.1 

Louisville, Kentucky.57.4 

San Francisco, California.55 

Washington, D. C.55 

St. Louis, Missouri.55 

Baltimore, Maryland.56 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.54 
Wilmington, Delaware.... 53 

Trenton, New Jersey.53 

Cincinnati, Ohio.56 

Portland, Oregon.51.4 

Boise City, Idaho. .49.4 


Salt Lake City, Utah.50.3 

Morgantown, W.Virginia.53.1 

Indianapolis, Indiana.53.3 

Leavenworth, Kansas.53.3 

Santa Fe, N. Mexico Ter. .46.8 
Spokane Falls, W. Ter — 46.2 
New London, Connecticut.49.9 

Chicago, Illinois.48.8 

Winnemucca, Nevada.... .48 

Des Moines, Iowa.48.5 

Omaha, Nebraska.49.5 

Denver, Colorado.49.2 

Boston, Massachusetts_48.4 

Albany, New York.50.4 

Providence, Rhode Island.48 

Detroit, Michigan.49.7 

Ft. Randall, Dakota.47 

Sitka, Alaska.43.9 

Concord, New Hampshire.46 

Augusta, Maine..45 

Madison, Wisconsin.45 

Helena, Montana Ter.42 6 

Burlington, Vermont.45 

St. Paul, Minnesota.43.9 


If a railway were built to the sun, and trains upon it were 
run at the rate of thirty miles an hour, day and night without 
a stop, it would require 350 years to make the journey from 
the earth to the sun. 




































&7 

Average Rainfaii in f-he United States. 

:?lace. Inches. 

Ft. Smith, Arkansas. 40 

Providence, Rhode Island.. 41 

New Bedford, Mass.. 41 

Baltimore, Maryland.41 

Muscatine, Iowa.. 

St. Louis, Missouri.43 

Marietta, Ohio. ..43 

Richmond, Indiana.43 

Gaston, N. Carolina........ 43 

New York City, N. Y.43 

Charleston, S. Carolina.43 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 44 
New Haven, Connecticut... 44 

Cincinnati, Ohio.44 

Brunswick, Maine. 44 

Boston, Massachusetts..... 44 

Newark, New Jersey.44 

Memphis, Tennessee.45 

Fortress Monroe, Virginia.. 47 
Springdale, Kentucky...... 48 

Savannah, Georgia.48 

New Orleans, Louisiana.... 51 

Natchez, Mississippi.53 

Huntsville, Alabama. 54 

Washington, Arkansas. 54 

Ft. Myers, Florida.56 

Ft. Tonson. Indian Ter..... 57 
Meadow Valley, California.. 57 
Baton Rouge, Louisiana.... 60 

Mt. Vernon, Alabama. 66 

Ft. HaskU'S* Qyegon.66 

Sitka, Alasv'.. . .83 

Neah Bay, Wash. Ter.1*3 


place. - Inches. 

F*. Garlands Color&uo. 6 

Ft Bridger, Utah Ter.6 

Ft Bliss, Texas. 9 

Ft Colville, Wash. Ter.9 

San Diego, California.9 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico Ter. .11 

Ft Defiance, Arizona.14 

Ft Randall, Dakota Ter.16 

Ft Marcy, New Mexico Ter. 16 
Ft Massachusetts, Colorado. 17 

Sacram ~ f o, California.21 

Dallas, Oregon. 21 

San Francisco, California... .2t / 

Mackinac, Michigan.23 

Salt Lake City, Utah Ter... .23 

Ft Snelling, Minnesota.25 

Ft. Kearney.25 

Penn Yan, New York.28 

Milwaukee, Wisconsin..20 

Detroit, Michigan.30 

Ft Leavenworth, Kansas... .31 

Ft. Brown, Texas.33 

Buffalo, New York.33 

Burlington, Vermont.34 

Pfeoria, Illinois.35 

Key West, Florida..36 

Ft, Gibson, Indian Ter.36 

White Sulphur Springs, Va. .37 

Washington, D. C.37 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania... .37 

Cleveland, Ohio.37 

Ft Vancouver 


38 

Hanover, New Hampshire.. .40 

Yards of Wire per Bundle. 

Wires all weigh 63 lbs. to the bundle 


Wire 

Gauge. 

No. 0.. 

Yards in 
Bundle. 

Wire 
Gauge. 
No. 11.. 

“ 1. 


“ 12.. 

- 2 . 


“ X 3 -. 

“ 3. 


“ 14.. 

j 

« 4 . 


“ 1?.. 

« e. 


“ 16.. 

“ 6.. . 


“ 17. 

“ 7 . 


“ 18.. 

" 8.. 


“ 19.. 

* 0. 


“ 20.. 

. 




Yards ia 
Bundle. 


. 700 
• 893 
.1142 
.1468 
•1954 
.2540 

•3150 

.4085 

• 49 1 * 












































































68 


Amount of Barbed Wire Required for 
Fences. 


Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence 
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of 
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (i6j^ 
feet). 


x square acre. 

i side of a square acre 

i square half-acre. 

x square mile. 

x side of a square mile, 

i rod in length. 

xoo rods in length. 

xoo feet in length. 


1 Line. 

2 Lines. 

3 Lines. 

• 5 °% 

lbs. 

101K 

lbs. 

152 

lbs. 

• 12% 

lbs. 

* 5/4 

lbs. 

38 

lbs. 

• 36 

lbs. 

72 

lbs. 

108 

lbs. 

. 1280 

lbs. 

2560 

lbs. 

3840 

lbs 

, 320 

lbs. 

640 

lbs. 

960 

lbs 

I 

lb. 

2 

lbs. 

3 

lbs' 

. | IOO 

lbs. 

200 

lbs 

300 

lbs' 

6 1-16 

lbs. 

12^ 

lbs. 

18 3-16 

lbs' 


Number of Shrubs or Plants for an 
Acre of Ground. 


Dist. apart. No. of Plants. 

3 inches by 3 inches.696,960 

4 inches by 4 inches.392,040 

6 inches by 6 inches.174,240 

g inches by 9 inches. 77,440 

1 foot by 1 foot. 43,560 

1% feet by 1% feet. 19,360 

2 feet by 1 foot. 21,780 

2 feet by 2 feet. 10,890 

*K feet by 2 ]/ 2 feet. 6,960 

3 feet by 1 foot. 14,520 

3 feet by 2 feet. 7,260 

2 feet by 3 feet. 4,840 

3% feet by 3% feet. 3,555 

4 feet by 1 foot... 10,890 

4 feet by 2 feet. 5,445 

4 feet by 3 feet. 3,630 

4 feet by 4 feet..._... 2,722 

4% feet by 4 y 2 feet. 2,151 

5 feet by 1 foot. 8,712 

5 feet by 2 feet. 4,356 

5 feet by 3 feet. 2,904 

5 feet by 4 feet. 2,178 

5 feet by 5 feet. 1,742 

sK f eet by 5/4 feet. 1,417 


Dist. apart. No. 0/ Plants. 

6 feet by 6 feet.1,210 

6% feet by 6 % feet.1,031 

7 feet by 7 feet. 881 

8 feet by 8 feet.. 680 

9 feet by 9 feet. 537 

10 feet by 10 feet . 435 

11 feet by 11 feet. 360 

12 feet by 12 feet. 302 

13 feet by 13 feet. 257 

14 feet by 14 feet. 222 

15 feet by 15 feet.. . .. 193 

16 feet by 16 feet... 170 

1 6*4 feet by 16% feet.. 160 

17 feet by 17 feet. 150 

18 feet by 18 feet. 134 

19 feet by 16 feet. 120 

20 feet by 20 feet.... xo8 

25 feet b-y 25 feet. 69 

30 feet by 30 feet. 48 

33 feet by 33 feet. 40 

40 feet by 40 feet. 27 

50 feet by 50 feet. 17 

60 feet by 60 feet. 12 

66 feet by 66 feet. 10 


COST OF EMANCIPATION. — If the total cost of the Civil 
War be divided among the slaves set free, emancipation cost about 
$700 per slave. 

























































09 


How Deep in tlie Ground to Plant Corn. 

The following is the result of an experiment with Indian 
Corn. That which was planted at the depth of 


% inch, sprout appeared in. 8 days 

1 inch, sprout appeared in. 814 days 

114 inch, sprout appeared iu.'. 9 ■/<. days 

2 inches, sprout appeared in.10 days 

214 inches, sprout appeared in.1114 days 

3 inches, sprout appeared iu.It! days 

314 inches, sprout appeared in.13 days 

4 inches, sprout appeared in.1314 days 


The more'shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more 
rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger after¬ 
ward was the stalk. The deeper the seed lay, the longer it 
remained before it came to the surface. Four inches was too 
deep for the maize, and also too deep for smaller kernels. 

How to Measure Corn in Crib, Hay in a Mow, etc. 

This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two c^ibic feet 
of sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To 
get the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, 
measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of 
the rail: multiply the length by the breadth and the product 
by the height ; then divide the product by two, and you have 
the number of bushels in the crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a 
bin, multiply the length, breadth and thickness together, and 
this product by 8, and point off one figure in the product for 
decimals. 

To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet 
for a ton, and it will come out very near correct. 

How Grain Will Shrink. 

Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is fit for 
market, when the shrinkage is taken into account. Wheat, 
from the time it is threshed, will shrink two quarts' to the 
bushel or six per cent in six months, in the most favorable 
circumstances. Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a 
bushel for wheat when first threshed in Augustus as good, 
taking into account the shrinkage alone, as one dollar in the 
following February. . ^ ^ . , , 

Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. 
One hundred bushels of ears, as they come from the field in 
November, will be reduced to not far from eighty. So that 
lorty cents a bushel for corn in the ear, as it comes from the 
field, is as good as fifty in March, shrinkage only being taken 
into the account. 

In the case of potatoes—taking those that rot and are other¬ 
wise lost—together with the shrinkage, there is but little 
doubt that between October and June, the loss to the owner 
who holds them is not less than thirty-three per cent. 

This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at 7 per cent, 
and takes no account of loss by vermin. 










7o 

What a Deed to a Farm in many States 
I ncludes. 

Everyone knows it conveys all the fences standing on the farm, 
but all might not think it also included the fencing-stuff, posts, 
rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been 
taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. 
But new fencing material, just bought, and never attached to the 
soil, would not pass. So piles of hop poles stored away, if once 
used on the land and intended to be again so used, have been con¬ 
sidered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles merely laid 
across the beams of the barn, and never fastened to it, would not 
be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing 
trees, of course, also pass as part of the land; so do trees blown 
down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, but 
not if cut, and corded up for sale; the wood has then become 
personal property. 

If there be any manure in the barnyard, or in the compost heap 
on the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer ordinarily, in the 
absence of any contrary agreement, takes that also as belonging to 
the farm, though it might not be so, if the owner had previously 
sold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap 
by itself, for such an act might be a technical severance from the 
ail, and so convert real into personal estate; and even a lessee of 
A farm could not take away the manure made on the place whileTie 
was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of a 
farm, unless they are expressly reserved; and when it is not 
Intended to convey those, it should be so stated in the deed itself; 
a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be, in most States, 
valid in law. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not 
to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or man¬ 
ures may be removed before that time. 

As to the buildings on the farm, though generally mentioned in 
the deed, it is not absolutely necessary they should be. A deed of 
land ordinarily carries all the buildings on it, belonging to the 
grantor, whether mentioned or not; and this rule includes the 
lumber and timber of any old building which has been taken down 
or blown down, and packed away for future use on farm. 


United States Land Measure and Home¬ 
stead Law. 

A township is 36 sections, each a mile square. A section is 640 
acres. A quarter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. Ac. 
eighth section, half a mile iong, north and south, and a quarter of » 
anile wide, is 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile- 
' ! -" 3 uare, is 40 acres 



7i 


The sections are all numbered i to 36, commencing at northeast 
corner, thus: 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

NW NE 

SW SE 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

18 

17 

l 6 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

3 «> 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


The sections are all divided in quarters, which are named by 
the cardinal points, as in section 1. The quarters are divided in 
the same way. The description of a forty-acre lot would read: 
The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 
1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; 
and sometimes will fall short, and sometimes overrun the number 
of acres it is supposed to contain. 

Homestead Privilege. —The laws give to every citizen, and to 
those who bave declared their intention to become citizens, the 
right to a homestead on surveyed lands, to the extent of one- 
quarter section, or 160 acres, or a half-quarter section, or 80 acres; 
the former in cases in the class of lower priced lands held by law at 
$1.25 per acre, the latter of high priced lands held at $2.50 per 
acre, when disposed of to cash buyers. The pre-emption privilege 
Is restricted to heads of families, widows, or single persons over 
the age of twenty-one. , 

Every soldier and officer in the army, and every seaman, marine 
and officer of the navy, during the recent rebellion, may enter 160 
acres from either class, ahd length of time served in the army or 
navy deducted from the time required to perfect title. 

BOOKS PUBLISHED.—There are published daily, through- 
ut the world, about 100 new books, or 30,000 a year. 

















72 



w 

1 


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Number of Pounds to t h e Bushel!, leg al weight, in Different States. 























































































73 

CANALS — THEIR LENGTH AND COST. 

The following table comprises the canals of the United 
States and Canada of which the cost has exceeded 
$1,000,000 each : 


Name. 


State. 


Length 
in miles. 


Cost. 


Erie .... .New York. 

Champlain. “ 

Chenango. “ 

Central Division, public.Penna.... 

Western “ “ . “ .... 


Susquehanna Division, public .. 
N. Branch “ “ 

N. Branch Extension “ 

Delaware Division “ 

Schuylkill “ private.. 

Lehigh “ “ 

Union “ “ .. 

Del. and Hudson. 


•u 

<C 

(( 

U 

u 

u 

« 

N. Y. & Pk 


“ enlarged .... 

Del. and Raritan feeder. 

Morris and Essex. 

Chesapeake and Delaware. 

Chesapeake and Ohio. 

Ohio and Erie. 

Miami. 

Sandy and Beaver. 

James River and Kanawha. 

Wabash and Erie. 


U 

New Jersey 

Del. & Md 
Maryland . 
Ohio. 

it 

u 

Virginia... 
Indiana ... 


« 


u 


a 


Illinois and Michigan. 

Welland. 

St. Lawrence. 

Cornwall. 

Beauharnois. 

Machine. 


Illinois . 

Canada. 

« 

U 

ii 

a 


363 

$ 7 , 143,789 

63 

1 , 257,604 

97 

2 , 419,956 

i73 

5 , 307,252 

104 

3 , 096,522 

39 

1 . 039.256 

73 

1 , 096,178 

90 

3 . 528,302 

60 

1 . 275.715 

108 

2 , 500,176 

85 

82 

4,455,099 

108 

2 , 500,000 

108 

6 , 500,000 

43 

2 , 844,103 

101 

3 , 100,000 

13 ^ 

2 , 750,000 

191 

10 , 000,000 

3°7 

178 

76 

M7 

379 

4 , 695,824 

3 , 750,000 

1 , 500,000 

5 , 020,050 


90 

3 , 057,120 

102 

8 , 654,337 

36 

7 , 000,000 

10 

1 , 000,000 

la 

2 , 000,000 

II 

1 , 500,000 

8 % 

2 , 000,000 


Horses, Mule-s and Asses on the Farms in the United States. 

The figures of last census show that in the states and 
territories there were on hand, June 1, 1890, 14,976,017 
horses, 2,246,936 mules, and 49,109 asses; that in 1889 
there were foaled 1,814,404 horses, 157,105 mules, and 
7,957 asses; that there were sold in the same year 1,309,- 
557 horses, 329,995 mules, and 7,271 asses, and that 
there died from all causes 765,211 horses, mules and 
asses during the same period. 













































THE BIGGEST THINGS. 


Interesting ^acts Useful When You Get Into an 
Argument. 

The largest theater in the world is the new Opera- 
fiouse in Paris. It covers nearly three acres of ground; 
its cubic mass is 4,287,000 feet; it cost about 100,000,000 
francs. The largest suspension bridge is the one between 
New York City and Brooklyn; the length of the main 
span is 1,595 feet 6 inches; the entire length of the 
bridge is5,980 feet. The loftiest active volcano is Popo- 
catapet 1 “ smoking mountain ”— thirty-five miles south¬ 

west *>t Puebla, Mexico ; it is 17,748 feet above the 
sea level, and has a crater three miles in circumference, 
and 1,000 feet deep. The longest span of wire in the 
world is Used for a telegraph in India over the River 
Kistnah. It is more than 6,000 feet in length, and is 
1,200 feet high. The largest ship in the world is the 
Great Eastern. She is 680 feet long, 83 feet broad, and 
60 feet deep, being 28,627 tons burden, 18,915 gross, and 
.13,334 net register. 

The greatest fortress, from a strategical point of view, 
is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It occupies a 
rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea, about three 
miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide. One cen¬ 
tral rock rises to a hight of 1,435 feet above the sea level. 
Its northern face is almost perpendicular, while its east 
side is full of tremendous precipices. On the south it 
terminates in what is called Europa Point. The west 
side is less steep than the east, and between its base and 
the sea is the narrow, almost level span on which the 
town of Gibraltar is built. The fortress is considered 
impregnable to military assault. The regular garrison 
in time of peace numbers about 7,00a 


74 



75 

*I)he biggest cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Edmon¬ 
son County, Kentucky. It is near Green River, about 
six miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight from Bowling 
Green. The cave consists of a succession of irregular 
chambers, some of which are large, situated on different 
levels. Some of these are traversed by the navigable 
branches of the subterranean Echo River. Blind fish 
arefound in its waters. 

The longest tunnel in the world is that of the St 
Gothard, on the line of railroad between Lucerne and 
Milan. The summit of the tunnel is 900 feet below the 
surface at Andermatt, and 6,600 feet beneath the peak 
of Kastlehorn, of the St. Gothard group. The tunnel 
ss 2 . 6]/ 2 feet wide, and is 18 feet 10 inches from the floor 
to the crown of the arched roof. It is 9 y 2 miles 
long. , 

The biggest trees in the world are the mammoth treec 
of California. One of a grove in Tulare County, accord¬ 
ing to measurements made by members of the State 
Geological Survey, was shown to be 276 feet in height, 
108 feet in circumference at base, and 76 feet at a point 
12 feet above ground. Some of the trees are 376 feet 
high, and 34 feet in diameter. Some of the larg’ c t that 
have been ftL^c. indicate an age of from 2,000 u -,SOO 
years. 

The largest library is the Bibliotheque National, in 
Paris, founded by Louis XIV. It contains 1,400,000 
volumes, 300,000 pamphlets. 175,000 manuscripts, 300,- 
000 maps and charts, and 150,000 coins and medals 
The collection of engravings exceeds 1,300,000, col. 
tained in some 10,000 volumes. The portraits-number 
about 100,000. 

The largest desert is that of Sahara, a vast region of 
Northern Africa, extending from the Atlantic Ocean on 
the west to the valley of the Nile on the east. The 
length from east to west is about 3,000 miles, its average 
breadth about 900 miles, its area about 2,000,000 square 
miles.^) Rain falls in torrents in the Sahara at intervals 
of five, ten and twenty years. In summer the heat 
during the day is excessive, but the nights are often cold. 


7 <> 


A -CALENDAR FOR ASCERTAINING ANY DAY OF THE- 
WEEK FOR ANY GIVEN TIME WITHIN THE PRES¬ 
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THE LIBERTY BELL 

The Philadelphia News gives some interesting particu¬ 
lars of the history of the Independence Pell: 

The order for the bell was given in 1751. The State 
House of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, work on which 
had been suspended for a number or years, was then 
approaching completion. The lower floors were already 
occupied by the Supreme Court in the chamber, while in 
the other assembled the Freemen of the Province of 
Pennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A committee 
was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter Norris as 
chairman, and empowered to have a new bell cast for the 
building. The commission for the bell was in the sanv 
year awarded to Robert Charles, of London, the specifi 
cation being that the bell should weigh about ?,ooc 
pounds and cost ^100 sterling. It was to be made by 
the best workmen, to be examined carefully before being 
shipped, and to contain, in well-shaped letters around it, 
the inscription: “ By order of the Province of Pennsyl¬ 

vania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 
1752.' ’ An order was given to place underneath this the 
fatal and prophetic words from Leviticus xxv. 10: “ Pro¬ 
claim liberty throughout the land and, to all the inhab¬ 
itants thereof.” 

The reason for the selection of this text has been a 
.subject of much conjecture, but the true reason is appar¬ 
ent when the full text bread. It is as follows: “ And 
fc shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty 
throughout the land and to all the inhabitants thereof . n 
In selecting the text the good Quakers had in memory 
the arrival of William Penn and their forefathers more 
than half a century before. 

In August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in 
•PParent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of the 
efcpn'r while being tested. It could not be sent back, 

78 


79 

as the captain of the vessel who had it oven 

could not take it on board. Two skillft l men undertook 
to recast the bell, which, on being opjned, revealed *, 
bell which pleased very much. But it wai also found to be 
defective. The original bell was considered too high, and, 
& quantity of copper was added to the composition, but 
too much copper was added. There were a great many 
witticisms on account of the second failure, and tb£ 
Ingenious workmen undertook to recast the bell, which 
they successfully did, and it was placed in condition in 
Tune, 1753. , 

On Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at noon, 
true to its motto, it rang out the memorable message of 
“ Liberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitant* 
thereof. ” 

For fifty years the bell continued to be rung on every 
festival and anniversary until it eventually cracked. 

An ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to con¬ 
tinue serviceable by enlarging the cause of i ts dissonance 
and chipping the edges. It was removed from its posi* 
tion in the tower to a lower story, and only used on 
occasions of public sorrow, such as the death of ex-Presi- 
dents and statesmen. Subsequently it was placed on the 
original timbers in the vestibule of the State .House, and 
m 1873 it was suspended in a prominent position immC" 
diately beneath where a larger bell presented to the city 
sn 1866 now proclaims the passing hours. 

CHOLERA. 

Cholera. — Known in its native country, India, unde? 
the names Morshi, Mordeshi and Visuchika; first appeared 
in Europe in 1831; was first introduced into Canada and 
the United States in 1832, spread as an epidemic, and 
lasted in some localities until 1835. . 

Second European epidemic began in 1847; reached New 
York and New Orleans in December, 1848; Canada Ira 
April, 1849; continuing epidemically in the United States 
>antil 1852; almost died out in Europe at the close of 
S850, but broke out afresh in 1852, and was agam im¬ 
ported into this country in 1853, not entirely disappearing 


8 o 


Third epidemic in Europe began in 1865; cases afc 
Ward’s Island, New York, in November, but the conta¬ 
gion not fairly introduced into the United States until the 
spring of 1866; died out here in 1867, and in most Euro* 
pean countries in 1869-70; afresh outbreak there in 187* 
preached this country again in February, 1873, when it 
spread from New Orleans and involved, nineteen States 
00 eight months. 

Fourth epidemic followed a violent outbreak in Egypt 
gia 1883 (the “ Damietta outbreak”); cases at Marseilles 
6a October, but existence concealed; declared epidemic 
sit Toulon in June, 1884; spread throughout Southern 
France, thence into Italy; existence suspected in Spain, 
but denied during the winter of 1884-85, but during the 
Spring and summer of 1885 it invaded nearly all parts of 
Mae kingdom, causing over one hundred thousand deaths; 
attacked Italy again during the autumn, and at the close 
@f 1885 was reported in Venice, Trieste and in the prov 
ijace of Brittany. Cases were reported in various other 
tparts of Europe, but no spread resulted, except in the 
Countries named. So far as known, only one infected 
vessel arrived in this country; deaths from cholera had 
Occurred during the voyage, but the vessel was properly 
. ared for on her arrival in New Y( rk Bay, latter part of 
September, 1885. 

The first European epidemic lasted seven years — from 
9831 to 1837, inclusive—dying out during cold weather, 
and reappearing in spring in previously infected localities* 
s®d thence spreading to localities which had previously 
(escaped; in many instances more severely scourging local* 
Mies in the second or subsequent years than during the 
first visitation. The second epidemic lasted seventeen 
$ears—1847 to 1863—with a remarkable intermission in 
3851-52, and numerous fluctuations of intensity, the 
sevfirest in 1849-50 and in 1853-55. The third lasted 
istt years—1865 to 1874—with a remission in 1869-70, 
imd a fresh outbreak in 1871. In all of them the disease 
was brought to the United States within two- years after 
- had become epidemic in countries in close commercial 
;>«ktion with this conntry, and in each epidemic fbere 
\psre several distinct importations of the contagion '-4 

^EDUCTION— 7 'hat whenever « and a * lorn* as AsiatU 


tkolera exists on the European continent , tki* 

$8 in danger of a cholera epidemic. 

Three things are necessary for a cholera epidemics 

First, the cholera poison; second, filthy local condi¬ 
tions of air, soil and wat-er; third, individual predisposi¬ 
tion, If, by quarantine, the poison can be kept out of 
the country, the other two factors might be- disregarded, 
Sut since the most rigidly enforced quarantines have here¬ 
tofore failed to prevent the introduction of the poison, ft 
s essential that such measures of local and individual 
anitation be enforced as will secure cleanliness of person, 
of habitation and of surroundings—of air, water and 
soil. Certain of these conditions the individual can onlj 
mdirectly control, but for his own immediate environ* 
ment, his dwelling and premises and his personal hygiene, 
he is himself responsible. And these conditions hav* 
much to do with determining the individual predisposi* 
tion. 

Cholera is most surely guarded against by keeping the 
5 >ody clean and well nourished, and the mind equable and 
contented; underfeeding, anxiety, overwork, exposure to 
extremes of temperature, intemperance in eating or drink® 
£ng - all tend to reduce the resistance of the system to 
the influence of any morbid poison, and more especially 
that of cholera. 

If cholera should, unfortunately, make its appearance, 
the following most important precaution should be ob¬ 
served; 

No diarrhea, or even lax condition of the bowels, 
should be disregarded while there is a single case of chol¬ 
era in the country. An attack of cholera is usually pre< 
seded by a loose, painless diarrhea, although less fre* 
quently one may pass from apparently perfect health 
after a single dejection into the state of cholera collapse. 
But, as a rule, there is the premonitory stage above indi* 
•~ated, and which may last from one to five days. Such 
attacks, if promptly and properly treated, may almost 
nvariably be cured, but if neglected, may develop into 
malignant cholera. 

> Treatment. —First, absolute rest; second, a teaspoon- 
i{\rsl of the following mixture every two hours until the 
diarrhea is checked; # 


82 


CHOLERA MIXTURE. 

Aromatic sulphuric acid.One ounce. 

Paregoric.Three ounces. 

Dose. — One teaspoonful in four tablespoonfuls o# 


water. 

This is the simplest and most generally useful combina¬ 
tion, and should be kept ready for use in the house, office, 
store and workshop during a cholera season. 

A good doctor should be called, but the above treat¬ 
ment is to be followed until the doctor arrives. Mean¬ 
time take no food or stimulants of any kind, but allay 
thirst with ice. 

Preventive. —In addition to ordinary prudence in 
diet and drink, especial care should be taken as to the 
quality of drinking-water used. If not known to be abso¬ 
lutely pure, add a teaspoonful of aromatic sulphuric acid 
(elixir of vitriol) to one quart of water. Epidemics of 
cholera have been arrested, when every other means failed, 
by using water thus acidulated. It may be flavored with 
lemons and sweetened. 

There is good reason for believing that the cholera 
poison is absolutely destroyed by mineral acids. It would 
be well, therefore, to confine the drink exclusively to this 
mineral-acid lemonade so long as there is any danger 
of cholera. No other single precaution is of so much 
importance as this. 


POISONS—ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT. 

Immediately-on discovering that poison has been swal¬ 
lowed, send for a physician with all possible haste. Until 
his arrival, the treatment should either be with a view to 
removing the poison by an emetic or neutralizing its effects 
by an antidote. 

Emetics. — Ground mustard, a tablespoonful in a 
tumbler of warm water, is an emetic usually quickly pro¬ 
cured. Give the patient one-fourth of it at once, and 
follow with a cup of warm water. Repeat the dose 
every minute or two until vomiting takes place. Give 
tepid water freely. Mustard has a special value in most 
cases where an emetic is needed, as it is also stimulating 
in its effects. 




83 

Common salt is aiso used as an emetic, a teacup of 
water with as muCh salt as the water will dissolve being 
given every few moments until vomiting occurs. 

Tickling the throat with a feather, or with the finger, 
is a valuable aid to the action of an emetic. 

After vomiting takes place, the white of eggs in warm 
water, warm milk, gum-arabic water, or flour and 
water, may be given to further cleanse the stomach and 
to soothe the irritated mucous membrane. 

The following table gives the common poisons and 
suggestions as to the treatment for each, and, together 
with the above, may be of assistance until the arrival or! 
a physician: 

ACIDS—MINERAL.—Chalk, magnesia (plaster ofi 
wall), solution of cooking soda, or saleratus; then 
barley-water, linseed-tea, or olive-oil. 

ACONITE.—Emetics, stimulants external and internal 
ANTIMONY.—Strong tea in large quantities. 

AQUA FORTIS.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 
ARSENIC.—Give milk in large quantities, or the white 
of eggs, or flour and water. Follow with stimu¬ 
lants. 

ATROPIA.—Same as Belladonna. 

ARGENTI NIT.—Large teaspoonful of salt in cup of 
water; repeat in ten minutes; then g've castoroil 
and linseed-tea or barley-water. 

BAD FISH OR OTHER FOOD.—Emetics; then %■ 
large dose of castor-oil with some warm spice. 
Mustard-plaster to pit of stomach if necessary. 
BED-BUG POISON.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 
BLUE VITRIOL—Same as Cupri Sulph. and Copper 
CANNABIS INDICA.—Hot brandy and water, lemon^ 
juice, vegetable acids, vinegar; allow patient to 
sleep; blister to nape of neck. 

CANTHARIDES.— Emetics, followed by barley-water, 
flaxseed-tea, or other soothing drinks. 

CARBOLIC ACID. -Castor or olive-oil. 

CAUSTIC POTASH—Same as Potash. 

CAUSTIC SODA .—Same as Potash. 

CHLORINE WATER.— Albumen (white of egg), 
milk, flour. 


*4 

CHLOROFORM.—Fresh air; incline the body so as to 
get the head as low as possible; pull the tongue 
forward; dash cold water on the chest at intervals 
and excite respiration by any other means. 

CHLORIDE OF TIN.—Milk in large quantities with 
magnesia, chalk or whiting in it; raw eggs beaten up 
with water or milk. 

CHLORAL HYDRATE.—Same as Chloroform. 

CHLORIDE OF ZINC.—Milk with white of eggs m 
it. Large Doses. 

COBALT.-—Same as Arsenic. 

COLCHICUM.—Emetics; then barley water, linseed- 
tea, etc. If stupor (coma) be present, give brandy, 
coffee, ammonia. 

CONIUM.—Emetics, followed by stimulants externally 
and internally. 

COPPER.—Milk and whites of eggs; large quantities; 
then strong tea. Don’t give vinegar. 

CO PPE R AS. —Emet ics. M ucilaginous/irinks. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE.—White of eggs in a 
little water. Repeat dose at intervals of two or 
three minutes until patient vomits. Use milk or 
flour and water if you can’t get eggs. 

CROTON OIL.—Emetics; then flaxseed-tea, gum- 
arabic water, slippery elm, eta 

CUPRI SULPH.—Whites of eggs. Same as Copper. 

CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM.—Same as Prussic 

Acid. 

DIGITALIS.—Emetics. Keep the patient lying down. 
Stimulants externally and internally. 

FOWLER’S SOLUTION.—Same as Arsenic. 

HASCHISCH.—Same as Cannabis Indica. 

HEMLOCK.—Same as Conium . 

HENBANE.—Same as Hyoscyamus. 

HYDROCYANIC ACID.—Fresh air and artificial 
respiration, with dashes of cold water. 

HYOSCYAMUS.—Emetics; lemon-juice stimulants ex¬ 
ternal and internal. 

INDELIBLE INK.—Same as Argenti Nit. 

INDIAN HEMP.—Same as Cannabis Indica. 

IODINE.—Emetics; starch or flour ih water; barley* 
water or other demulcent drinks. 


85 

IVY POISONING.—Apply soft-soap freely to affected 
parts; or bathe the poisoned skin frequently with 
weak tincture of belladonna. 

LAUDANUM.—Same as Opium. 

LEAD.—Two ounces of Epsom salts in a pint of water? 
wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely^. 
Afterward milk. 

LEAD SALTS.—Same as Lead. 

LEAD WATER.—Same as Lead. 

LOBELIA.—Stimulants externally and internally. 

LUNAR CAUSTIC.—Same as Argenti Nit. 

LYE.— Potash. 

MERCURY.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 

MINERAL ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

MORPHIA.—Same as Opium. 

MURIATIC ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

NITRATE OF SILVER.—Same as Argenti NiL 

I^iTER.—Same as Saltpeter. 

NITRIC ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

NUX VOMICA.—Emetics, artificial respiration, linseed 
tea or barley-water; to an adult 30 drops of laudanum 
to relieve the spasms. 

OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS.—Same as Prussic 

Acid. 

OIL OF VITRIOL.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

OPIUM.—Emetics (10 grains of sulphate of copper if 
possible); after vomiting, which must be induced 
quickly, give plenty of strong coffee with brandy, 
put mustard plasters around calves of legs; keep 
patient aroused by walking around, dashing cold 
water in face, heating soles of feet, or whipping body 
with towels wrung out in cold water. If the patient is 
allowed to go to sleep before the effect of the opium 
has passed.off, death will result. 

OXALIC ACID.—Same as Acids, Mineral. 

PAREGORIC.—Same as Opium. 

PALIS GREEN.—Same as Arsenic. 

PHOSPHORUS.—Emetics, large quantities of tepid 
water, with magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour 
stirred in it. 

POTASH.—Vinegar and water, oranges, lemons, sour 


86 


beer, cider, or sour fruit; then give oil —linse®jo» 

□live. 

PRUSSIC ACID.—Sal-volatile and water; apply smdl 
ing-salts to nostrils; dash cold water in face; 
stimulants. 

RATSBANE.—Same as Arsenic. 

RED PRECIPITATE.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate 
RED LEAD.—Same as Lead. 

“ ROUGH ON RATS.”—Same as Arsenic. 
SALTPETRE.—Flour and water in large doses; lin¬ 
seed or sweet oil. 

SALTS OF TIN.—Milk in large quantities. 

SILVER, NITRATE OF.— Same as ArgentiNit. 
SPANISH FLY.—Same as Cantharides. 

SPIRITS OF SALTS.—Same as Acids , Mineral. 
STRAMONIUM.—Same as Belladonna. 
STRYCHNINE.—Same as Nux Vomica. 

SUGAR OF LEAD.—Same as Lead Salts. 
SULPHURiC ACID.—Same as Acids y Mineral. 
SULPHATE OF ZINC.—Same as Zinc Salts. 
TARTAR EMETIC.—Same as Antimony. 
TARTARIZED ANTIMONY.—Same as Antimony. 
TOBACCO.—Emetics; stimulants external and in¬ 
ternal. 

VERDIGRIS.—Same as Copper. 

VERMILION.—Same as Corrosive Sublimate. 
VOLATILE ALKALI.—Same as Potash. 

WHITE PRECIPITATE.—Same as Arsenic. 

WHITE V IT RIO I_Same as Zinc Salts. 

ZINC SALTS.—Give milk with whites of eggs freely; 
afterward warm barley-water or linseed-tea. 


Live Stock on Ranges, in the United States. 

It is found that in June, 1890, there were upon the 
ranges 517,128 horses, 5,433 mules, 14,109 asses or 
burros, 6,828,182 cattle, 6,676,902 sheep, and 17,276 
swine, with sales of horses, in 1889. amounting to 
$1,418,205; of cattle, $17,913,712; of sheep, $2,669,663, 
and of swine, $27,132. The total number of men re¬ 
ported upon ranges in care of this stock is 15,390. The 
industry is found to be more generally prosperous at this 
time than for several years previous. 



CONTAGIOUS AND ERUPTIVE DISEASES. 

It will often relieve a mother’s anxiety to know how long after a child has been exposed to 
i contagious disease that there is danger the disease has been contracted. The following 
table gives the ’period of incubation — or anxious period — and other information concerning 


87 



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*In measles the patient is infectious three days before the eruption appears. 

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The following points may help to determine the nature of a suspicious illness: 




88 


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8 9 

DIGESTION. 

Average time required for the digestion of various 
articles of food: 

Hours. Min, 

Apples, sweet (boiled).2 30 

Barley (boiled). 2 

Beans, Lima (boiled)....2 30 

Beef (roasted). 3 

Beef (fried).4 

Beef, salt (boiled). 2 45 

Bread.3 30 

Butter.3 30 

Cheese. 3 30 

Chicken (fricasseed).2 40 

Custard (baked).2 45 

Duck (roasted).4 

Eggs (raw).2 

Eggs (soft-boiled).3 

Eggs (hard-boiled).3 30 

Eggs, (fried).3 30 

Fish, various kinds (raw, boiled, fried).2 44 

Fowl (roast).4 

Hashed meat and vegetables (warm).2 30 

Lamb (boiled) .2 30 

Milk (raw).2 15 

Milk (boiled).2 

Mutton (boiled).3 

Mutton (roast).3 15 

Oysters (roast).3 15 

Oysters (stewed).3 y 

Pigs’feet, soused (boiled).1 

Potatoes (baked).2 30 

Pork, salt (stewed).3 

Pork (roast).3 15 

Rice (boiled).1 

Sago (boiled).1 45 

Soup, barley.I 3 ° 

Soup, chicken, etc. (average).3 15 

Tripe, soused (boiled).1 

Turkey (roast).2 30 

Veal (boiled). 4 

Veal (fried).4 3 ® 








































90 


AMERICAN AND IMPORTED PUBLICATIONS (IN ENGLISH), 
FOR THE YEAR 1890. 

Not including Government Works or Cheap Libraries of 
a lower order. 


Fiction.1,118 

Law. 438 

Juvenile Books. 408 

Literary, History and Misc. 183 
Theology and Religion..... 467 

Education. 399 

Poetry and the Drama. 168 

History. 153 

Medical Science, Hygiene... 117 
Social and Political Science 183 
Description, Travel. 162 


British Publications, the 


Biography. 218 

Five Arts. 135 

Physical and Math. Science.. 93 

Useful Arts. 133 

Sports and Amusements. 82 

Domestic and Rural. 29 

Humor and Satire. 42 

Mental and Moral Philos. ... 11 


Grand Totai. 4,559 


same year, 5,735 volumes. 


Dates of First Occurrences. 

Jlostoffices were first established in 1464. 

Pointed musical notes were first used in 1473. 

The first watches were made at Nuremberg in 1477. 

America was discovered in 1492. 

The first printing press was set up at Copenhagen in 1493. 

Durer gave the world a prophecy of future wood-engraving 
in 1527. 

Jergens set the spinning wheel in motion in 1530. 

Modern needles first came into use in 1545. 

The first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 
carriages in France, in 1559. 

Religious liberty was granted to the Huguenots in France in 
1562, and was followed by the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572. 

Cervantes wrote Don Quixote in 1573. 

The first newspaper was published in England in 1588. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

The first printing-press in the United States was introduced in 
1629. 

The first air-pump was made in 1650. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. 

The first copper cent was coined in New Haven in 1687. 

The first steam-engine on this continent came from England i* 
175.3- 

The first balloon ascent was made in 1783. 

The first society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge was 
organized in 1698. 

The first attempt to manufacture pins in this country was made 
yoon after the war of 1812. 

The first prayer-book of Edward VI. came i*.to u-setov authority 
jf PjufliameKt ou Whit- Sunday, 1549. 





















9i 

Glass window.* first introduced into England in the eighth 
century. 

The first steamboat plied ihe Hudson in 1807. 

Ihe first sawmakers’ anvil was brought to America in 1819. 

The first use of a locomotive in this country was in 1820. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting p'urposes in 1826. 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first steel pen was maae in 1830. 

Omnibuses were introduced in New York in 1830. 

Ships were first “ copper-bottomed ” in 1837. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. , 

Anaesthesia was discovered in 1844. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

The first steel-plate was discovered in 1830. 

The Franciscans arrived in England in 1224. 

The entire Hebrew Bible was printed in 1488. 

Gold was first discovered in California in 1848. 

The first telescope was used in England in 1608. 

Christianity was introduced into Japan in 1549. 

First almanac printed by George Von Furbach in 1460. 

Percussion arms were used in the United States Army in 1830. 

The first glass factory in the United States was built in 1780. 

The first complete sewing-machine was patented by Elias Howe, 
Jr., in 1846. 

The first temperance society in this country was organized in 
Saratoga County, N. Y., in March, 1808. 

The first coach in Scotland was brought thither in 1501, when 
Queen Mary came from France. It belonged to Alexander Lord 
Seaton. 

The first daily newspaper appeared in 1702. The first newspaper 
printed in the United States was published in Boston on Septem¬ 
ber 25, 1790. 

The first telegraphic instrument was successfully operated by 
S. F. B. Morse, the inventor, in 1835, though its utility was not 
demonstrated to the world until 1842. 

The first Union Hag was unfurled on the 1st of January, 1776, 
over the camp at Cambridge. It had thirteen stripes of white and 
red, and retained the'English cross in one corner. 

When Captain Cook first visited Tahiti, the natives were using 
nails of wood, bone, shell and stone. When they saw iron nails, 
they fancied them to be shoots of some very hard wood, and, 
desirous of securing such a valuable commodity, they planted 
them in their gardens. 

In 1750 the “shoe-black” came into vogue. The poet Gay, in 
his day, refers to the business, describing a mother as instructing 
her .son in his calling: 

" Go thrive: at some frequented corner stand: 

This brush I give thee, grasp it in thy hand; 

Temper the foot within this vase of oil. 

And let the little tripod aid thy toil.” 


92 

HIGH-PRICED HORSES, 


Mr. A. E. Whyland, of New York city, has prepared a list of 
the high-priced horses that have been sold in this country, 
from which we take the following: 


TROTTERS SOLD 


Axtell.$ 105,€00 

Bell Boy. 51,000 

Steamboul. 50,000 

Sunol. 40,000 

Acolyte. 40,000 

Maud S. 40,000 

Pocahontas. 40,000 

"Rams. 36,000 

Antevolo. 35,000 

Dexter. 35,000 

Goldsmith Maid. 32,000 

Smuggler. 30,000 

Anteeo. 30,000 

Blackwood. 80,000 

Jay Gould. 30,000 

Lady Thorne. 30,000 

Prince Wilkes. 30,000 

Pancoast. 28,000 


RUNNERS SOLD 


In America. 

Kentucky. $ 40,000 

King Thomas. 40,000 

Dewdrop. 29,500 

Brother of Bassett. 25,000 

Vigil. 25,000 

Duke of Magenta. 20,000 

Ban Fox. 20,000 

Iroquois. 20,000 

Foxhall. 20,000 


$20,000 OR OVER. 


Gov. Sprague.$27,500 

Patron. 27,000 

Mascot. 26,000 

Fearnaught. 25,000 

Jerome Eddy. 25,000 

Wedgewood. 25,000 

Geo. M. Patchen. 25,000 

Happy Medium.... ... 22,500 

Nutwood. 22,000 

Sam Purdy. 22,000 

Startle. 22,000 

Edward Everett. 20,000 

Edward. 20,000 

St. Julien. 20,000 

Lady Maud. 20,000 

Socratesy. 20,000 

Constantine. 20,000 

Resalind. 20,000 


$20,000 OR OVER. 

In England. 


Ormonde.$75,000 

Doncaster... 70,000 

Kangaroo. 70,000 

Blair Athol. 62,500 

Harvester. 43,000 

Gladiator. 35,000 

Isonomy. 30,000 

Spinaway. 27,500 

Wheel of Fortune . 25,000 

Janette.21,000 

Cantjniere... 20,500 

Loufeburg. 20,000 






























































93 


Legal Holidays in the Various States. 


January i. New Year’s Day: in Alabama, Cali- 
fornia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, 
New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West 
Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

January 8. Anniversary of the Battle of 
New Orleans: in Louisiana. 

February 22. Washington’s Birthday: inCali- 
fomia, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Ken¬ 
tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 
Michigan. Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West 
Virginia, and Wisconsin. 

March 2. Anniversary of Texan Independ¬ 
ence: in Texas. 

March 4. Fireman’s Anniversary: in New Or¬ 


leans, La. 

Mardi-Gras: in Louisiana, and the cities of Mobile, 
Montgomery and Selma, Ala. 

April 21. Anniversary of the Battle of San 
Jacinto: in Texas. 

Good Friday: in Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, 
and Pennsylvania. 

April 26. Memorial Day: in Georgia. 

May 30. Decoration Day: in California, Colorado, 
Connecticut, Iowa, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, 
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 
Vermont. 

July 4. Independence Day: in all the States. 

General Election Day: in California, Florid^ 
Maryland, Missouri. New Jersey, New York, Soutn 
Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin. 

Thanksgiving Day: in all the States. 

December 25. Christmas Day : in all the States. 

Sundays and Fast Days (whenever appointed) ari 
legal holidays in all the States. 



94 


DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OCCUPIED BY, AND EARLY 
SETTLEMENT OF, THE UNITED STATES. 

The greatest length of the territory from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific Ocean, occupied by the United States, on the 
parallel of 42 Q , is 2,768 miles; and its greatest breadth, 
from Point Isabel, Tex., to the northern boundary of 
North Dakota, is 1,650 miles. The Mexican boundary 
line is 1,500 miles in length. The boundary line separat¬ 
ing the United States from the British possessions is 
about 3,400 miles long. 

The first attempt at civilized settlement, in the United 
States, was made on the Island of Roanoke, off the coast 
of North Carolina, where a colony from England was 
placed, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, in 
1585 Having trouble with the Indians, several of the 
settlers were killed, and the remainder returned to Eng¬ 
land. In 1587 John White landed a party of 108 persons, 
and returned to England after founding the city of 
Raleigh named after Sir Walter Raleigh. Here \ irginia 
Dare, the first white child, native of the United States, 
was born. In 1590, John White returned with a fleet, but 
all traces of the colonists, left three years before, had 
vanished. Their fate has never been ascertained. 


In 1540, French fnr-traders founded a settlement on 
Manhattan Island, where the city of New York now 
stands, but the next year they abandoned the country. 
A party of Huguenots, driven from France, sought refuge 
in South Carolina, where they built Port Royal, in lo62; 
but subsequent famine compelled them to abandon the 
colony. In 1565, the Spaniards, on the east coast of 
Florida, founded St. Augustine, the oldest existing town 
in the United States. The first permanent English settle¬ 
ment was made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; the 
colony consisting of 105 emigrants, more than one-half 
of whom died within six months, from privation or at the 
hands of the Indians. Newly arrived immigrants from 
England, however, swelled the number of colonists to 
200, in the year 1610. 

Hendrick Christaenson, a Hollander, in 1612, made a 
small redoubt enclosing four log huts, as a place in which 
to live and receive furs, on Manhattan Island, on the site 
where is now located No. 29 Broadway, New York City. A 
Dutch settlement, in 1614. was founded at Albany, N. Y 
•n 1620, the Puritans, a company of British refugees, 
numbering 102 persons, landed at Plymouth. Mass., at a 
point known as Plymouth Rock. In 1623 the Virginia 
colonists, then numbering 2,500, feeling themselves 
strong enough, attacked the Indians; this resulted in 3* 
desultory warfare which continued for 24 years. 


95 


RAILROAD MILEAGE OF THE WORLD, 

From Poor's Manual for the Year 1892. 


COUNTRIES. 

MILES 

OF LINE. 

Algeria and Tunis. 

3,094 

Argentine Republic. 

9,300 

Asia Minor (Turkey).... 

720 

Austria-Hungary. 

26,500 

Barbadoes. 

36 

Belgium. 

5,174 

Bolivia. 

171 

Brazil.. 

9,300 

British Guiana. 

35 

Canada. 

21,624 

Cape Colony. 

2,873 

Ceylon. 

289 

Chili. 

3,100 

China. 

200 

Columbia. 

371 

Cochin China. 

83 

Costa Rica.1 


Nicaragua. ] 


Guatemala.j- 

900 

Honduras. [ 


Salvador. J 


Cuba.;. 

1,700 

Denmark. 

1.969 

Dutch East Indies. 

1,283 

Egypt. 

1.541 

France. 

36,348 

Germany & Luxemburg. 

41,793 

Great Britain & Ireland. 

32*088 

Greece. 

708 

Hayti. 

115 

India, British. 

25.488 

Italy. 

13,063 

Jamaica.£ 

474 

Trinidad.) 



COUNTRIES. 


Japan. 1,460 

Malay States. 50 

Malta . HO 

Mauritius.I 

Reunion.£ 751 

Senegal.) 

Mexico. 8,600 

Natal. 376 

Netherlands. 3,057 

New South Wales. 3,624 

New Zealand. 3,066 

Norway. 1,562 

Paraguay. 240 

Persia. 18 

Peru. 1,600 

Porto Rico. 18 

Portugal. 2,060 

Queensland. 3,320 

Roumania,. 2,543 

Russia.. 30,140 

Servia. 526 

South Australia. 2,827 

Spain. 9,860 

Sweden. 7,910 

Switzerland. 3,104 

Tasmania. 603 

Turkey.. 1,765 

United States.259,687 

Uruguay..,. 757 

Venezuela. 709 

Victoria. 3,682 

Western Australia. 800 

Total Mileage.595,767 


BEGININGS OF THE SEASONS. 


DAYS. HOURS. 

Spring, Sun enters Aries (0° long.).March 20 3m 

Summer, Sun enters Cancer (90 u ).June 20 11a 

4utumn, Sun enters Libra (180°) .Sept. 22 2a 

Winter, Sun enters Capricornus (270°).Dec. 21 8m 


THE DATE OF THE FLOOD. 

1,654 B. C. 
1,307 B. C. 
2,262 B. C. 


/ 


The Vulgate and Hebrew gives the time and date 

"he Samaritan Pentateuch. 

"he Greeks. 















































































RECORDS OF RAILROAD SPEED. 

The fastest time made by an American train was on the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, August 27, 1891, 
12 miles, Jenkintown to the Delaware River, in 8 minutes, 42seconds, being at the average rate of 82.7 


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PROGRESS OF MERCHANT SHIPPING. 

Merchant Vessels (Sail and Steam) belonging to the United States, Great Britain, France, 
and Germany, respectively, in each of the years 1850, 1860,1870, 1880, 1885 and 1890. 


97 


-M- 

◄ 

a 

0h 

w 

& 

|Net Tonnage 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

310.752 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

825,379 

900,361 

81,994 

iO 

LO 

X^ 

of 

X 

35 

t>x 
CO o 
t>t> 

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CO rH 
35 34 

1,181,525 

861,844 

420,605 

35 

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^H 

34 

X 

34 

rH 

rH 34 
CO 

t>q 

35 X 
0 34 

t'v 

rH 

Hi, 

X 

X 

Hi 

rH 

No. 


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• 

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• 

• 

• 

• 

34 

Hi 

t> 

34 ' 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

O 

lO 

q 

CO 

NO 

t>H< 

X fH 
^ - 

4,519 

CO Hi 

Hi rH 

34 Hi 

H< 

4.660 

rH 

t>co 

rHCO 

X 

4,135 

l>X 
* 3 35 
l-X 

34 

X 

o 

q 

X 

FRANCE. 

Net Tonnage| 

674,205 

13,925 

o 

CO 

rH 

X 

X 

CO 

928,099 

68,025 

01 

rH 

CO 

35 

35 

CO lO 

34 rH 
XHi 

e\ rs 

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35 rH 

1,072,241 

35 35 
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Lor> 
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rH O 
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35 

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35~ 

rH 

35 

35 CO 

rH 35 

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t> 04 
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rH 

34 

6 

o 

q 

rH 

440,051 

492,684 

L3 

X 

t> 

e-. 

34 
X 

35 

No. 

14,228 

126 

14,354 

Xi 
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COX 

H<~ 

-H 

14,922 

351> 
31 O 
OH 
Hi~ 

rH 

CO 

X 

X 

io 

rH 

14,406 

652 

15.058 

35 t> 
34 X 
X 35 

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Hi 

rH 

CO 

CO 

34 

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rH 

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34 CO 
HO 

Hi rH 

i ^ 

15,194 

GREAT BRITAIN.f 

Net Tonnage 

3,396,659 
, 168,474 

3,565,133 

4,204,360 

454,327 

X 

q 

X 

CO 

H< 

LOHi 
LOCO 
X 35 

31 

t> r-H 
OH 

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5,690,789 

3,851,045 

2,723,468 

6,574,513 

34 X 
COX 
OrH 

COX 

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XX 

7,430,045 

3,055.136 

8,095,370 

CO 

o 

q 

o 

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rH 

rH 

rH 

No. 

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1,187 

25,984 

COO 

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34 

27,663 

t> X 

xo 

rH rH 

XX 

34 

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CO 

X 

CO 

34 

19,938 

5,247 

25.185 

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rH 

34 

CO 

q 

to 

34 

14,181 

7,410 

rH 

35 

q 

rH 

34 

U. S. OF AMERICA.* 

Net Tonnage 

1,540,769 

44,942 

1,585,711 

2,448,941 

97,296 

2,546,237 

1,324,256 

192,544 

1,516,800 

3 3 
OO 
34 0 

coco' 

oni 

34^ rH 
rH 

1,352,810 

xco 

350 

lOrH 

rH CO 
OX 

rH r-i 

rH 

1,287,999 

827,124 

194,471 

35 

q 

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• 

o 


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• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



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• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



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• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 


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182 

2,119 

• ¥ 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

DESCRIP¬ 

TION. 

Sail.1 

Steam .... 

Total... 

Sail. 

Steam .... 

Total... 

Sail. 

Steam .... 

Total... 

Sail. 

Steam .... 

Total... 

Sail. 

Steam ... 

Total... 

Sail. 

Steam .... 

Total... 


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* The figures for the United States do not include vessels employed in the river, lake and coasting trades. 
Such vessels are prohibited by law from going on foreign voyages. t The figures for Great Britain include 
all registered vessels without any limit of tonnage. t Vessels of less than 17.65 tons are not included. 









































































































































































































COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

1879 - 1892 . 


98 




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99 

SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS. 

Tin—One-fourth inch in a foot. 

Pipes—One-eighth inch in a foot. 

Zinc—Five sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Lead—Five sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Copper—Three-sixteenths inch in a foot. 

Thin Brass—One-eighth inch in nine inches. 

Thick Brass—One-eighth inch in ten inches. 

Bismuth—Five-thirty-seconds inch in a foot. 

Locomotive Cylinders—One sixteenth inch in a foot. 
Beams, Girders, etc.—One-eighth inch in fifteen inches. 
Engine-beams, Connecting-rods, etc.—One-eighth inch in 
sixteen inches. 


Center of Population in the United States. 


DATE. POSITION OF CENTER OF POPULATION. 


WESTWARD 

MOVEMENT. 


1790. .23 miles E. of Baltimore, Md. . 

1800.. 18 miles W. of Baltimore, Md.41 miles. 

1810.. 40 miles N. W. by W. of Washington, D. C. 36 miles. 

1820.. 16 miles N. of Woodstock, Va.50 miles, 

1830. .19 miles W. S. W. of Moorefleld, W. Va.39 miles. 

1840. .16 miles S. of Clarksburg, W. Va..55 miles. 

1850. .23 miles S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va.55 miles. 

1860. 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, O...81 miles. 

1870. .48 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, 0.42 miles. 

1880.. 8 miles W. by S. of Cincinnati, O..58 miles. 

1890. .20 miles E. of Columbus, Ind.43 miles. 


Westward movement in 100 years. 500 miles. 


ALCOHOL! WHO DRINKS IT? 

It has been the endeavor of the census-takers, in 1890, 
to obtain, as far as possible, such facts as relate to the 
use of alcohol as a beverage. It appears that alcohol, as 
such (in some cases diluted with water, but without any 
coloring or extraneous flavoring), is used by a certain 
foreign element of our population. It is drunk to a great 
extent by Poles, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Hungarians 
and Russians. The quantity thus consumed is larger 
than is generally supposed. Inquiry of some of the large 
houses in the Northwest, familiar with this particular 
trade, elicits the information that fully one-half of the 
alcohol sold in that section is drunk, it being the favorite 
beverage of these foreign races. It is estimated, by com¬ 
petent authority, that about fifteen barrels of alcohol are 
daily consumed for that purpose in New York city alone. 
A considerable amount is consumed by the same element 
in the coal regions of Pennsylvania, and undoubtedly in 
other localities. 
















100 


TELEGRAPH STATISTICS OF THE WORLD 


MILES 

COUNTRIES. OF LINE. 


Algeria.. 

Austria-Hungary. 

Bavaria. 

Belgium.. 

Bolivia. ' ■ 

Brazil. 

Bulgaria. 

Canada . 

Cape of Good Hope. 

Chili. 

China. 

Columbia. 

Costa Rica. 

Cuba... 

Denmark. 

Dutch East Indies. 

Egypt.. 

France. 

Germany. 

Great Britain & Ireland. 

Greece. 

Guatemala. 

Hawaii. 

Honduras. . 

India, British. 

Italy. 

Japan.. . 

Luxemburg. 

Mexico. 


3,645 
32,684 
5.215 
3,713 
182 
4,888 
1,325 
23,330 
4.031 
6,840 
3.089 
2,357 
450 
2,835 
2,283 
3,682 
3,222 
46,932 
47,637 
27,604 
3,720 
2,880 
175 
1,800 
21,740 
17,258 
4,733 
► 196 
19,000 


Total Miles 


COUNTRIES. 

Montenegro. 

Netherlands. 

New South Wales... 

New Zealand. 

Nicaragua.. 

Norway. 

Orange Free State.. 

Paraguay . 

Persia. 

Peru. 

Portugal. 

Queensland. 

ltoumania,. '... 

Russia. 

San Salvador. 

Servia . 

South Australia... 

Spain. 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Tasmania. 

Transvaal. 

Tunis. 

Turkey.. 

United States. 

Uruguay. 

Victoria. 

Western Australia 


MILES 
OF LINE. 
280 
2,660 
10,000 
4,074 
800 
5,629 
276 
45 
3,647 
550 
. 2,920 

6,614 
3,000 
. 65,726 
750 
1,405 
5,278 
. 10,733 
. 5,347 

. 4,270 

. 1,273 

110 
. 2,500 

. 14,617 
.215,764 
. 1,405 

. 3,600 

. 2,359 

.673,168 


One Dollar loaned for 100 years at the following rates 
of interest compounded will amount to the figures set 
opposite the per cent at the end of that time; 


3 per cent 
6 “ “ 

8 “ “ 
10 “ “ 
12 “ “ 
18 “ “ 
24 “ “ 


$ 19.25 

540.00 
2,203.00 
13,809.00 
85,075.00 
15,145,007.00 
2,551,799,404.00 


The moral is —lend instead of borrow. 


The Metropolitan Police District, of London, England, 

extends over a radius of 15 miles from Charing Cross, 
exclusive of the City of London—688.31 square miles 
—with a ratable value of £25,089,558. The number of 
new houses built since 1849 is 525,107, with 3,532 in 
course of erection, the new mileage being 1 ,888; total 
length patroled, 8,360 miles. 






































































THE WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY, 

Statement Exhibiting the Mileage of Lines Operated, Number of Offices, Number of Messages 

Sent, Receipts, Expenses and Profits for Each Year Since 1866. 


101 


PROFITS. 

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MILES OF 
WIRE. 

75,686 

85,291 

97,594 

104,584 

112,191 

121,151 

131,190 

154,472 

175,735 

179,496 

183,832 

194,323 

206,202 

211,566 

233.534 

327,171 

374,368 

432,726 

450,571 

462,283 

489,607 

524,641 

616,248 

647,697 

678,997 

715,591 

MILKS OF 
POLKS AND 
CABLES. 

37,380 

46,270 

50,183 

52,099 

54,109 

56,032 

62,033 

65,757 

71,585 

72,833 

73,532 

76,955 

81.002 

82,987 

85.645 

110,340 

131,060 

144,294 

145,037 

147,500 

151,832 

156,814 

171,375 

178,754 

183,917 

187,981 

YEARS. 

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imperative statement showing the changes in circulation from July i, 1887 , to November J, 


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Receipts and Expenditures of the Government. 

The following statement shows the ordinary receipts and expenditures for the fiscal yeaf 1890 in com¬ 
parison with those of the preceding year: 


103 












































































104 


Weight of Various Materials in Lbs. (Avoirdukhs) pbb 
Cubic FooT.—Pure Gold 1,203.6, Standard Gold 1,102.9, Hammered 
Gold 1,210.11, Pure Silver 654.6, Hammered Silver 656.9, Standard 
Silver 658.4, Cast Brass 524,8, Brass Wire 534, Bismuth (Cast) 
613.9, Antimony 418.9, Bronze 5x3.4, Cobalt (Cast) 488.2, Coppei 
(Cast) 459-3. Copper (Sheet) 557.2, Copper (Wire) 554 - 9 . Wrought 
Iron 486.75, Iron Plates 481.5, Cast Iron 450.4, Gun Metal 543.75, 
Cast Lead 709.5, Rolled do. 711.75, Red Lead 558.75, Tin 455.7, 
Platinum (Pure) 1,218, Hammered do. 1,271, Mercury 60 deg.. 
Fluid 848, Mercury (Solid) 977, Nickel (Cast) 487.9, Steel (Plates) 
480.75, Steel (Soft) 489.6, Type Metal 653.1, Zinc (Cast) 439, 
Granite 165.75, Millstone 155.3, Marble (Mean, of nineteen kinds) 
180, Grindstones 133.9, Firebrick 137.5, Tile 114.44, Brick (Mean) 
:o2, Clay 102, Limestone (Mean, of seven softs) 184.1, Loose Earth 
or Sand 95, Coarse Sand 112.5, Ordinary Soil 124, Mud 102, Clay 
and Stones 160, Slate 167 to 181.25, Plaster Paris 73.5, Plumbago 
131.35, Anthracite Coal from 89.75 to 102.5, Canne .1 Coal from 77.33 
to 82.33, Charcoal from Hard Wood 18.50 ditto from Soft Weed 18, 
Port Wine 62.31, Fresh Water 62.5, Sea Water 64.3, Dead Sea 
Water 77.5, Vinegar 67.5, Alum 107.10, Asbestos (Starry) 192.1, Ice 
at 32 degs. 57.5, Sulphur 127.1, Peat 375 to 83.1, Marl (Mean) 
109.33, Hydraulic Lime 171.60, Quartz 166.25, Rock Crystal 170.94, 
Salt (Common) 133.12, Lard 59.20, Whale Oil 57.70, Olive 
Oil 57-19- 

Weight of a Cubic Inch of Various Metals in Pounds.— 
Hammered Gold .701 lbs., Cast do (pure) .698, 20 Carats Fine do. 
.567, Hammered Silver .382, Pure do. .378, Cast Steel .287, Cast 
Iron .263, She^t Iron .279, Rolled Platinum .797, Wire do . 76a, 
Hammered do .735, Sheet Copper .323, Sheet Brass .304, Lead 
.410, Cast Tin .264, Cast Zinc .245. 


Sundry Commercial Weights. —A ton of wood is 2 stones of 
14 lbs. each. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. A sack of wool is 22 
stones of 14 lbs. v or 308 lbs. In Scotland, it is 24 of 16 lbs. A 
keel of 8 Newcastle ^chaldrons is 15^ London chaldrons. 56 or 
60 lbs. is a truss of hay, 4® lbs. a truss of straw; 36 trusses a load. 
A bushel of rock salt is 65 lbs., of crushed salt 56 lbs., of foreign 
salt, 84 lbs. A tierce of beef, in Ireland, is 304 lbs., and of pork 
320 lbs. A fodder of lead is 19^ cwt, in London and 21 cwL in 
the North. A man’s load is 5 bushels, a market load 40 (or 5 quar¬ 
ters). A last is 10 quarters of corn, or 2 cartloads, 12 sacks of 
wool, 24 barrels of gunpowder, 12 barrels of ashes, herring, soapt 
&c.. and 18 barrels of salt. A hundred of of salt 126 barrels. 

Sundry Measures of Length. —The hair’s breadth is the 


smallest, of which 48 are an inch. Four barley-corns laid breadth¬ 
ways are ^ of an inch, called a digit, and 3 barley-corns length¬ 
ways are an inch. An inch is divided into 12 lines and by 
mechanics into 8ths. A nail used in cloth measure is 2^ ms. or 
the 16th of a yard. A palm is 3 ins, and a span 9 ins. An English 
Statute mile is 1,760 yds. 01*5,280 ft., an Irish mile 2,240 yds., a 
Scotch mile 1,984 yds., 80 Scotch miles being equivalent to 9* 
English, and 11 Irish to 14 English. 


Marriage.and Divorce Laws of all the 
States and Territories. 


Marriage , Licenses. —Required in all the States and 
Territories except Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, New 
Jersey, and New York. In Maryland legal marriage can 
be had only by an ordained minister. 

Marriage , Prohibition of .—Marriage between whites 
and persons of negro descent are prohibited and punish¬ 
able in California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Florida, 
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, 
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

Marriages between whites and Indians are prohibited 
in Arizona and North Carolina. 

Marriages between whites and Chinese are prohibited 
in Arizona. 

The marriage of first cousins is forbidden in Arkansas, 
Dakota, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mex¬ 
ico, Ohio, Washington Territory, and Wyoming, and in 
some of them is declared incestuous and void. 

Marriage , Age to Contract. —In New Jersey and Ohio 
males under twenty-one years and females under eighteen 
years of age must obtain the consent of parents or 
guardians. In Massachusetts a marriage between a male 
over fourteen and a female over twelve is legal, even 
without the consent of parents. 

Marriage , Presumption of. —In Missouri it has been 
held that where parties cohabit and represent themselves 
as husband and wife, a marriage is presumed, and when 
parties capable of contracting agree, in express terms, 
with each other, to be husband and wife, and cohabit as 
such, the marriage is valid, without any further ceremony 
being performed. In California marriage is declared a 
i °5 



106 


Civil contract; consent, followed by a mutual assumption 
of marital rights and obligations, is sufficient. 

Divorce , Previous Residence Required. —Dakota, 
ninety days; Arizona, Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada, and 
Wyoming, six months; Colorado, Illinois, iQwa, Kansas, 
Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Minnesota, Montana, 
New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Vermont (both parties, as husband and wife). 
West Virginia, and Wisconsin, oneyestf; Florida, Indi¬ 
ana, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee, two 
years; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and $Tew Jersey (for 
desertion), three years. 

Divorce, Causes for .—The violation cfc the marriage 
vow is cause for absolute divorce in all the States, ex¬ 
cepting South Carolina, which has no diwirce la** 

Willful desertion, one year, m Arusona, Arkansas, 
Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, 
Montana, Nevada, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin and 
Wyoming. 

Willful desertion, two years, in Alabama, Illinois, 
Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, Tennessee. 

Willful desertion, three years, in Connecticut, Dela¬ 
ware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minne¬ 
sota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Ver¬ 
mont, and West Virginia. 

Willful desertion, five years, in Virginia. 

Habitual drumcenness, in all the States, except Louisi¬ 
ana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 
and West Virginia. 

“ Imprisonment for felony ” or “ conviction of felony,” 
in all the States, except Florida, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North 
Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wiscon¬ 
sin. 

“ Cruel and abusive treatment,” “ intolerable cruelty,” 
M extreme cruelty,” or “ inhuman treatment,” in all the 
States, except Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 
Michigan, New York, Norih Carolina, Pennsylvania, 
^outh Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. 

Failure to provide, one year, in California, Nevada, 


107 

and Wyoming; two years in Indiana and Idaho; three 
years in Massachusetts; no time specified in Maine, Ne¬ 
braska, Rhode Island, and Vermont. “ Gross neglect of 
duty,” in Kansas; willful neglect for three years, in Dela¬ 
ware. . . 

Fraud and fraudulent contract, in Connecticut, Geor¬ 
gia, Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. 

Absence without being heard of, in New Hamp¬ 
shire; absence two years, in Tennessee; seven years, in 
Connecticut and Vermont; absence, without reasonable 
cause, one year, in Missouri: separation five years, in 
Kentucky; voluntary separation, five years, in Wiscon 
sin. 

Ungovernable temper, in Kentucky; “habitual indul¬ 
gence in violent and ungovernable temper,” in Florida; 
“ such indignities as make life intolerable,” in Missouri 
and Wyoming; “ indignities as render life burdensome,” 
in Oregon and Pennsylvania. 

Other causes in different States are as follows: “ Husband 
notoriously immoral before marriage, unknown to wife, * 
in West Virginia; “fugitive from justice,” in Virginia; 
** gross misbehavior or wickedness,” in Rhode Island; 
“attempt on life,” in Illinois; “ refusal of wife to move 
into the State,” in Tennessee; “mental incapacity at 
time of marriage,” in Georgia; “ three, years with any 
religious society that believes the marriage relation un¬ 
lawful,” in Massachusetts; “joining any religious sect 
that believes marriage unlawful, and refusing to cohabit 
six months,” in New Hampshire; “parties cannot live 
in peace and union,” in Utah; “ settled aversion, which 
tends to permanently destroy all peace and happiness, 

in Kentucky. , . r 

In Georgia an absolute divorce is granted only after 
the concurrent verdict of two juries, at different terms of 
the court. In New York absolute divorce is granted 
for but one cause, adultery. In South Carolina there is 

no divorce law. , , ._ 

All of the causes above enumerated are for absolute or 

^^ivorc^'Remarriage. -There are no restrictions upon 
remarriage, by divorced persons, m Conneetieut, Ken¬ 
tucky, Illinois, and Minnesota. Either party ma?T 


remarry, but defendant must wait two years, and obtain 
permission from the court, in Massachusetts. The decree 
of the court may restrain the guilty party from remarry* 
ing in Virginia. Parties cannot remarry until after two 
years, except by permission of the court, in Maine. In 
the State of New York the plaintiff may remarry, but 
the defendant cannot do so during the plaintiff’s lifetime, 
unless the decree be modified or proof that five years 
have elapsed, and that complainant has married again, 
and defendant’s conduct has been uniformly good. Any 
violation of this is punished as bigamy, even though the 
other party has been married. 

The courts of every State, and particularly of New 
York, are very jealous of their jurisdiction, and generally 
refuse to recognize as valid a divorce against one of the 
citizens of the State by the court of another State, unless 
both parties to the suit were subject at the time to the 
jurisdiction of the court granting the divorce. ' t 

*• Kansas courts grant divorces for the reason that the 
applicant’s husband or wife has obtained a divorce in an* 
other State, and the applicant has been forbidden to 
remarry. If a wife in New York obtains a divorce from 
her husband, and he is forbidden to remarry, he may go 
to Kanaas and obtain a divorce on that ground. If his 
wife contests the case, or can be served with the papers 
in Kansas, so that she is brought unde* the jurisdiction of 
Hhe Kansas court, the courts of New York must recognize 
&e divorce as valid, and cannot punish the husband for 
JCmarrying in New York. 

New York permits polygamy and polyandry in certain 
^tses. Desertion for five years, without knowledge 
that the deserter is living, permits the one deserted to 
marry again; and the second marriage is valid, though 
the deserter returns. The second marriage may be de* 
dared void, but only from the date of the decree, by a 
court of competent jurisdiction, upon proper petition; 
but if no such petition is made, and all parties are satis¬ 
fied, one husband may live in lawful wedlock with two 
or more wives, or one wife with two or more husbands. 
The children will inherit, and both wives will be entitled 
*jo dower. 


log 


Mason and Dixon’s Li&e. 


J6 same given to the southern boundary line of Pennsylvaala, 
•inch formerly separated it from the slave States of Maryland 
»nd Virginia. It was run — with the exception of about twenty* 
;wo miles — by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two Eng¬ 
lish surveyors, between Nov. 15, 1763, and Dec. 26, 1767. .Dur¬ 
ing the excited debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of 
excluding slavery from Missouri, John Randolph of Roanoke 
made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re- 
tchoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a eel- 
ibrity which it still retains. 

Air-Line Distances from Washington to Various 
Parts of the World. 


Miles. 

Alexandria, Egypt.5,275 

Amsterdam, Holland.3,555 

Athens, Greece.5.005 

Aukland, N. Z.8,290 

Algiers, Algeria. .3,425 

Berlin, Prussia.3,847 

Berne, Switzerland.3.730 

Brussels, Belgium.3,515 

Batavia, Java.11,118 

Bombay, Hindostan.8,548 

Buenos Ayres, A. C.5.0)3 

Bremen, Pr.3,500 

Constantinople,Turkey.. 4,880 
Copenhagen, Denmark...3,895 

Calcutta, Hindostan.9,348 

Canton, China.9.000 

Cairo, Egypt. ..5,848 

Cape Town, Cape Colony.. 6,684 

Cape of Good Hope.7,380 

Caraccas, Venezuela.1,058 

Charlotte Town, P, E. 1.820 

Dublin, Ireland.3,076 

Delhi, Hindostan. 8,368 

Edinburgh, Scotland.3,275 

Frederickton, N. B.670 

Gibralter, Spain.3,150 

Glasgow, Scotland.3,215 

Halifax, N. S. .780 

Hamburg, Germany.3,570 

Havana, Cuba.1.139 

Honolulu. S. I— .4.513 

Jerusalem, Palestine ....5,495 
Jamestown. St. Helena...7,150 

Lima, Peru..3,515 

Lisbon, Portugal.3,190 

Liverpool. England.3 228 

London, England.3,315 

City of Mexico, Mex.1,867 

Montevideo,*' O ruguay... 5,00 3 

Montreal, Canada.471 

Madrid, Spain..3,485 

•’ 80 W. Russia.<4.466 


j > Miles. 
Manilla, Phil. Islands. ...9,360 

Mecca, Arabia.6,598 

M uscat, Arabia....—7,600 

Monrovia, Liberia.3,645 

Morocco, Morocco........ 3,805 

Moarzouk , Fezzan.5.525 

Mozambique, Moz.7.348 

Ottawa, Canada.....462 

Panama, New Gran.1,825 

Parana, A. C.4,738 

Port au Prince, Hayti.... 1,425 

Paris, France..3,485 

Pekin, China.8,783 

Quebec, Canada.—....601 

Quito Ecuador.,...2,531 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil.4,280 

Rome, Italy..4,365 

St. Petersburg, Russia...4,296 

Stockholm, Sweden.4,055 

Shanghai, China....8,600 

Singapore, Malay,.11.300 

St. John’s N. F.1,340 

San Demingo, S. D.4,300 

San Juan, Nicaragua.... 1,740 

San Salvador. A. C.1,650 

SantiagpjChili...4,970 

Spanish Town, Jamaica. .1,446 

Sidney, C. B. I...975 

Sydney, Australia.8,963 

St. Paul de Loanda-...5.578 

Tirabuctoo, Soudan.3.395 

Tripoli, Tripoli.4,425 

Tunis, Tunis..4,240 

Toronto, Canada.343 

Venice, Italy.3,835 

Vienna, Austria.4,115 

Valparaiso, Chili.4,934 

Vera Cruz, Mexico.1,680 

Warsaw, Poland.4,010 

Yeddo, JapaH.7.630 

Zanzibar, Zanzibar...- ...7,078 






























































PREVIOUS WORLD’S FAIRS. 


WHERE HELD. 

Year. 

Area 

Cov¬ 

ered.* 

Exhib¬ 

itors. 

Visitors. 

Days 

Open. 

Receipts.! 



Acres. 





London . 

1851 

21 

13,937 

6,039,195 

141 

$1,780,000 

Paris. . 

1855 

24** 

20,839 

5,162,330 

200 

644,100 

London. 

1862 

23**, 

28,653 

6,211,103 

171 

1,614,260 

Paris. 

1867 

37 

50,226 

8,805,969 

217 

2,103,675 

Vienna. 

1873 

40 

50,000 

6,740,500 

186 

1,032,385 

Philadelphia.... 

1876 

60 

30.864 

10,164,489 

159 

3,813,724 

Paris . 

1878 

60 

40,366 

16,032,725 

194 

2,531,650 

Sydney. 

1879 

26 

9,345 

1,117,536 

210 

200,000 


1880 



1,330,279 

210 


Fisheries Exhi- 





bition, London 

1883 

9 

3,000 

2,703,051 

147 

585,000 

Health Exhibi- 







tion, London.. 

1884 

.... 

.. 

4,153,390 

151 

892,545 

Inventions Exhi- 







bition, London 

1885 

• • • • 

•«•••••• 

3,760,581 

163 

750,000 

Colonial and In- 







dian, London.. 

1886 

13 


5.550,745 

164 

1,025,000 

(rl flsgow. 

1888 



5,748,379 

161 

566,330 

Paris. 

1889 

75^ 

55,000 

28,149 ,353t 

185 

8,300,000 


* Buildings and covered structures, 
t Receipts for admission. 

j Tlie largest number of visitors in any one day was 400,000. 


MOST NORTHERN POINT REACHED BY ARCTIC EXPLORERS. 


YEAR. EXPLORERS. NO. LATITUDE. 

1007—Hudson.,. 80d. 23m. 00s. 

1773—Phipps (Lord Musgrove). 80d. 48m. 00s. 

1800—Scoresby.:. 81d. 12m. 42s. 

1827—Parry. 82d. 45m. 30s. 

1874— Meyer (on land). 82d. 09m. 00s. 

1875— Markham (Nare’s Expedition). 83d. 20m. 20s. 

1870—Payer. 83d. 07m. 00s. 


1884—Lockwood (Greely’s Party)... 83d. 24m. 00s. 

The distance from the farthest point of polar discovery 
to the pole itself is 460 miles. But this polar radius, 
though only 460 miles in extent, is covered by ice gorges 
and precipices of incredible difficulty, and" frost is so 
severe that no instrument of human invention can meas¬ 
ure its intensity, and it blisters the skin like extreme heat. 

The greatest progress that has ever been made across 
these wildernesses of storm, of fury and desolation, was 
at the rate of six miles a day, the explorers often resting 
as many days as they had before traveled miles in a 
single day. 








































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List of 365 Principal Historical 
Events from 1492 to Date. 


JANUARY. 

New Year’s Day. 

Quakers free slaves, 1788 . 

Battle of Princeton, 1777 . 

National Fast, 1861 . 

Richmond burned, 1781 . 

Santa Anna president, 1863 . 

Millard Fillmore born, 1800 . 

Mississippi seceded, 1861 . 

New York founded, 1614 . 

Battle Middle Creek, Ky., 1862 . 

Arkansas Post surrendered, 1863 . 

Vicksburg fortified, 1861 . 

Gen. Taylor ordered to Mexico, i 846 . 

Peace declared, 1783 . 

Edward Everett died, 1865 . 

Napier appointed envoy to United States, 1857 . 
Benjamin Franklin born, 1706 . 

Georgia seceded, 1861 . 

Battle Mill Spring, Ky., 1862 . 

Independence United States recognized, 1783 . 
Fremont born, 1813 . 

Battle Frenchtown, 1813 . 

Battle Encarnacion, Mex., 1847 . 

President Johnson’s imp. trial, 1868 
Louisiana seceded, 1861 . 

Michigan admitted, 1837 . 

Audubon died, 1851 . 

William H. Prescott died, 1859 . 

Kansas admitted, 1861 . 

N. P. Banks born, 1816 . 

Str. Metropolis lost, 1878 . 


112 










FEBRUARY. 

t Texas seceded, 1861 . 

3 Peace with Mexico, 1848 . 

3 Horace Greeley born, 1811 . 

4 Confederate Congress met, i 86 l» 

5 Hatcher’s Run, Va., 1865 . 

6 Fosi Henry captured, 1862 . 

7 1 J . S. Bank suspends, 1841 . 

g Jeff Davis elected President, 1861 . 

9 Bishop Waugh died, 1858 . 

IO Treaty of Paris, 1763 . 

H Charleston evacuated, 1865 . 

12 A. Lincoln born, 1809 . 

13 Fernando Wood died, 1 S 81 . 

14 St. Valentine’s Day. 

15 Bishop Vightman died, 1882 , 

16 Fort Donelson surrendered, 1862 . 

17 Columbia, S. C., burned, 1865 . 

18 Jeff Davis inaugurated, 1 861 . 

19 First National Thanksgiving, 1795. 

20 Battle Olistee, Fla., 1864 . 

21 Battle Valverde, N. M., i 86 l» 

22 Washington born, 1732 . 

23 Nashville taken, 1862 . 

24 Peacock captured, 1813 . 

25 Battle Trenton, 1776 . 

26 Gen. Sickles acquitted, 1859 . 

27 Longfellow born; 1807 . 

28 Black Warrior seized, 1854 . 

march. 

1 Nebraska admitted, 1867 . 

2 Missouri admitted, 1821 . 

3 Florida admitted, 1845 . 

4 Vermont admitted, I79 1 * 

5 Boston massacre, i77 a 

6 Battle Pea Ridge, 1862 . 

7 Bible Society founded, 1804 . 

8 Wesley started for America, 1738 . 

9 Monitor destroys Merrimac, 1862 , 
IC McClellan crossed Potomac, 1862 
|| Benjamin West died, 1820 . 


12 Chicago flood, 1849. 

13 Pocahontas died, 1617. 

14 Jackson born, 1767. 

15 Battle Guilford C. H., 1781. 

16 Expunging Res. ad., 1837. 

17 St. Patrick’s Day. 

18 Calhoun born, 1782. 

19 Patent of Conn, issued, 1631. 

20 Uncle Tom’s Cabin pub., 1852. 

21 Nevada admitted, 1864. 

22 Stamp Act passed, 1765. 

23 Battle Winchester, 186&. 

24 Longfellow, died, 1882. 

25 Port Bill passed, 1774. 

26 Gov. Winthrop died, 1640. 

27 Vera Cruz taken, 1847. 

28 Essex captured^ 1814. 

29 J. J. Astor died, 1848. 

30 Crimean war ends, 1856. 

31 Calhoun died, 1850. 

^ APRIl. 

1 Battle Five Forks, 1865. 

2 Jefferson born, 1743. 

3 Richmond captured, 1865. 

4 President Harrison died, 184K. 

5 Yorktown besieged, 1862. 

6 Washington elected, 1789. 

7 Channing born, 1780. 

8 Louisiana admitted, i8iz. 

9 Lee’s surrender, 1865. 

10 Modoc massacre, 1873. 

11 Mobile evacuated, 1865. 
r'* Henry Clay born, 1777. 

13 Fall of Sumter, 1862. 

14 Lincoln shot, 1865. 

15 First call for troops, 1861. 

16 Slavery abolished D. C., 1862, 

17 Benjamin Franklin died, 1790. 

18 Battle Cerro Gordo, 1847. 

19 Battle Lexington, 1775. 

20^ Plymouth, N. C., captured, 1864. 
21 Norfolk Navy Yard captured, i 96 l. 


$*§ as §,££<2 8 2 83 &4&KS5 5 5 S® »*» <***■<» « - 'S'S 85 “ &“£<S1t 


” 5 - 

Buchanan born, 1791. 

Stephen A. Douglas born, 1831. 

First newspaper published in America, lye* 
Bishop Ames died, 1879. 

Johnston surrendered, 1865. 

U. S. Grant born, 1822. 

Maryland admiited, 1788. 

Bishop Morris born, 1794. 

Washington inaugurated, 1789. 

MAY. 


3 * 


Sexge of Fort Meigs, 1813. 

Battle of Chancellorville, 1863. 
Columbus discovered Jamaica, 1494* 
Yorktown evacuated, 1862. 

Battle of Williamsburg, 1862. 
Tennessee seceded, 1861. 

Arkansas seceded, 1861. 

Battle of Palo Alto, 1846. 

Battle Resaca de la Palma, 1846c 
Jeff Davis captured, 1865. 
Minnesota admitted, 1858. 

Crown Point captured, 1775. 
Jamestown, Va., settled, 1607. 
Battle Jackson, Miss., 1863. 

Battle Resaca, Ga., 1864. 

W. H. Seward born, 1801. 

Great fire, St. Louis, 1849. 
Matamoras captured, 1846. 
Hawthorne died, 1864. 

Lafayette died, 1834. 

North Carolina seceded, 1861. 
Assault on Vicksburg, 1863. 

South Carolina admitted, 1778 
Brooklyn bridge opened, 1883. 
Philadelphia Convention met, 174& 
Pequod massacre, 1637. 

Fort Erie evacuated, 1813. 

Noah Webster died, 1843. 

Rhode Island admitted, 1790, 
Congress met in Washington, 1808- 
Battle Seven Pines. 1862. 


n6 


JUNE. 

1 Kentucky admitted, 1792. 

2 Battle Cold Harbor, Va., 1864. 

3 Battle Philippi, Va., 1861. 

4 Port Pillow captured, 1862. 

5 Battle Piedmont, Va., 1864. 

6 Memphis taken, 1862. 

7 United States Bank founded, 1791. 

8 Jamestown, Va., abandoned, 1610. 

9 Georgia chartered, 1732. 

10 Battle Big Betnel, 1861. 

11 Sherman arrives Kenesaw, 1864. 

12 Bryant died, 1878. 

13 Fugitive slave bill repealed, 1864. 

14 Tax on tea ordered, 1767. 

15 Arkansas admitted, 1836. 

16 Battle Bunker Hill, 1775. 

17 Charleston, Mass., burned, 1775. 

18 War declared Great Britain, 1812. 

1 9a Alabama sunk by Kearsarge, 1864. 
20^United .States flag adopted, 1777. 

21 New Hampshire admitted, 1788. 

22 Battle Craney Id., 1813. 

23 Battle Springfield, N. J., 1780. 

24 Labrador discovered, 1497. 

25 Gen. Custer killed, 1876. 

26 Seven days’ fight, Virginia, 1862. 

27 Vera Cruz surrendered, 1847. 

28 Battle of Charleston, 1776. 

29 Henry Clay died, 1852. 

30 Guiteau hanged, 1882. 

JULY. 

1 Battle Gettysburg begun, 1863. 

2 President Garfield shot, 1881. 

3 Massacre of Wyoming, 1778. 

4 Independence Day. 

5 British captured Ticonderoga, 1777. 

6 Battle Carthage, Mo., 1861. 

7 Mrs. Surratt hanged, 1865. 

8 Abercrombie defeated, 1758. 

9 Braddock’s defeat, 1755. 


10 Columbus bom, 1447. 

11 J. Q. Adams born, 1767. 

12 Hull invades Canada, 1812. 

13 Draft riots. New York, 1863. 

14 Second Chicago fire, 1874. 

15 Stony Point captured, 1779. 

16 Battle Point au Play, 1814. 

17 Fort Mackinaw captured, 1812. 

18 Assaults on Fort Wagner, 1863. 

19 Great fire in New York, 1845* 

20 Confederate Congress met, 1861. 

21 First Battle Bull Run, 1861. 

22 McPherson killed, 1864. 

23 Battle Caloosahatchie, 1839. 

24 Van Buren died, 1862. 

25 Battle Lundy’s Lane, 1814. 

26 Louis Philippe died, 1850. 

27 John Morgan captured, 1863. 

28 Fighting ends at Atlanta, 1864. 

29 Confederate soldiers paroled, 1865. 

30 Chambersburg burned, 1864. 

31 Battle Montmorenci, 1759. 

august. 

1 Columbus discovered mainland, 1498. 

2 Battle Sandusky, 1813. 

3 Columbus left Spain, 1492. 

4 Iowa adopted Constitution, 1846. 

5 Mobile forts attacked, 1864. 

6 Ram Tennessee captured, 1864. 

7 Great fire in New York, 1 77 ^* 

8 Battle of Mackinaw, 1814. 

9 Battle of Cedar Mt., Va., 1862. 

10 Missouri admitted, 1821. 

11 Davis Straits discovered, 1 5 ^ 5 * 

12 New York rioters convicted, 1863, 

13 Fort Erie bombarded, 1814. 

14 Oswego taken, 1756. 

15 Lafayette revisits United States, 1824. 

16 Hull’s surrender, 1812. 

17 !N. E. Courant established,, 1721. 

18 Battle Fishing Creek, 1780. 


19 Guerriere captured, 1812. 

20 Battle Contreras, 1847. 

21 Lawrence, Kas,, burned, 1863, 

22 Yacht America wins, 1851. 

23 New Mexico annexed, 1846. 

24 Washington taken, 1814. 

25 British army in Chesapeake, 1777. 

J6 Stamp Act riot, 1768. 

27 Battle Long Island, 1776. 

28 First cable message, 1858. 

29 Capture of Hatteras, 1861. 

30 William Penn died, 1718. 

31 Battle Jonesboro, Ga., 1864. 

SEPTEMBER. 

1 Lopez garroted, 1851. 

2 Atlanta evacuated, 1864. 

3 Treaty of Paris, 1783. 

4 Gen. Morgan killed, 1864. 

5 Continental Congress met, 1774. 

6 May Flower sailed, 1620. 

7 Brazil declared independent, 1822. 

8 Montreal surrendered, 1760. 

,9 California admitted, 1850. 

.0 Hudson River discovered, 1609. 

11 Battle Brandywine, 1777. 

12 Battle Chapultepec, 1847. 

13 Battle Quebec, 1759. 

14 Fulton’s steamboat starts, 1807. 

15 Fenimore Cooper born, 1789. 

16 Battle Harlem Plains, 1776. 

17 Battle Antietam, 1862. 

18 Surrender of Quebec, 1759. 

19 Battle Saratoga, 1777. 

20 Capture of Lexington, Mo., 1861. 

21 Andre captured, 1780. 

22 Battle Fisher’s Hill, Va., 1864. 

23 Serapis captured, 1779. 

24 Montery surrendered, 1846. 

25 Battle Montreal, 1775. 

26 Philadelphia captured by British, 1777. 

27 Steamer Artie lost, 1854. 


H 9 

28 Fort Harrison, Va., captured, 186& 

29 Draft in New York, 1862. 

30 Peace treaty with France, f 80a 

OCTOBER. 

t British troops arrived Boston, 1768. 

S Andre executed, 1780. 

3 Blackhawk died, 1838. 

4 Battle Corinth, 1862. 

5 Tecumseh killed, 1813. 
o Peace proclaimed, 1783. 

7 E. A. Poe died, 1849. 

8 Battle Perryville, Ky., 1862. 

9 Great Chicago fire, 1871. 

10 B. West born, 1738. 

11 Prince of Wales arrived in New York, x8&& 

12 R. E. Lee died, 1870. 

13 Battle of Queenstown, 1812. 

14 William Penn born, 1644. 

15 Chippewa Plains, 1814. 

to First newspaper in New York, 1725* 

17^ Burgoyne surrendered, 1777. 

18 Sloop Frolic captured, 1812. 

19 Surrender of Cornwallis, n.’jSl. 

20 Steamer Florida captured, 1864. 

21 Battle Ball’s Bluff, 1861. 

22 Battle Fort Mercer, 1777, 

23 Battle St. Regis, 1812. 

24 Daniel Webster died, 1852. 

25 Macedonian captured, 1812. 

26 Fight of Chatauqua, 1813. 

27 Ram Albemarle destroyed, 1864. 

28 Harvard College founded, 1636. 

29 Battle White Plains, 1776. 

30 Old John St. Church died, 1768 

31 Nevada admitted, 1864. 

NOVEMBER. 

g Battle French Creek, 1813. 

$ Erie Canal finished, 1825. 

3 Bryant born, 1794. 

4 Declaration of rights by Congress, S 774 * 
c Grant’s second election, 1872. 


120 


6 Lincoln elected, i860. 

7 Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811. 

8 Mason and Slidell seized, 1861. 

9 Mayflower arrived Cape Cod, 1620. 

10 Dutch seized rule New York, 1674. 

11 Battle Shryser’s Field, 1813. 

12 Conscription declared unconstitutional, 1863. 

13 Montreal captured, 1775. 

14 Sherman marched to sea, 1864. 

15 Great fire in New York, 1835. 

16 Fort Washington captured, 1776. 

17 Jeff Davis threatens reprisal, 1862. 

18 Battle Fish Dam, S. C., 1780. . 

19 Garfield born, 1831. 

20 Battle Belle Isle, 1759. 

21 North Carolina admitted, 1789. 

22 Bishop Wiley died, 1884. 

23 Brag£ defeated, 1863. 

24 Battle Lookout Mountain, 1863. 

25 Evacuation New York, 1783. 

26 Battle Mission Ridge, 1863. 

27 Hoosac Tunnel opened, 1873. 

28 Irving died, 1859. 

29 Wendell Phillips born, 1811. 

30 Revolutionary War ends, 1782. 

DECEMBER. 

1 Statue Washington unveiled, 1832. 

2 John Brown executed, 1859. 

3 Illinois admitted, 1818. 

4 Alabama admitted, 1818. 

5 Van Buren born, 1782. 

6 Carver landed New England, 1620. 

7 Delaware admitted, 1787. 

8 Washington crossing Delaware, 17764 

9 Buffalo burned, 1813. 

10 Mississippi admitted, 1817. 

11 Pilgrims landed, 1620. 

12 Pennsylvania admitted, 1787* 

13 Battle Fredericksburg, Va., 1862. 

^4 'Washington died, 1799. 

15 Hartford convention, 1814. 


16 Boston Tea Party, 1773. 

17 General Bolivar died, 183a 

18 New Jersey admitted, 1787. 

19 Massacre Narragansetts, 1675. 

20 South Carolina seceded, 186a. 

21 Savannah captured, 1S64. 

22 Embargo on American ships, 1807. 

23 Washington resigned commission, 17$$ 

24 Fort Fisher stormed, 1864. 

25 Christmas. 

26 Major Anderson occupied Sumter, e86«w 

27 Battle Chickasaw Bayou, 1862. 

28 Iowa admitted, 1846. 

29 Texas admitted, 1845. 

30 New Mexico purchased, 1853. 

31 Monitor founded, 1862. 


MILES OF VARIOUS NATIONS. 


The English and American mile is. 1,760 

The Scotch mile is. 1,984 " 

The Irish mile is. 2,240 * 

The German mile is.8*106 “ 

The Dutch and Prussian mile is. 6,480 “ 

The Italian mile is. 1,766 ** 

The Vienna post nr »is... # .8,296 “ 

The Swiss mile is. 9,153 “ 

The Swedish and Danish mile is. 7,341.5 “ 

The Arabian mile is. 2,143 ** 

The Roman mile is. 1,628 or 2,025 • 

The Werst mile is. 1,167 or 1,337 * 

The Tuscan mile is. 1,808 • 

The Turkish mile is. 1,826 * 

The Flemish mile is. 6,869 * 


Facts About Postage Stamps. 

The number of postage stamps used in a year is some¬ 
thing enormous. For instance, the ordinary postal 
revenue for the year ending June 30,1891, exclusive of 
the money order business, was $65,065,293.87. Of this 
$41,432,129.50 came from letter postage. The bulk of 
this is, of course, in 2-cent stamps, and it is safe to put 
the whole number of this denomination used at more 
than two billions per annum. 



















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.’23 


Relative Hardness of Woods. —Taking shell bark hickorj 
as the pighest -standard of our forest trees, and calling that 100, 
other trees will compare with it for hardness as follows; 


Shell bark Hickory.100 

Pignut Hickory. o6 

White Oak.84 

White Ash. 77 

Dogwood. 

Scrub Oak. 

White Hazel.72 

Apple Tree. 7 

Red Oak. 69 

White Beech. 65 

Black Walnut. 65 

Black Birch. 62 


Yellow Oak. 60 

Hard Maple. 56 

White Elm. 5 S 

Red Cedar. rg 

Wild Cherry. re 

Yellow Pine. 54 

Chestnut. «; 3 

Vellow Poplar. 5! 

Butternut. 

White Birch. 

White Pine... 30 


intended for posts, is rendered almost proof against roS 
by thorough seasoning, charring, and immersion in hot coal tar. 

The slide of Alpnach, extending from Mount Pilatus to Lake 
Lucerne, a distance of 8 miles, is composed of 25,000 trees, 
stripped of their bark, _ and laid at an inclination of 10 to 18 
degrees.. Frees placed in the slide rush from the mountain into 
the lake in 6 minutes. 

The Alps comprise about 180 mountains, from 4,000 to 15,733 
feet high, the latter being the height of Mont Blanc, the highest 
spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp ridge, like the roof of a 
house, consisting of nearly vertical granite rocks. The ascent 
requires 2 days, 6 or 8 guides are required, and each guide is paid 
100 francs ($20.00). It was ascended by 2 natives, Jacques Bel- 
mat and Dr. Packard, Aug. 8,1786, at 6 a. m. They staid up 30 
minutes, with the thermometer at 14 degrees below the freezing 
point. The provisions froze in their pockets; their faces were 
frost-bitten, lips swollen, and their sight much weakened, but they 
soon recovered on their descent. De Saussure records in his 
ascent August 2, 1760, that the color of the sky was deep blue; 
the stars were visible in the shade; the barometer sqnk to 16.08 
inches (being 27.08 in Geneva); the therrrfometer was 26 % degrees, 
in the sun 29 degrees (being 87 degrees at Geneva). The thin air 
works the blood into a high fever, you feel as if you hardly touched 
the ground, and you scarcely make yourself heard. A French 
woman. Mademoiselle d’Angeville, ascended in September, 1840, 
being dragged up the last 1,200 feet by guides, and crying out; 
“If I die, carry me to the top.” When there, she made them lift 
her up, that she might boast she had been higher than any man in 
Europe. The ascent of these awful solitudes is most perilous. 
Owing to the narrow paths, tremendous ravines, icy barriers, 

E recipices, etc. In many places every step has to be cut in the 
:e, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so that if one slips 
he may be held up by the rest, and silence is enforced, lest the 
noise of talking should dislodge the avalanches of thi. Aiguille 
du Midi. The view from the mountain is inexpressibly grand. 
On the Alps, the limit of the vine is an elevation of 1,60© feet; 

























124 

below 1,000 feet, figs, oranges and olives are produced. The 
limit of the oak is 3,800 ft., of the chestnut 2,800 ft., *of the pin* 
6,500 ft. , of heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 ft.; and perpetual 
snow exists at an elevation of 8,200 feet. 

On the Andes, in lat. 2 degrees, the limit of perpetual snow Is 
14,760 ft.; in Mexico, lat. 19 degrees, the limit is 13,800ft.; oq 
the peak of Teneriffe, 11,454 ft.; on Mount Etna, p,ooo ft.; on 
the Caucasus, 9,900 ft.; the Pyrenees, 8,400 ft.; in Lapland, 
3,100 ft.; in Iceland, 2.890 ft. The walnut .eases to grow at an 
elevation of 3,600 ft.; the yellow pine at 6 200 ft.; the Ash a' 
4,800 ft., and the Fir at 6,700 ft. The loft;cst inhabited spot 01. 
the globe is the Port House of Ancomarca, on the Andes, in Peru, 
16,000 feet above the level of the sea. The 14th peak of the Him’ 
alayas, in Asia, 25,659 feet high, is the loftiest mountain in the 
world. 

Lauterbrunnen is a deep pan. of an Alpine pass, where the sun 
hardly shines in winter. It abounds with falls, the most remark¬ 
able of which is the Staubbach, which falls over the Balm preci¬ 
pice in a drizzling spray from a height of 925 feet; best viewed in 
the morning sun or by moonlight. In general, it is like a gauze 
veil, with rainbows dancing up and down it, and when clouds 
hide the top of the mountain, it seems as poured out of the sky. 

In Canada, the falls of Montmorenci are 250 feet high, the falls 
of Niagara (the Horse Shoe Falls) are 158 feet high and 2,000 feet 
wide, the American Falls are 164 feet high and 900 feet wide. 
The Yosemite Valley Falls are 2,600 feet high, and the Ribbon 
Falls of the Yosemite are 3,300 feet high. The water-fall of the 
Arve, in Bavaria, is 2,000 feet. 

'"he Periods of Gestation are the same in the horse and ass, 
ut 11 months each, camel 12 months, elephant 2 years, lion 5 months, 
buffalo 12 months, in the human female 9 months, cow 9 months, 
sheep 5 months, dog 9 weeks, cat 8'weeks, sow 16 weeks, she wolf 
from 90 to 95 days. The goose sits 30 days, swans 42, hens 21, 
ducks 30, peahens and turkeys 28, canaries 14, pigeons 14, par¬ 
rots 40. 

Ages of Animals, &c. — Elephant 100 years and upward, 
Rhinoceros 20, Camel 100, Lion 25 to 70, Tigers, Leopards, 
Jaguars and Hyenas (in confinement) about 25 years, Beaver 50 
years, Deer 20, Wolf 20, Fox 14 to 16, Llamas 15, Chamois 25, 
Monkeys and Baboons 16 to 18 years, Hare 8, Squirrel. 7, Rab¬ 
bit 7, Swine 25, Stag under 50, Horse 30, Ass 30, Sheep under 10, 
Cow 20, Ox 30, Swans, Parrots and Ravens 200, Eagle 100, 
Geese 80, Hens and Pigeons 10 to 16, Hawks 36 to 40, Cranes 24, 
Blackbird 10 to 12, Peacock 20, Pelican 40 to 50, Thrush 8 to 10, 
Wren 2 to 3, Nightingale 15, Blackcap 15, Linnet 14 to 23, Gold¬ 
finch 20 to 24, Redbreast 10 to 12, Skylark 10 to 30, Titlark 5 to 6, 
Chaffinch 20 to 24, Starling 10 to 12, Carp 70 to 150, Pike 30 to 40, 
Salmon 16, Codfish 14 to 17, Eel 10, Crocodile 100, Tortoise 100 to 
200, Whale estimated 1,000, Queen Bees live 4 years, Drones 4 
months, Working Bees 6 months. 

\ The melody of singing birds ranks as follows: The nightin¬ 
gale first, then the linnet, titlark, sky lark and wood lark. Thfl 


125 

mocking bird has the greatest powers of imitation, the robin and 
goldfinch are superior in vigorous notes. 

The condor of Peru has spread wings 40 feet, feathers 20 reet, 
quills 8 inches round. 

In England, a quarter of wheat, comprising 8 bushels, yield 
14 bushels 2pecks, divided into seven distinct kinds of flour, a.« 
follows: Fine flour, 5 bushels 3 pecks; bran, 3 bushels; twenty- 
penny, 3 bushels; seconds, 2 pecks; pollard, 2 bushels; fine mid 
dlings, 1 peck; coarse ditto, 1 peck. 

The ancient Greek phalanx comprised 8,000 men, forming a 
square battalion, with spears crossing each other, and shields 
united. 

The Roman legion was composed of 6,000 men, comprising w 
cohorts of 600 men each, with 300 horsemen. 

The ancient battering ram was of massive timber, 60 to 100 feet 
long, fitted with an iron head. It was erected under shelter to 
protect the 60 or 100 men required to work it. The largest was 
equal in force to a 36-lb. shot from a cannon. 

‘Pile Driving on Sandy Soils. —The greatest force will not 
effect a penetration exceeding 15 feet. 

Various Sizes of Type. —It requires 205 lines of Diamond type 
to make 12 inches, of Pearl 178, of Ruby 166, of Nonpareil 143, 
of Minion 128, of Brevier 112^, of Bourgeois 102%, of Long 
Primer 89, of Small Pica 83, of Pica 71^, of English 64. ( 

Wire ropes for the transmission of power vary in size from ^5 to 
7 /% inch diam. for from 3 to 300horse power; to promote flexibility, 
the rope, made of iron, steel, or copper wire, as may be preferred, 
is provided with a core of hemp, and the speed is 1 mile per minute, 
more or less, as desired. The rope should run on a well-balanced, 
grooved, cast iron wheel, of from 4 to 15 feet diam., according as 
the transmitted power ranges from 3 to 300 horse; the groove 
should be^vell cushioned with soft material, as leather or rubber, 
for the formation of a durable bed for the rope. With good care 
the rope will last from 3 to 5 years. < 

Cannon balls go furthest at an elevation of 30 degrees, and less 
as the balls are less; the range is furthest when fired from west to 
east in the direction of the earth’s motion, which for the diurnal 
rotation on its axis, is at the rate of 1,037 miles per hour, and in 
its orbit, 66,092 miles. _ . , 

The air’s resistance is such, that a cannon ball of 3 lbs. weight, 
diameter, 2.78 ins. moving with a velocity of 1,800 ft. per second, 
is resisted by a force equal to 156 lbs. 

Brick-layers ascend, ladders with loads of 9 0 lbs., 1 foot per 
second. There are 484 bricks in a cubic yard, and 4,356 in a rod. 

A power of 250 tons is necessary to start a vessel weighing 3,000 
tons over greased slides on a marine railway, when in motion, 150 
tons only is required. , , 

A modern dredging machine, 123 ft. long, beam 26 It., breadth 
over all, n ft., will raise 180 tons of mud and clay per hour, it 
feet from water-line. 

I© tanning, 4 lbs. of oak bark make x lb. of leather. 


126 


Flame Is quenched in air containing 3 per cent, of carbonic acid;] 
the same percentage is fatal to animal life. 

100 parts of oak make nearly 23 of charcoal; beech 21, deal 19, 
apple 23.7, elm 23, ash 25, birch 24, maple 22.8, willow 18, popular 
20, red pine 22.10, white pine 23. The charcoal used in gun¬ 
powder is made from willow, alder, and a few other woods. The 
charred timber found in the ruins of Herculaneum has undergone 
no change in 1,800 years. 

Four volumes of nitrogen, and one of oxygen compose atmos¬ 
pheric air in all localities on the globe. 

Air extracted from pure water, under an air pump, contains 34.8 
per cent, of oxygen. Fish breathe this air, respiring about 35 times 
per minute. The oxyhydrogen lime light may be seen from mount¬ 
ains at the distance of 200 miles round. 

Lightning is reflected 150 to 200 miles. 

1,000 cubic feet of 13 candle gas is equivalent to over 7 gals, of 
sperm oil, 52.9 lbs. of tallow candles, and over 44 lbs. of sperm 
candles. 

The time occupied by gas in traveling from a gas well (in Penn¬ 
sylvania) through 32 miles of pipe was 22 minutes, pressure at the 
well was 55 lbs. per inch, pressure at discharge 49 lbs. 

The flight of wild ducks is estimated at 90 miles per hour, that 
of the swift at 200 miles, carrier pigeons 38 miles, swallows 60 
miles, migratory birds have crossed the Mediterranean at a speed 
of 120 miles per hour. 

At birth, the beats of the pulse are from 165 to 104, and the in¬ 
spirations of breath from 70 to 23. From 15 to 20, the pulsations 
are from 90 to 57, the inspirations, from 24 to 16; from 29 to 50, the 

{ mlsations are 112 to 56, the inspirations, 23 to ix. In usual states 
t is 4 to 1. The action of the heart distributes 2 ozs. of blood from 
70 to 80 times in a minute. 

The mean heat of the human body is 98 degs. and of the skin 
90 degs. Tea and coffee are usually drank at no degs. 

The deepest coal mine in England is at Killingworth, near 
Newcastle, and the mean annual temperature at 400 yards below 
the surface is 77 degrees, and at 300 yards 70 degrees, while at the 
surface it is but 48 degrees, being 1 degree ot increase for every 15 
yards. This explains the origin of hot springs, for at 3,300 yards 
the neat would be equal to boiling water, taking 20 yards to a 
degree. The heat of the Bathwaters is 116 degrees, hence they 
would appear to rise 1,320 yards. 

Peron relates that at the depth of 2,144 feet * n the sea the ther- 
aaometer falls to 45 degrees, when it is 86 degrees at the surface. 

Swemberg and Fourier calculate the temperature of the celestial 
spaces at 50 degrees centigrade below freezing. 

In Northern Siberia the ground is frozen permanently to the 
depth of 660 feet, and only thaws to the extent of 3 or 4 feet in 
summer. Below 660 feet internal heat begins. 

River water contains about 30 grs. of solid matter in every cubic 
foot. Fresh water springs of great size abound under the sea. 
Perhaps the most remarkable springs exist in California, where 


127 

they are noted for producing sulphuric acid, ink, and other 
remarkable products. 

St. Winifred’s Well, in England, evolves 120 tons of water per 
minute, famishing abundant water power to drive 11 mills within 
little more than a mile. 

The Nile has a fall of 6 ins. in 1,000 miles. The rise of the river 
commences in June, continuing until the middle of August, attain¬ 
ing an elevation of from 24 to 26 feet, and flowing the valley of 
Egypt 12 miles wide. In 1829 it rose to 26 cubits, by which 30,000 
persons were drowned. It is a terrible climate lo live in, owing to 
the festering heat and detestable exhalations from the mud, etc., 
left on the retiring of the Nile, which adds about 4 inches to the 
soil in a century, and encroaches on the sea 16 feet every year. 
Bricks have been found at the depth of 60 feet, showing the vast 
antiquity of the country. In productiveness of soil it is excelled 
by no other in the world. 

Belzoni considered the tract between the first and second cata¬ 
ract of the Nile as the hottest on the globe, owing to there being 
no rain. The natives do not credit the phenomenon of water fall¬ 
ing from above. Hence it is that all monuments ^.re so nicely pre¬ 
served. Buckingham found a building left unfinished about 4,000 
years ago, and the chalk marks on the stones were still perfect. 

Pompey’s Pillar is 92 feet high, hnd 27^ round at the base. 

The French removed a red granite column 95 feet high, weighing 
aio tons, from ’Thebes, and carried it to Paris. The display of 
costly architectural ruins at Thebes is one of the most astonishing 
to be seen anywhere in the world. The ruins and costly buildings 
in old Eastern countries, are so vast in their proportions and so 
many in number that it would require volumes to describe them. 

Babel, now called Birs Nimroud, built at Babylon by Belus, 
was used as an observatory and as a temple of the Sun. It was 
composed of 8 square towers, one over the other, in all 670 feet 
high, and the same dimensions on each side on the ground. 

The Coliseum at Rome, built by Vespasian for 100,000 spectators, 
was in its longest diameter 615.5 feet, and in the shortest 510. 
embraced acres, and was 120 feet high. 

Eight aqueducts supplied ancient Rome with water, delivering 
40 millions df cubic feet daily. That of Claudia was 47 miles long 
and 100 feet high, so as to furnish the hills. Martia was 41 miles, 
of which 37 were on 7,000 aches 70 feet high. These vast erections 
would never have been built had the Romans known that water 
always rises to its own level. 

The Temple of Diana, at Ephesus, was 425 feet long and 225 
feet br<*id, with 127 columns, 60 feet high, to support the roof. It 
was 220 years in building. . , 

Solomon’s Temple, built B. C. 1014, was 60 cubits or 107 feet in 
length, the breadth 20 cubits or 36 feet, and the height 30 cubits or 
54 feet. The porch was 36 feet long and 18 feet wide. 

The largest one of the Egyptian pyramids is 543 feet high, 693 
feet on the sides, and its base covers 11 acres. The layers of s t° ne * 
are 208 in number. Many stones are over 30 feet long, 4 broad 
and 3 thick. 




128 

The Temple of Ypsarabul, in Nubia, is enormously massive and 
cut out of tne solid rock. Belzonl found in it 4 immense figures. 
65 feet high, 25 feet over the shoulders, with a face of 7 feet ana 
the ears over 3 feet. 

Sesostris erected in e temple in Memphis immense statues at 
himself and his wife, 5 eet high, and of his children, 28 feet. 

In the Temple of th Sun, at Baalbec, are stones more than 60 
feet long, 24 feet thick nd 16 broad, each embracing 23,000 cubic 
feet, cut, squared, scu.ptured and transported from neighboring 
quarries. Six enormous columns are each 72 feet high, composed 
ot 3 stones 7 feet in diameter. Sesostris is credited with having 
transported from the mountains of Arabia a rock 32 feet wide ana 
240 feet long. 

The engineering appliances used by the ancients in the move¬ 
ment of these immense masses are but imperfectly understood at 
the present day. 

During modern times, a block of granite weighing 1,217 tons, 
now used as the pedestal of the equestrian statue of Peter tho 
Great, at St. Petersburg, was transported 4 miles by land over a 
railway and 13 miles in a vast caisson by water. The railway con¬ 
sisted of two lines of timber furnished with hard metal grooves; 
between these grooves were placed spheres of hard brass about 6 
Inches in diameter. On these spheres the frame with its massive 
load was easily moved by 60 men, working at capstans with treble 
purchase blocks. • 

In 1716 Swedenborg contrived to transport (on rolling machines 
of his own invention) over valleys and mountains, 2 galleys, 5 
large boats and 1 sloop, from Stromstadt to Iderfjol (which divides 
SwedenUfrom Norway on the South), a distance of 14 miles, by 
which means Charles XII. was able to carry on his plans, ana 
under cover of the galleys and boats to transport on pontoons his 
heavy artillery to the very walls of Frederickshall. 

As an exponent of the laws of friction, it may be stated that a 
square stone weighing 1,080 lbs. which required a force of 758 lbs. 
to drag it along the floor of a quarry, roughly chiseled, required 
only a force of 22 lbs. to move it when mounted on a platform and 
rollers over a plank floor. 

Water is the absolute master, former and secondary agent of the 
power of motion in everything terrestrial. It is the irresistible 
power which elaborates everything, and the waters contain more 
organized beings than the land. 

Rivers hold in suspension 100th of their volume (more or less) 
of mud, so that if 36 cubic miles of water (the estimated qujfntity) 
flow daily into the sea, 0.36 cubic miles of soil are daily displaced. 
The Rhine carries to the sea every day 145,980 cubic feet of mud. 
The Po carries out the land 228 feet per annum, consequently 
Adria which 2,500 years ago was on the sea, is now over 20 miles 
from it. 

The ertoi'mous amount of alluvium deposited by the Mississippi 
Is almost incalculable, and constantly renders necessary extensive 
engineering operations in order to remove the impediments to 
navigation. 


Foreign Nations and their Rulers. 

WITH POPULATION, AREA IN SQUARE MILES, CAPITAL, FORMS OF GOVERNMENT, 

RULERS, ETC. 


129 


•eSy inasaij 


09 

9 Q 

MOBS 9 DOV 

1875 

1837 

1881 

1887 

1889 

1888 

1848 

1867 

1849 

1876 

1878 

r Oi Tf CD QO 

*-H *-H t—» ♦ 

Title. 

: cs : ; ; : : : ; c *. • p 
ft$ ft® ® D,O.P,bX)^ bcbc£ 

ale^aas-s^ag^ 


Pres 

Pres 

'So’er’gn 

Shah.... 

Present Head. 

Tsaiti’en.. 

Victoria. 

Alexander III_ 

Carnot. 

Ben j. Harrison... 

Wilhelm II. 

Francis Joseph I. 
Mutsuhito. 

William III. 

Abdul Hamid II.. 

Humbert. 

Alfonso XIII. 

Li-hi. 

Fonseca. 

Porfirio Diaz. 

Leopold. 

Nasser edDeen... 

•juatunjaAO*) 
JO uuo^ 

Abs. Deep 
Lim. Mon 
Abs. Mon 
Republic. 
Republic. 
Lim. Mon 
Lim. Mon 
Lim. Mon 

Lim. Mon 

Abs. Mon 

Lim. Mon 
Lim. Mon 

Abs. Desp 

Monarchy 

Republic. 

Republic. 

Fr. State. 
Abs. Desp 

Capitals. 

Peking. 

London. 

|St. Petersburg 

Paris. 

Washington .. 

Berlin. 

Vienna. 

Tokio. 

The Hague.... 
Constantin’ple 

Rome. 

Madrid. 

Sokoto. 

Suel. 

Rio de Janeiro 
Mexico. 

Teheran ... . 

•sailK sJTJnbs 

4 , 179,559 
8 , 991 , 2 c >4 
8 , 459,229 
970,477 
3 , 602,990 
211,168 
261,591 
147,669 
778,187 
1 , 731,280 
114,410 
361,953 
178,000 
91,430 
3 , 209,878 
551,177 
1 , 056,200 
i 636,000 

•uoijBtudoj 

88^3 " 5 coS^oo*(? 5588 §S 88 

0 0>-<.0 •OMOMMJStOOOMtOO® 

o' in n ,» '3 tfqfojo'»n'ofQ*orw'goQ'»" 

; c$?c 8 0 18 So ® 10 8 to 8§ 

2if o' 53 m' •lOooZe&eGO'rfoicSrp-rJtS'iS 
; •<* T* CO Cg ^<5 CQ « T* ** ** ’-I 

Countries. 

China . 

British Empire.... 
Russian Empire... 
France & Colonies. 

United States. 

German Empire.... 
Austro-Hung. Emp 

Japan. 

Holland &jColonies 
Turkish Empire.... 

Italy. 

Spain & Colonies... 
Sokoto. 

Corea. 

Brazil. 

Mexico. 

Congo State. 

Persia. 






















































FOREIGN NATIONS AND TSEIR RULERS, ETC.-(Continued). 


130 


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FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR EULERS, ETC.-(Continued). 


131 



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132 


The Mayflower’s Passengers. 

A true list of the male passengers who landed at Plymouth 
In the Mayflower. 


Mr. Isaac Allerton, 

John Alden, 

John Allerton, 

Mr. William Bradford, 

Mr. William Brewster, 
John Billington, 

Peter Brown, 

Richard Britterage, 

Mr. John Carver, 

Francis Cook, 

James Chilton. 

John Crackston, 

Richard Clarke, 

Edward Dotey, 

Francis Eaton, 

Thomas English, 

Mr. Samuel Fuller. 
Edward Fuller, 

Moses Fletcher, 

John Goodman, 

Gilbert 


Richard Gardiner, 

John Howland, 

Mr. Stephen Hopkins, 
Edward Leister, 

Mr. Christopher Martin, 
Mr. William Mullins, 
Edmund Margeson, 
Degony Priest, 

Thomas Rogers, 

John Rigdale, 

Captain Miles Standish, 
George Soule, 

Edward Tilly, 

John Tilly, 

Thomas Tinker, 

John Turner, 

Mr. Edward Winslow, 
Mr. William White, 

Mr. Richard Warren, 
Thomas Williams, 


AND 

Carter, 

Coper, 

Ely, 

Holbeck, 

Hooke, 


SERVANTS AS FOLLOWS; 


Langemore, 

Latham, 

Minter, 

More, 

Prower, 


Sampson, 

Story, 

Thompson, 

Trevore, 

Wilder. 


The Eleven Great Wonders In America* 


Croton Aqueduct, in New York City. i 

City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The largest park in 
he world. 

Lake Superior. The largest lake in the world. 

Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky. 

Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a mile 
Wide, with a fall of 175 feet. 

Natural Bridge, over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. 

New State Capitol, at Albany, N. Y. 

New York and Brooklyn Bridge. 

The Central Park, in New York City. 

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C., 555 feet high. 

Yosemite Valley, California; 57 miles from Coulterville. A’ 
valley from 8 to 10 miles long, and about one mile wide. Has 
very steep slopes about 3,500 feet high; has a perpend ;ular 
precipice 3,089 feet high f a rock almost perpendicular, 3,870 i 
feet high; and waterfalls from 700 to 1,000. 






133 

FACTS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY. 

The weight of the male infant at birth is 7 lbs. 
rvoirdupois; that of the female is not quite 6 j lbs. 
The maximum weight ( 140 £ lbs.) of the male is at¬ 
tained at the age of 40 ; that of the female (nearly 
124 lbs.) is not attained until 50 ; from which ages 
they decline afterwards; the male to 127 i lbs., the 
female to 100 lbs., nearly a stone. The full-grown 
adult is 20 times as heavy as a new-born infant. 
In the first year he triples his weight, afterwards 
the growth proceeds in geometrical progression, 
so that if 50 infants in their first year weigh 1,000 
lbs., they will in the second weigh 1,210 lbs.; in 
the third 1 , 331 ; in the fourth 1,464 lbs.; the term 
remaining very constant up to the ages of 11-12 in 
females, and 12-13 in males, where it must be 
nearly doubled; afterwards it may be continued, 
and will be found nearly correct up to the age of 
18 or 19 , when the growth proceeds very slowly. 
At an equality of age the male is generally heavier 
than the female. Towards the age of 12 years only 
an individual of each sex has the same weight. 
The male attains the maximum weight at about the 
age of 40 , and he begins to lose it very sensibly 
towards 60 .^ At 80 he loses about 13.2328 lbs., and 
the stature is diminished 2.756 inches. Females 
attain their maximum weight at about 60 . The 
mean weight of a mature man is 140 lbs.,and of an 
average woman 94 lbs. In old age they lose about 
12 or 14 lbs. Men weigh most at 40 , women at 60 , 
and begin to lose weight at 60 . The mean weight 
of both sexes in old age is that which they had 
at 19 . 

When the male and female have assumed their 
complete development they weigh almost exactly 
20 times as much as at birth, while the stature is 
about 3 i times greater. 

Children lose weight during the first three days 
after birth; at the age of a week they sensibly in¬ 
crease; after one year they triple their weight; then 


134 

they require six years to double their weight, and 13 to quad* 
ruple it. 

It has been computed that nearly two years 1 sickness is ex¬ 
perienced by every person before he is 70 years old, and there¬ 
fore that ~sys per annum is the average sickness of human 
life. Till 40 it is but hair, ana after 50 it rapidly increases. 
The mixed and fanciful diet of man is considered the cause 
of numerous diseases from which animals are exempt. Many 
diseases have abated with changes of diet, and others are vir¬ 
ulent in particular countries, arising from peculiarities. 

Human Longevity .—Of 100,000 male and female children, in 
the first month they are reduced to 90,396, or nearly a tenth. 
In the second, to 87,936. In the third, to 86,175. In the fourth, 
to 84,730. In the fifth, to 83,571. In the sixth, to 82,526, and 
by the end of the first year to 77,528, the deaths being 2 to 9. 
The next four years reduces the 77,528 to 62,448, indicating 37,- 
552deaths before the completion of the fifth year. 

At 25 years the 100,000 are half, or 49,995; at 52, one-third. 
At 58H a fourth, or 25,000; at 67, a fifth, at 76, a tenth; at 81, a 
twentieth, or 5,000; and ten attain 100. Children die in large 
proportions because their disease cannot be explained, and be¬ 
cause the organs are not habituated to the functions of life. 
The mean of life varies in different countries from 40 to 45. A 
generation from father to son is about 30 years; of men in 
general 5-6ths die before 70, and 15-16ths before 80. After 80 it 
is rather endurance than enjoyment. The nerves are blunted, 
the senses fail, the muscles are rigid, the softer tubes become 
bard, the memory fails, the brain ossifies, the affections are 
buried, and hope ceases. The 16th die at 80; except a 133d, at 
90. The remainder die from inability to live, at or before 100. 

About the age of 36 the lean man usually becomes fatter and 
the fat man leaner. Again, between the years 43 and 50 his 
appetite fails, his complexion fades, and his tongue is apt to 
be furred on the least exertion of body or mind. At this pe¬ 
riod his muscles become flabby, his joints weak; his spirits 
droop, and his sleep is imperfect and unrefreshing. After 
suffering under these complaints a year, or pe 7 •’os two, he 
starts afresh with renewed vigor, and goes on ..'1 or62, 
When a similarchange takes place, but with aggra v v . i symjH 


135 

tool 9 . When these grand periods have been successively 
passed, the gravity of incumbent years is more strongly 
marked, and he begins to boast of his age. 

In Russia, much more than in any other country, instances 
of longevity are numerous, if true. In the report of the Holy 
Synod, in 1827, during the year 1825, and only among the 
Greek religion, 848 men had reached upwards of 100 years of 
age; 32 had passed their 120th year; 4 from 130 to 135. Out or 
606,818 men who died in 1826, 2,765 were above 90; 1,432 above 
95; and 848 above 100 years of age. Among this last number 
88 were above 115; 24 more than 120; 7 above 125; and one 
130. Riley asserts that Arabs in the Desertdive 200 years. 

On'the average, men have their first-born at 30 and women 
at 28. The greatest number of deliveries take place between 
25 and 35. The greatest number^ of deliveries [take place in 
winter months, and in February, and the smallest in July,i. 
«., to February, as 4 to 5 in towns and 3 to 4 in the country. 
The night births are to the day as 5 to 4. 

Human Strength .—In Schulze’s experiments on human 
strength, he 'found that men of’ five feet, weighing 126 lbs., 
could lift vertically 156 lbs. 8 inches; 217 lbs. 1.2 inches. Oth¬ 
ers, 6.1 feet, weighing 183 lbs., 156 lbs. 13 inches, and 217 lbs. 6 
inches; others 6 feet 3 inches, weighing 158 lbs., 156 lbs. 16 
inches, and 217 lbs. 9 inches. By a great variety of experi¬ 
ments he determined the mean human strength at 30 lbs., 
with a velocity of 2.5 feet per second; or it is equal to the 
raising half a hogshead 10 feet in a minute. 

A good authority reckoned 1 horse equal to 5 men. Porters 
carry from 150 to 250 pounds. A man draws horizontally 70 to 
80 lbs., and thrusts at the height of his chest 28 or 30 lbs. In 

hot climates men cannot perform half the-continued labor. A 
man’s mean labor is sufficient to raise 10 lbs. 10 feet in a sec¬ 
ond, for 10 hours per day, or 100 lbs. 1 foot in a second, or 36,* 
000 feet in 10 hours; that is, 100 pounds per day would be 
3,600,000 feet in a day, which he calls a dynamic unit. The 
force of a man in turning a winch is taken at 116 lbs.; or as 
much as would raise 256 lbs. 3,281 feet in a day; his force in 
pumping is as 190, or equal to 410 lbs. in 3,281 feet; in ring¬ 
ing, 259, or 572 lbs. in 3,281 feet; and in rowing 273, or 608 lbs. 
in 3,281 feet. t In working a pump, a winch, a bell, and rowing, 
the effects are as 100. 167, 227 and 248. A inau w;th an augur 
exerts a force of 100 lbs., with a screw-driver of 84 lbs., with 
a windlass 60 lbs., a hand-plane 50 lbs., a hand-saw 36 lbs. 




* 3 ® 



Steamer ««Savannah,” the First that grossed tho 
i Atlantic. 


The Times (of London, England), in the issue of May 
i8, 1819, thus announced the expected event: 

u Great Experiment. —A new steam-vessel of 300 
tons has been built at New York for the express purpose 
of carrying passengers across the Atlantic. She is to 
come to Liverpool direct.” 

This steamer, named the Savannah, the first that 
crossed the Atlantic, was built at New York by Fra*.\cis 
Ficket. Her engines were made by Stephen Vail, of 
Morristown. She was launched on the 22d of August, 
i8i8.§ She could carry only seventy-five tons of coal and 
twenty-five cords of wood. Commanded by Captain 
Moses Rogers, of New London, Conn., the Savannah 
sailed from Savannah, Ga., on the 25th of May, 181a 
bound for St Petersburg via Liverpool. She reached 
the latter port on the 20th of June, having used steam 
eighteen days out of the twenty-six 




137 

FASTEST RECORDS OF OCEAN STEAMERS. 

The following is the best record made by fast-sailing steamers be¬ 
tween New York and European ports, up to the spring of 1892: 

5 days, 16 hours, 31 minutes, by the Teutonic, of the White 
Star Line, going 2,778 miles, from Queenstown to New York, 
August 14-19, 1891. 

5 days, 20 hours, 22 minutes, by the Majestic, going 2,866 
miles, from Queenstown to New York, February 18-24, 1892, mak¬ 
ing 20^ miles per hour, being the fastest speed on record. 

6 days, 12 hours, 54 minutes, by the Feurst Bismarck, of the 
Hamburg Line, from New York to Southampton, June 18-25, 1891. 

6 days, 16 hours, 34 minutes, by the La Touraine, of the French 
Line, from Havre to New York, June 20-27, 1891, Distance, 
3,170 miles. 


TRANSPORTATION OF THE MAILS—AVERAGE TIME. 

The Post Office Department reports the average time 
Occupied per trip by mail steamers of the Transatlantic 
service, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1891, as 
follows: 

NEW YORK TO LONDON. 


STEAMERS. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
Trips. 

Average 
Time 
Occupied 
Per Trip. 

STEAMERS. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
Trips. 

Average 

Time 
Occupied 
Per Trip. 



Hours. 

Hours. 

Feurst Bismarck. 

2 

169.4 

Ems. 

n 

206.3 

Columbia . 

8 

173.6 

Fulda. 

9 

206.5 

Normannia. 

8 

177.5 

Eider... 

12 

206.8 

Augusta Victoria.... 

8 

185.6 

Kaiser Wilhelm II... 

3 

215.0 

Teutonic. 

11 

178.1 

Elbe .. 

4 

218.2 

Majestic. 

12 

180.0 

Etruria. 

12 

186.0 

Britannic. 

8 

214.0 

Umbria. 

13 

186.6 

Germanic...... 

9 

217.9 

Servia . 

12 

213.4 

Celtic. 

2 

235.5 

Aurania. 

9 

214.2 

Adriatic. 

3 

238.0 

Gallia. 

2 

229.0 

City of New York.... 

10 

180 . 3 ' 

Bothnia. 

1 

256.3 

City of Paris. 

2 

185.1 

City of Rome. 

3 

202.3 

City of Berlin. 

1 

231.0 

Alaska . 

5 

209.9 

City of Chicago. 

3 

259.8 

Arizona . 

4 

212.5 

City of Chester. 

1 

261.0 

Nevada. 

3 

260.2 

Havel... 

5 

183.7 

Wyoming. 

1 

268.7 

Spree . 

8 

185.2 

Wisconsin. 

3 

281.1 

Lahn . 

13 

189.4 

La Bretagne. 

12 

205.6 

Trave . 

11 

201.3 

La Champagne. 

10 

205.9 

Aller .. 

12 

201.9 

La Gascogne. 

9 

207.6 

Saale . 

10 

203.9 

La Bourgogne. 

12 

209.4 

Werra . 

12 

206.2 

La Normandie. 

8 

224.2 


The figures represent the time from the delivery of 
the mails to the steamer from the New York Post Office 
until the receipt of them at the foreign post office. The 
time of the French steamers is to Paris. 

























































138 

PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PRESI¬ 
DENTS. 

Virginia. 5 

New York. 4 

Tennessee. 3 

Ohio. 3 

Massachusetts. 2 

Indiana. 1 

Pennsylvania. 1 

Louisiana. 1 

In this list Vice-Presidents who became Presidents 
through the death of the Presidents elected with them, 
are counted once as Vice-President and once as Presi¬ 
dent. They are John Tyler [succeeded W. H. Harrison], 
Millard Fillmore [succeeded Zachary Taylor], Andrew 
Johnson [succeeded Abraham Lincoln], Chester A. 
Arthur [succeeded James A. Garfield]. 

Our two youngest Presidents, when inaugurated, were 
Grant [47 years old] and Cleveland [48]. The two oldest, 
W. H. Harrison (68) and Buchanan (66). The average 
age is about 55)4 years. 

^ - 

HOW LIGHT COINS ARE DETECTED BY ELECTRICITY. 

There is not a little spice of humor in the way in 
which both sharpers and those whose business it is to 
circumvent them have recourse to electrical methods for 
the attaining of their ends. A large consignment in gold 
eagles was sent to a New York bank from California 
which, on examination, was found to contain twenty 
lightweight coins bearing the date of 1891. These were 
apparently new and bright, but they were rejected on 
being passed into the electric light-coin detector. On 
being examined with a lens their surfaces were found 
to be covered with infinitesimal pores. 

About $1 worth of gold has been extracted from each, 
eagle by electrolysis, which is a process now in high 
favor among professional com “sweaters,” of whom the 
American Chinaman has the reputation of being by far 
the most adroit and diligent. In the coin detector the 
coins are pushed in succession from the balance pan on 
to a knife edge, and according as this knife edge is at 
the right-hand limit of its range or the left-hand limit 
the coin, when pushed on it, tilts off to the “light” 
channel or the “full-weight’ channel, as the case may be. 

The right or left position of this shifting knife edge is 
determined by an electric contact made by the balance 
beam, and thus an electro-magnet is brought into action. 
The coins run through the machine at the rate of about 
sixty per minute by the turning of a handle. 


VICE- 

PRESI¬ 

DENTS. 

2 

8 

1 

0 

3 

2 

1 

0 


PRESI¬ 

DENTS. 

New Hampshire. 1 

Illinois. 1 

District of Columbia. 1 

Kentucky. 0 

South Carolina. 0 

Alabama. 0 

Maine. 0 


TICS- 

PBE8I- 

DENTS. 

0 

0 

o 

2 

1 

1 

1 


















139 


HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED. . 

George Washington —His death was the result of a severe cold, 
contracted while riding around his farm in a rain and sleet storm 
on December 10, 1799. The cold increased, and was followed by a 
chill, which brought on acute laryngitis. His death occurred on 
December 14, 1799. He was 68 years of age. 

John Adams —He died from old age, having reached his 91st 
milestone. Though active mentally, he was nearly blind and unable 
to hold a pen steadily enough to write. He passed away without a 
pain on July 4, 1826. 

Thomas Jefferson— He died at the age of 83, a few hours before 
Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhea, super¬ 
induced by old age, and, his physician said, the too free use of the 
waters of the White Sulphur Springs. 

James Madison —He, too, died of old age, and, peacefully, on June 
28, 1836. His faculties were undimmed to the last. He was 85. 

James Monroe —At the time of his death, which occurred in the 
73d year of his age, on July 4, 1831, assigned to enfeebled health. 

John Quincy Adams —He was stricken with paralysis on Feb¬ 
ruary 21, 1848, while addressing the Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, being at the time a Member of Congress. He 
died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was 81 years of age. 

Andrew Jackson —He died on June 8,1845, 78 years old. He 
suffered from consumption, and finally dropsy, which made ita 
appearance about six months before his death. 

Martin Van Buren —He died on July 24,1862, from a violent 
attack of asthma, followed by catarrhal affections of the throat 
and lungs. He was 80 years of age. 

William Henry Harrison. —The cause of his death was pleurisy, 
the result of a cold w hich he caught on the day of his inauguration. 
This was accompanied with severe diarrhea, which would not 
yield to medical treatment. His death occurred on April 4,1841, 
a month after his inauguration. He was 68 years of age. 

John Tyler —He died on January 17, 1862, at the age of 72. I 
have been unable to ascertain the cause of his death. 

James K. Polk—I n the spring of 1849 he was stricken w’ith a 
slight attack of cholera while on a boat going up the Mississippi 
River. Though temporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return 
home and died on June 15, 1849, aged 54 years. 

Zachary Taylor —He w as the second President to die in office. 
He is said to have partaken immoderately of ice-water and iced 
milk, and then later of a large quantity of cherries. The result 
was an attack of cholera morbus. Another authority attributes 
his death to a severe cold. He was 66 years old. 

Millard Filmore —He died from a stroke of paralysis on March 
8 , 1874, in his 74th year. 

Franklin Pierce— His death was due to abdominal dropsy, and 
occurred on October 8, 1869, in the 65th year of his life. 

James Buchanan— His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was 
caused by rheumatic gout. He was 77 years of age. 

Abraham Lincoln —He was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford’s 
Theater, Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died the fol¬ 
lowing day, aged 56. 

Andrew Johnson —He died from a stroke of paralysis, July 31,. 
1875, aged 67. 

The deaths of Grant, Garfield and Arthur are recent enough to 
be remembered by all. 


140 

Foreign Carrying Trade. 

Values of the imports and exports of the United 
States carried in American vessels and foreign ves¬ 
sels during each fiscal year 1857 to 1890 inclusive, 
with the percentage carried in American vessels. 


Year 
Ending 
June 30. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

g ® 

Sjjg 

IN AMER. 
VESSELS. 

IN FOREIGN 
VESSELS. 

IN AMER. 
VESSELS. 

IN FOREIGN 
VESSELS. 

ca h) h 

|s>, 

1857.. . 

1858.. . 

1859.. . 

1860.. . 
1861... 
1862... 

1863.. . 

1864.. . 

1865.. . 

1866.. . 

1867.. 

1868.. . 

1869.. . 

1870.. . 

1871.. . 

1872.. . 

1873.. . 

1674.. . 

1875.. . 

1876.. . 

1877.. . 

1878.. . 

1879.. . 

1880.. . 
1881... 
1882... 

1883.. . 

1884.. . 

1885.. . 

1886.. . 

1887.. . 

1888.. . 

1889.. . 

1890.. . 

$259,116,170 
203,700.016 
216,123,428 
228,164,855 
201,544,055 
92,274,100 
109,744,580 
81,212,079 
74,385,116 
112,040,395 
117,209,536 
122,965,225 
136,802,024 
153,237,077 
163,285,710 
177,286,302 
174,739,834 
176,027,778 
157,872,726 
143,380,704 
151,834,067 
146,499,282 
143,599,353 
149,317,368 
133,631,146 
130,266,826 
136,002,290 
135,046,207 
112,864,052 
118,942,817 
121,365,493 
123,525,298 
120,782,910 
^124,948,948 

$101,773,971 

78,913,134 

122,644,702 

134,001,399 

134,106,008 

113,497,629 

143,175,340 

248,350,818 

174,170,536 

333,471,763 

300,622,035 

248,659,583 

300,512,231 

309,140,510 

363,020.644 

445,416,783 

471,806,785 

405,320,135 

382,949,568 

321,139,500 

329,565,833 

307,407,565 

310,499,599 

503,494,913 

491,840,269 

571,517,802 

564,175,576 

512,511,192 

443,513,801 

491,937,636 

548.392,216 

568,222.357 

686,120,88i 

623,740,100 

$251,214,857 

243,491,288 

249,617,953 

279,082,902 

179,972,733 

125,421,318 

132,127,891 

102,849,409 

93,017,756 

213.671.466 
180,625,368 
175,016,348 
153,154,748 

199.732.324 
190,378,462 
168,044,799 
171,566,758 
174,424,216 
156,385,066 

167.686.467 
164,826,214 
166,551,624 
128,425,339 
109,029,209 

116.955.324 
96,961,919 

104,418,210 

98,652,828 

82,001,691 

78,406,686 

72,991,253 

67,332,175 

83,022,198 

77,502,138 

$111,745,825 
81,153,133 
107,171,509 
121,039,394 
69,372,180 
104,517,697 
199,880,691 
237,442,730 
262,839,588 
351,754,928 
. 280,708,368 
301,886,491 
285,971,781 
329,786,978 
932,801,932 
393,929,579 
494,915,886 
533,885,971 
501,838,949 
492,215,487 
530,354,703 
569.583,564 
600,769,633 
720,770,521 
777,162,714 
641,460,967 
694,331,348 
615,287,007 
636,004,765 
581,973,477 
621,802,292 
606,474,964 
630,942,660 
747,367,644 

70.50 

73.70 

66.90 

66.50 

65.20 
50.00 

41.40 

27.50 

27.50 

32.20 

33.90 

35.10 

33.10 

35.60 

31.20 

28.50 
25.80 

26.70 

25.80 
33.10 

26.50 

25.90 

22.60 
17.18 
16.22 

15.40 
15.54 
16.60 
14.76 
15.01 

13.80 
13.44 

13.70 
' 12.29 
















141 


ARMIES AND NAVIES OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS. 

Corrected to 1892. 

Austria-Hungary. — Regular army, 1891, 324,438; 
war-footing, 2,032,420. Navy, 137 vessels, of which 12 
are large iron-clads; officers and men, 8,998. 

Belgium. — The army is composed of 98,808 officers 
and men of the regular army and 72,460 regular re¬ 
serves; total on war-footing, 173,268. 

Brazil.— Regular army, 15,689; war-footing, 29,617. 
Navy, 10 iron-clads, 45 other vessels, and 9 for port 
service; men and officers, 5,790. 

Chili. — Regular army, 5,835; war-footing, 57,000. 
Navy, 49 vessels, including 3 iron-clads. 

China. — Regular army, about 656,459; war-footing, 
1,260,000. Navy, 97 vessels. 

Denmark. —Regular army, 37,148 in peace; 52,700 in 
war; reserves, 38,000. Navy, 92 steamers, of which 12 
are armor-clad. 

Egypt.— Regular army, 16,000. Navy, 14 vessels. 

France.— By a law which went into force June 1,1873, 
and supplemented in 1890, every Frenchman capable of 
bearing arms is made liable to thirty years’ military 
service, viz.: Four in the standing army, five in the 
reserve of the standing army, five in the territorial 
army, and eleven in the reserve of the territorial army. 
This gives France a force of about 528,114 in time of 
peace, and 4,169,472 on a war-footing. Navy, 1891, 520 
vessels, of which 61 are first-rate iron-clads; sailors and 
marines, about 75,915; reserve, 150,000. 

Germany.— Regular army, 499,852; war-footing, 3,000- 
000. Navy, 282 vessels, including 19 large iron-clads; 
men, about, 11,908; reserve, 34,000. 

Great Britain. — In the British army the term of 
service is twelve years, after which a soldier can serve 
for nine years more. The strength of the regular army 
is 204,417. With Colonial and reserve troops the grand 
total reaches 1,179,350. Navy, 84 iron-clads, about 880 
steamers and sailing vessels. These vessels are manned 
by 58,165; reserve, 55,000: 

Italy.— According to official statement the Italian 

P ermanent army consists of 251,664 on a peace-footing. 

n a war-footing, the army reaches a grand total of 
2,522,314 men and officers. Navy, 240 ships, 20 of which 
are large iron-clads. Total of all ranks of navy, 17,226; 
reserve, 15,000. 

Japan.— Regular army, 78,957; war-footing, 243,323. 
Navy, 36 steam vessels, including 3 iron-clads; men, 
9,886. 


142 


Mexico.— Regular army, 27,244. Navy, 7 gunboats. 

Netherlands.— Regular army in Europe, 63,816; re¬ 
serve, 63,106. Navy, 203 vessels. 

Norway.— Regular army, 18,000. Navy, 46 vessels, 
17,200 men. 

Persia.—A rmy, peace-footing, usually about 80,500; 
war footing, 150,000. 

Peru.— Regular army, 5,000. Navy, 3 vessels. 

Portugal.— Regular army, 33,294; war-footing, about 
125,000. Navy, 39 steamers and 16 sailing vessels. 

Roumania.— Regular army, 29,000; reserve, 29,000. 

Russia.— The nominal strength of the army is 35,780; 
war-footing, 7,914,250. Navy, 387 vessels, of which 44 
are armor-clad; men, about 3.7,000. 

Spain.— Army, peace, 152,882; w r ar-footing, 474,562. 
Navy, 194 vessels, including 15 iron-clads. 

Sweden.— Regular army, 39,671. Navy, 70 steamers 
and 4,415 men. 

Switzerland.—E ffective strength of army—Elite class, 
125,570; Landwehr class, 80,715; Landsturm class, 
262,766. 

Turkey.—A rmy on peace-footing, about 168,810; war¬ 
footing, estimated, 900,000. Navy, 14 large iron-clads 
and 80 other vessels, manned by 36,000 men and officers. 

United States. — Actual enlisted strength of army, 
June 30, 1891, 2,170 officers and 25,220 men. Organized 
militia, 100,000. The number of citizens eligible in case 
of war is over 6,000,000. Navy, 59 vessels of the old 
navy, and 57 (built or being built) of the new navy, with 
10 navy yards; 9,500 enlisted men 


Foreigners in Various Countries. 

Next to the United States, which contain over 8,000,000 
foreign-born residents, come France with 875,000, then 
Germany with 275,000, Brazil with 250,000, the Argen¬ 
tine Republic with 220,000, Switzerland with 215,000, 
Great Britain and Ireland with 150,000, Russia with 
95,000, and Belgium with 98,000. 


The Greatest Ocean Depths yet measured are one of 

4,855 fathoms, off the northeast coast of Japan; one of 
4,475 fathoms south of the Ladrone Islands; one of 
4,561 fathoms north of Porto-Rico, and two of 4,295 and 
4.430 fathoms, respectively, to the south of the Friendly 
Islands. (A fathom = 6 feet in length.) 




Men Called by President Lincoln during the Lot fe 
War. 


The total number called for, under all calls made bf 
the President, from April 15,1861, to April 14,1865, wa* 
2,759,049. 

JThei:- terms of service under the calls were from three 
months tc three years. 

United States Soldiers in the L-ate Civil War. 



Aggregate. 














. 96,118 




























. 16,873 




Total 


*43 


2,653,06a 





























144 


THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF OUR FORTUNE. 

According to the United States Census of 1890. 

The value of real and personal property as actually 
assessed by the officials of the several states and terri¬ 
tories has always formed the basis of the decennial 
estimates of the wealth of the United States. For the 
three decades ending in 1880 the estimated true value of 
all property and the value of real estate and personal 
property as assessed, including the assessed valuation a3 
returned in 1890, was as follows: 


YEARS. 

ASSESSED VALUATION. 

ESTIMATED TRUE 
VALUATION. 

I860. 

$12,084,500,005 

14,178,986,732 

16,902,993,543 

24,249,589,804 

$16,159,616,068 

30,068,518,507 

43,642,000,000 

62,610,000,000 

1870. 

1880. 

1890. 


This is nearly $i,oooper head, as against 8514 per head 
in 1860,8780 per head in 1870, and 8870 per head in 1880. 


Flax and Hemp in the United States. 

The total area of land devoted to the cultivation of 
flax in 1889 is found, in the 1890 census, to have been 
1,318,698 acres, the production of flaxseed 10,250,410 
bushels, the production of fibre 241,389 pounds, the 
amount of flax straw sold or so utilized as to have a 
determinable value *207,757 tons, and the total value of 
all flax products, 810,436,228. While flaxseed is reported 
from 31 states, Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota and Ne¬ 
braska produce 80.06 per cent of the total amount, or 
1,035,613 bushels in excess of the entire production of 
the United States at the census of 1880. Throughout 
the greater portion of the principal flaxseed-producing 
region flax straw is of little or no value, and much of the 
so-called fibre is only an inferior quality of tow, used 
chiefly for upholstering purposes. There are indications, 
however, of the revival in the United States of a linen 
industry that will afford a market for fine flax fibre of 
domestic production, and revive a branch of agriculture 
that has for many years been almost extinct. For the 
present, linseed oil is the only important product ob¬ 
tained from flax in the United States. 

The total area of land devoted to the cultivation of 
hemp, in 1889, was 25,054 acres, and the production of 
fibre 11,511 tons, valued at 81,102,602 to the producers. 
This branch of agricultural industry is confined almost 
exclusively to the State of Kentucky, which produced 
93.77 per cent of the total hemp crop of the country. 












>45 

The Nation’s Dead. 

A recent report shows that the nation’s dead are bartedl 
ia seventy-nine national cemeteries, of which twelve 
in the Northern States. Among the principal ones in 
the North are Cyprus Hill, Brooklyn, N. Y., with its 
3,786 dead; Finn’s Point, N. J., which contains the 
remains of 2,644 unknown dead; Gettysburg, Pa., with 
its 1,967 known and 1,608 unknown dead ; Mound City, 
Ill., with 2,505 known and 2,721 unknown graves; Phila* 
delphia, with 1,909 dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N. Y., 
with its 3,*690 dead. In the South, near the scenes ©X 
terrible conflicts, are located the largest depositories of 
the nation’s heroic dead: 

Arlington, Va., 16,264, of whom 4,349 are unknown. 

Beaufort, S. C., 9,241, of whom 4,493 are unknown. 

Chalmette, La., 12,511, of whom 5,674 are unknown. 

Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,962, of whom 4,963 are 
unknown. 

Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of whom 12,770 are 
unknown. ♦ 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 11,490, of whom 2,906 are 
unknown. 

Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of whom 2,337 are unknown. 

City Point, Va., 5,122, of whom 1,374 are unknown. 

Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of whom 2,963 are unknown. 

Memphis, Tenn., 13,997, of whom 8,817 are unknown. 

Nashville, Tenn., 16,526, of whom 4,701 are unknown. 

Poplar Grove, Va, 6,199, of whom 4,001 are unknown. 

Richmond, Va., 6,542, of whom 5,700 are unknown. 

Salisbury, N. C., 12,126, of whom 12,032 are unknown. 

Stone River, Tenn., 5,602, of whom 288 are unknown. 

Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of whom 12,704 are unknown. 

Antietam, Va., 4,671, of whom 1,818 are unknown. 

Winchester, Va.,4,559, of whom 2,365 are unknown. 

In all, the remains of 300,000 men who fought for the 
Stars and Stripes find guarded graves in our national 
cemeteries. Two cemeteries are mainly devoted to the 
brave men who perished in the loathsome prisons of the 
same name— Andersonville, Ga., which contains 13,714 
graves; and Salisbury, with its 12,126 dead, of whom 
12,032 are unknown. 


146 


United States Pension Statistics. 

tfoixflber of Pension Claims, Pensioners and Disbursement, 1861-90. 


Fiscal year end¬ 
ing June 30. 

Army and Navy. 
Claims allowed. 

Total num¬ 
ber of ap¬ 
plications 
filed. 

Total 
number of 
claims 
allowed. 

Inva¬ 

lids. 

W idows, 
etc. 

1861. 





1862.. 

413 

49] 

2,487 

462 

1863. 

4,121 

3,763 

49,332 

. 7,884 

1864. 

17,041 

22,446 

53.599 

39,487 

1865. 

15,212 

24.959 

72,684 

40,171 

1866. 

22,883 

27,294 

65,256 

50,177 

1867. 

16,589 

19,893 

36,753 

36,482 

1868.. 

9,460 

19,461 

20,768 

28,921 

1869. 

7,292 

15,904 

26,066 

23,196 

1870. 

5,721 

12,500 

24,851 

18,221 

1871. 

7,934 

8,399 

43,969 

16,562 

1872.. 

6,468 

7,244 

26,391 

34,333 

1873. 

6,551 

4,073 

18,303 

16,052 

1874. 

5,937 

3,152 

16,734 

10,462 

1875. 

5,760 

4,736 

18,704 

11,152 

1876. 

6,360 

4,376 

23,523 

9,977 

1877. 

7,282 

3,861 

22,715 

11,326 

1878. 

7,414 

3,550 

44,587 

11,962 

1879. 

7,242 

3,379 

57,118 

31,346 

1880. 

10,176 

4,455 

141,466 

19,545 

1881. 

21,394 

3,920 

31,116 

27,394 

1882. 

22,946 

3,999 

40,939 

27,664 

1883.. 

32,014 

5,303 

48,776 

38,162 

1884.. 

27,414 

6.366 

41,785 

34,192 

1885. 

27,580 

7,743 

40,918 

35,767 

1886. 

31,937 

8,610 

49,895 

40,857 

1887. 

35,283 

11,217 

72,465 

65,194 

1888. 

44,893 

15,359 

75,726 

60,252 

1889. 

36,830 

11,924 

81,220 

51,912 

1890. 

50,395 

14,612 

105,044 

^66,637 

* Total. 

490,402 

278,004 

1,353,190 

855,758 



















































unn 

Fisc« 

end 

Jun* 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875, 

1876 

1877, 

1878, 

1879, 

1880, 

1881, 

1882, 

1883, 

1884, 

1885, 

1886, 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 


147 


Pension Statistics—Continued. 


Number of pensioners on the roll and; the amount 
paid for pensions, with cost of disbursements. 


Inva¬ 

lids. 

Widows, 

etc. 

Total. 

Disbursements. 

4,337 

4,341 

7,821 

23,479 

35,880 

55,652 

69,565 

75,957 

82,859 

87,521 

93,394 

113,954 

119,500 

121,628 

122,989 

124,239 

128,723 

131,649 

138,615 

145,410 

164,110 

182,633 

206,042 

225,470 

247,146 

270,346 

306,298 

343,701 

851,284 

415,654 

4,299 

3,818 

6,970 

27,656 

50,106 

71,070 

83,678 

93,686 

105,104 

111,165 

114,101 

118,275 

118,911 

114,613 

111,832 

107,898 

103,381 

92,349 

104,140 

105,392 

104,720 

103,064 

97,616 

97,286 

97,979 

95,437 

99,709 

108,857 

173,241 

122,290 

8,636 

8,159 

14,791 

51,135 

85,986 

126,722 

153,183 

169,643 

187,963 

198,686 

207,495 

232,229 

238,411 

236,241 

234,821 

232,137 

222,104 

223,998 

242.755 
250,802 
268,830 
285,697 
303,658 

322.756 
345,125 
365,783 
406,007 
452,557 
489,725 
537,944 

$ 1,072,462.00 

790,385.00 
1,025,140.00 
4,664,617.00 
8,525,153.00 
13,459,996.00 
- 18,619,956.00 
24,010,moo 
28,422,134.00 
27,780,812.00 
33,077,384.00 
30,169,341.00 
29,185,290.00 
“ 30,593,750.00 
29,683,117.00 
28,351,600.00 
28,580,157.00 
26,844,415.00 
33,780,526.00 
—57,240,540.00 
50,626,539.00 
54,296,281.00 
60,431,973.00 
57,273,537.00 
65,693,707.00 
64,584,270.00 
74,815,486.85 
79,646,146.37 
88,275,113.28 
106,493,89Q.19 




$1,158,712,303.36 


















































Wart of the United State*. 

STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF UNITED STATES TROOPS ENGAGED. 


148 








































WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 


§ 




149 


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*Naval forces engaged. The number of troops on the Confederate side during the Civil 
War was about 600,000. 

The number of casualties in the volunteer and regular armies of the United States, during 
the war of 1861-65, was reported by the Provost-Marshal General in 1866; 






























15 ° 

* WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— Con¬ 
tinued. 

Killed in battle, 61 , 362 ; died of wounds, 34 , 727 ; died 
of disease, 183 , 287 ; total died, 279 , 376 ; total deserted^ 
199 , 105 . 

Number of soldiers in the Confederate service, who 
died of wounds or disease (partial statement), 133 , 821 .. 
Deserted (partial statement), 104 , 428 . 

Number of United States troops captured during the 
war, 212 , 608 ; Confederate troops captured, 476 , 169 . 

Number of United States troops paroled on the field, 
16 , 431 ; Confederate troops paroled on the field, 248 , 599 . 

Number of United States troops who died while prison¬ 
ers, 29 , 725 ; Confederate troops who died while prisoners, 
*6,774- 

The casualties on the American side in the last war 
with Great Britain, 1812 - 15 , were: Killed, 1 , 877 ; 
wounded, 3 , 737 ; total, 5 , 614 . 

The casualties on the American side in the war with 
Mexico, 1846 - 48 , were: Killed, 1 , 049 ; died °f wounds, 
904 ; wounded, 3 , 420 . 

The estimated cost to the United States of the Revo¬ 
lutionary War was $ 135 , 193 , 703 ; of the war of 1812 with 
Great Britain, $ 107 , 159 , 003 ; of the Mexican War, 
$ 100 , 000 , 000 ; of the Civil War (including all expenses 
glowing out of the war), $ 6 , 189 , 929 , 909 . 


The height of the railway bridge at Niagara river, 
above the river, is 250 feet. 


Aggregate Debt of Nation, States and Counties, 1880 and 1890. 



1880. 

1890. 

PER HEAD. 


1880. 

1890. 

The United States. 
The Several States 

$1,9*22,517,364 

$ 915,962,112 

$38.33 

$14.63 

and Territories. 
The Several Coun¬ 

290,326,643 

223,107,883 

5.69 

3.56 

ties. 

124,105,027 

141,950,845 

2.47 

2.27 

Total. 

$2,336,949,034 

$1,281,020,840 

$46.59 

$20.46 




















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*52 

STEEL AND BRASS PLATES. 


Weight of steel and brass plates per sq. foot by American gauge. 


| No. of 

I gauge. 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

No. of 
gauge. 

Steel, 

pounds. 

Brass, 

pounds. 

I 

io -993 

12.382 

18 

1-53i 

1.725 

2 

9.789 

11.027 

19 

1-363 

1-536 

3 

8.718 

9.819 

20 

1.214 

1.367 

4 

7-763 

8.744 

21 

1.081 

1.218 

5 

6.913 

7.787 

22 

.9631 

1.084 

6 

6.156 

6-934 

23 

.857 

.966 

7 

5-482 

6.175 

24 

.763 

.860 

8 

4.882 

5-499 

25 

.680 

.'766 

9 

4-348 

4.897 

26 

.605 

.682 

IO 

3-871 

4.360 

27 

•539 

.607 

ii 

3-448 

3-883 

28 

.480 

-541 

12 

3.070 

3-458 

29 

.427 

.481 

*3 

2-734 

3-079 

30 

.380 

.429 

i4 

2-435 

2.742 

3i 

•339 

.382 

*5 

2.168 

2.442 

32 

.302 

.340 

16 

1- 93 i 

2-175 

33 

.269 

-303 

17 

1.719 

1-937 

34 

-239 

-269 


RAILWAY SIGNALS. 

One whistle signifies “ down brakes. ” 

Two whistles signify “ off brakes. ” 

Three whistles signify “ back up. ” 

Continued whistles signify “ danger.” 

Rapid short whistles “a cattle alarm.” 

A sweeping parting of the hands on a level with the 
eyes, signifies “ go ahead. ” 

Downward motion of the hands with extended arms, 
signifies “stop.” 

Beckoning motion of one hand, signifies “ back. ” 

Red flag waved up the track, signifies “ danger. ” 

Red flag stuck up by the roadside, signifies “ danger 
ahead.” 

Red flag carried on a locomotive, signifies “ an engine 
following. ” 

\ed flag hoisted at a station is a signal to “ stop. ” 
anterns at night raised and lowered vertically, isasig* 
n?l “ to start.” 

Lanterns swung at right angles across the track, meanj 
“stop.” 

Lanterns swung in a circle, sicmifies “ back the train. £ 














iS3 

COST OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF HAY. 


Prick per 
Ton. 

25 lbs. 
worth. 

40 lbs. 
worth. 

100 lbs. 
worth. 

200 lbs. 
worth. 

300 lbs. 
worth. 

$ 4 OO.. 

5 cts. 

10 cts. 

20 Cts. 

$ 

40 

$ 60 

5 00.. 

6 

a 

12 

it 

25 

it 


50 

75 

6 00.. 

iA 

« 

15 

it 

30 

it 


60 

90 

7 00.. 

s'A 

a 

17 

it 

35 

« 


70 

1 os 

8 00.. 

10 

it 

20 

it 

40 

a 


80 

1 20 

9 00.. 

11 

u 

22 

it 

45 

“ 


90 

1 35 

10 00.. 

™a 

a 

25 

it 

50 

a 

I 

OO 

1 50 

II 00.. 

13# 

u 

27 

it 

55 

it 

I 

19 

1 o S 

12 00.. 

15 

u 

30 

it 

60 

a 

I 

20 

1 80 

13 00.. 

16 

a 

32 

it 

65 

a 

I 

30 

1 95 

14 00.. 

*7 A, 

a 

35 

it 

7 o 

a 

I 

40 

2 10 

15 00.. 

1 $A 

a 

37 

it 

75 

a 

I 

50 

2 25 


AMOUNT OF OIL IN SEEDS. 


Kind of Seed. Per cent. Oil. 

Bitter Almond.55 

Barley. 2%, 

Clover hay.5 

Hemp seed.19 

Indian corn. 7 

Linseed .17 

Meado'* ',' hay. ... zA 

Oat-stiaw.4 


Kind of Seed. Per cent. OIL 

Oats. 6)4 

Rapeseed.55 

Sweet Almond.47 

Turnip seed.45 

White mustard.37 

Wheat bran. 4 

Wheat-straw.3 

Wheat flour.3 


RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT FOODS 
FOR STOCK. 


One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to: 


Articles. Pounds. 

Beans.28 

Beets.669 

Clover, red, green. ..373 

Carrots.371 

Corn.62 

Clover, red, dry.88 

Lucerne.89 

Mangolds. 3 6% A 

Oat-straw . 31 7 


Articles. Pound*. 

Oats. 59 

Oil-cake, linseed— .43 

Peas, dry.. 37^ 

Potatoes.350 

Rye-straw.429 

Rye. 53 A 

T urnips.469 

Wheat............. 44 A 











































*54 

Quantity of Seed Required to Plant an Aera» 

16 quarts Asparagus in 12 inch drills. 

20 " ~ 

10 
10 
8 

3 
20 
6 

10 

25 

20 
28 
20 
2 


Beans, pole, Lima, 4 by 4 feet. 

Beans, Carolina, prolific, etc., 4 by 3 fetfc* 
Corn, sugar. 

Corn, field. 

Cucumber, in hills. 

Flax, broadcast. 

Grass, timothy with clover. 

Grass, timothy without clover. 

Grass, orchard. 

Grass, red top or heads. 

Grass, blue. 

Grass, rye. 

Pumpkin, in hills 8 by 8 feet. 

8,000 Asparagus plants, 4 by i ]/ 2 feet. 

25,000 Celery plants, 4 by ]/ 2 feet. 

17,500 Pepper plants, 2^ by 1 foot. 

3,800 Tomato plants. 

2 Yz bushels Barley. 

I i: Beans, bush, in drills 2)4 feet. 

2 “ Peas, in drills, short varieties. 

ltoi}£“ Peas, in drills, tall varieties. 

3 “ Peas, broadcast. 

8 “ Potatoes. A 

iX “ Rye, broadcast. 

“ Rye, drilled. 
iX “ Wheat, in drills. 

2 “ Wheat, broadcast. 

12 ounces Cabbage, outside, for transplanting. 

4 “ Cabbage, sown in frames. 

8 “ Celery, seed. 

3 u Tomatoes, in frames. 

8 “ . Tomatoes, seed in hills 3 by 3 feet * 

9 pounds Beets and mangold, drills, 2)4 feet 

12 “ Broom corn in drills. 

4 “ Carrot, in drills, 2^ feet. 

13 “ Clover, white Dutch. 

bo “ Clover, Lucerne. 

6 “ Clover, Alsike. 

12 “ Clover, large red with timothy. 

|6 “ Clover, large red without timothy. 


*5 * Corn, salad, drill io inches. 

3 * Lettuce, in rows feet. 

35 “ Lawn grass. 

3 w Melons, water, in hills 8 by 8 feet 

a ** Melons, citrons, in hills 4 by 4 feet 

50 “ Onions, in beds for sets. 

7 M Onions, in rows for large bulbs. 

5 44 Parsnip, in drills 2 l / z feet. 

4 “ Parsley, in drills 2 feet. 

10 u Radish, in drills 2 feet. 

3 “ Squash, bush, in hills 4 by 4 feet 

3 “ Turnips, in drills 2 feet. 

3 * Turnips, broadcast. 

The Longest Rivers in the World. 

Miles. 

233—Thames. 

300—Kenebec. 

350—Hudson. 

400—Delaware. 

450—Connecticut 


500—Tames. 

500—Potomac. 

500—Susquehanna. 

600—Alabama. 

600—Cumberland. 

Red River of the North. 



800—T ennessee. 

960—Kansas. 

950—Rhine. 

950—Ohio. 

UjOOO—Y ellowstone. 

1,100—Colorada, in California. 

1.200— Red River. 

1.200— N ebraska. 

1.200— Columbia. 

1,300—San Francisco. 

1,600—Danube. 

1,800—Rio Grande. 

2,000—V alga. 

»,ooo Arkansas. 


150 


2,000—Madeira, 

2,200—St. Lawrence, 

2,500—Obe. 

2,000—Niger, or Jobila. 

2.600— Lena. 

2.800—Mississippi, proper. 

4,100—Missouri, to the ,^ea, forming longest in world 
2,900—Missouri, to its junction with Mississippi. 

3.600— Amazon. 

3.000—Nile. 


A NEW AND PROFITABLE INDUSTRY. 


TItOPIO AND SEMI-TROPIC FRUIT GROWING. 

In addition to the tropic and semi-tropic fruits and 
nuts grown for home and family use through the United 
States, there were, in the census year 1890, 13,515 acres 
of almond. 077.50 of banana, 169.88 of citron, 9,864 of 
cocoanut, 4,477 of fig. 550 of guava. 1,362.25 of kaki, 
7,258 of lemon, 495.58 of lime, 12.180 of madeira nut, 
7.097 of olive, 184.003 of orange, 2,189.50 of pineapple, 
171.89 of pomelo, and 27,419.50 of pecan trees, repre¬ 
senting 658,566 bearing and 800,010 nonbearing almond 
trees, 577,782 bearing banana plants, 4,237 bearing and 
14,110 nonbearing citron trees, 123,227 bearing and 1.- 
199,549 non bearing cocoanut trees. 138.186 bearing and 
285,201 nonbearing fig trees. 32.943 bearing and 120.529 
nonbearing guava trees, 58,390 bearing and 124.522 non¬ 
bearing kikl trees, 167,663 bearing and 498,784 nonbear¬ 
ing lemon trees, 19,096 bearing and 44,255 nonbearing 
lime trees, 188.409 bearing and 411,248 nonbearing ma¬ 
deira nut trees. 278,380 bearing and 331.022 nonbearing 
olive trees, 3,885,890 bearing and 9,705,246 nonbearing 
orange trees, 21,750,000 pineapple plants, 3,279 bear¬ 
ing and 12,867 nonbearing pomelo trees, and 214.988 
bearing and 657,980 non bearing pecan trees. 

Excluding pineapples and bananas, which are all 
counted as bearing plants, as they commence fruiting 
within a year of planting, it will be noted that the aver¬ 
age number of all nonbearing trees is about double that 
of the bearing trees, the product of which in the census 
year, was as far as reported, valued at $14,116,226.59, 
divided as follows: almond. $1,525,109,80: banana, 
$280,653.75: cocoanut. $251,217.41; fig, $307,271.76: 
lemon, $988,099.92; lime, $62,496.90; madeira nut, 
$1,256,958; olive, $386,368.32; orange, $6,602,099.06 
pineapple, $812,159.17: pomelo, $27,216, and pecan 
$1,616,576.50. On the basis of present prices, with all 
the nonbearing trees in fruitage, the next census (1900) 
ought to show a value of product of more than $ 50 , 000 , 000 . 
As a forecast of the future growth of these branches of 
horticulture, the above figures are most interesting. 







157 


ARTESIAN WELLS 

So called from the French province of Artois, whence 
they are supposed to originate. It is the name given to 
a peculiar kind of bored well, in which the water rises to 
the surface and overflows. In the United States any 
deep-boi’ed well is called artesian , even if the water has to 
be pumped from a considerable depth. The geological 
conditions permitting an overflow without pumping are 
not general—since it is necessary that the region should 
have a more or less complete basin-structure, and that 
there should be a series of permeable, covered by im¬ 
permeable. beds. Artesian wells vary in depth from less 
than 100 feet to nearly 4,000 feet, the deepest borings 
being for petroleum. The total number of artesian w r ells 
on farms, in June 1890. in the states and territories 
forming the western half of the United States, was 
8.097, representing an estimated aggregate investment 
of $1,988,461.26. Complete statistics, concerning the 
depth, cost, discharge, and other features of 2.971 of such 
wells, fairly distributed through the various states and 
counties from which they are reported, have been ob¬ 
tained from the owners, and from the averages derived 
from such statistics, the number of artesian wells used 
for the purposes of irrigation is computed at 3,930; the 
average depth per well. 210.41 feet ; the average cost per 
well. $245.58; the total discharge of water per minute, 
440,719.71 gallons, or 54.42 gallons per well per minute; 
the average area irrigated per well. 13.21 acres,atrid t he 
average cost of water per acre irrigated, $18.55. Over 
one-half of these wells are in the State of California, 
where 38,378 acres of agricultural land were irrigated 
by artesian water. Utah stands second in the munber of 
artesian wells used for irrigation purposes and Colorado 
in the area of land thus irrigated. 


CURIOSITIES OF THE BIBLE. 

The Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773.746 words, 
31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters and 66 books. The word 
and occurs 46,277 times. The word dord occurs 1.855 
times. The word reverend occurs but once, which is in 
the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The. middle verse is 
the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of 
the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the 
alphabet, except the letter J. The longest verse is the 
9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest 
verse is the 35 th verse of the 11th chapter of St.John. 
There are no words or names of more than six syllables. 



FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES. 

Wisconsin—Badger State. 

Massachusetts—Bay State. 

Mississippi—Bayou State. 

Arkansas—Bear State. 

Louisiana—Creole State. 

Delaware—Diamond State. 

New York—Empire State. 

New York—Excelsior State. 

Connecticut—Freestone State. 

New Hampshire—Granite State. 

Vermont—Green Mountain State. 

Iowa—Ilawkeye State. 

Indiana—Hoosier State. 

Pennsylvania—Keystone State. 

Michigan—Lake State. 

Texas—Lone Star State 
Maine—Lumber State. 

Virginia—Mother of Presidents. 

Virginia—Mother of States. 

Connecticut—Nutmeg State. 

Massachusetts—Old Colony. 

Virginia—Old Dominion. 

North Carolinia—Old North State. 

South Carolina—Palmetto State. 

Florida—Peninsular State. 

Maine—Pine Tree State. 

Illinois—Prairie State. 

North Carolinar—Turpentine State. 

FICTITIOUS NAMES OF CITIES 

Aberdeen, Scotland, Granite City. 

Alexandria, Egypt, Delta City. 

Alton, Ill., Tusselburgh. 

Akron, O., Summit City. 

Baltimore, Md., Monumental City. 

Birmingham, O., Bran Town. 

Boston, Mass., Puritan City; Modern Athens; Hub of the 
Universe; City of Notions; Athens of America; The Hub 
Brooklyn, N. Y., City of Churches. 

Buffalo, N. Y., Queen City of the Lakes. 

Cairo, Egypt, City of Victory. 

Cincinnati, O., Queen City; Porkopolis: Queen of the West: 
Paris of America. 

Chicago, Ill., Garden City. 

Cleveland, O., Foreat City. 


158 


159 


Dayton, O., Gem City of Ohio. 

Detroit, Mich., City of the Straits. 

Duluth, Minn., Zenith City. 

Edinburgh, Scotland, Maiden Town; Nortfaen Athens; Mo¬ 
dern Athens; Athens of the North. 

Gibraltar, Key of the Mediterranean. 

Hannibal, Mo., Bluff City. 

Havana, Cuba, Pearl of the Antilles. 

Holyoke, Mass., Paper City. 

Indianapolis, Ind., Railroad City. 

Jerusalem, Palestine, City of Peace; City of the Great King. 
Kansas City, Mo., Mushroomopolis. 

Keokuk, la., Gate City. 

Lafayette, Ind., Star City. 

Limerick, Ireland, City of the Violated Treaty. 

Lowell, Mass., City of Spindles; Manchester of America. 
London, England, City of Masts; Modern Babylon. 
Louisville, Ky., Falls City. 

Madison, Wis., Lake City. 

Milan, Italy, Little Paris. 

Milwaukee, Wis., Cream City. 

Minneapolis, Minn., City of Flour. 

Nashville, Tenn., City of Rocks. 

New Haven, Conn., City of Elms. 

New Orleans, La., Crescent City. 

New York, Gotham; Empire City; Metropolitan City. 

Pekin, Ill., Celestial City. 

Philadelphia, Pa., Quaker City; City of Brotherly Love; City 
q t Homes. 

Pittsburg, Pa., Iron City; Smoky City; Birmingham o t 
America. 

Portland, Me., Forest City. 

Paterson, N. Y., Lyons of America. 

Peoria, Ill., Whisky Town. 

Quebec, Canada, Gibraltar of America. 

Quincy, Ill., Gem City. 

Kacine, Wis., Belie City. 

Rome, Italy, Eternal City; Nameless City; Queen of Cittea; 
Seven-Hilled City; Mistress of the World. 

Rochester, N. Y., Flour City. 

8 t Louis, Mo., Mound City. 

St. Paul, Minn., Gem City. 

San Francisco, Cal,, Golden City. 

Salem, Mass., City of Peace. 

8 alt Lake City, City of the Saints. 

Springfield, Ill., Flower City. 

Screator, Ill., City of the Woods. 

Toledo, O., Corn City. 

Venice, Italy, Bride of the Sea. 

Washington, D. C., City of Magnificent DialiMtf. 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Gate City of the Nortbw®*. 


i6o 


FORMULAE FOR WOOD SCREWS. 


jV =* number. 

D ~ diameter. 

D (WX .01325)4- -056. 

D — .©56. 

N = - 

.01325. 


Diameter and Number ok Wood Screws. 


No. 

Diameter. 


No. 

Diameter. 

O 

.056 


16 

.268 

t 

.069 


O 

. 2 8t 

2 

.082 


18 

•2 91 

3 

096 


x 9 

308 

4 

. IO9 


20 

.321 

5 

122 


21 

334 

6 

•135 


32 

347 

7 

•*49 


23 

.361 

8 

.162 


24 

374 

9 

*75 


2 5 

387 

10 

.188 


26 

.401 

: 1 

.201 


27 

•4‘4 

12 

21 5 


28 

.437 

>3 

22a 


29 

•440 

*4 

.241 


30 

453 

>5 

-255 





MELTING POINT OF METALS. 


Platinum.. 


(Pouillet). 

Wrought iron. 


H 

Steel. 


U 

Cast iron (Gray). 


« 

Gold. 


K 

Silver. 

. 1832 

U 

Antimony . 


(I. Lowthian Hell) 

Zinc. 



Lead. 


« 

Tin. 


« 


WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES. 

Rule. —Square the diameter (in inches); multiply by thickness 
(in inches); then by the decimal .06363; the product will be tn« 
weight of the stone in pounds. 

























ALLOYS. 


Alloys. 


Brass, engine bearings.. 

Tough brass, engine work. 

“ for heavy bearings.. 
Yellow brass, for turning.... 
Flanges to stand brazing... 

Bell-metal. 

Babbitt’s metal..... 

Brass, locomotive bearings. 
“ for straps and glands 

Muntz’s sheathing.. 

Metal to expand in cooling. 

Pewter. 

Spelter. 

Statuary bronze. 

Type-metal, from.. 

“ to. 

Solders. 

For lead... 

“ tin. 

“ pewter . 

* brazing (hardest). 

“ “ (hard). 

« * (soft). 

* « “ 


Q. 

a 

o 

O 


112 
IOO 
160 
2 

32 

16 

I 

64 

130 

6 


1 

90 


N 



SURE CURE FOR SMALL-POX AND SCARLET FEVER. 


The following small-pox remedy was given to the public by a 
correspondent of the Stockton (Cal.) Herald t who says: “ I here¬ 
with append a recipe which has been used, to my knowledge, in 
hundreds of cases. It will prevent or cure small-pox, though the 
pittings are filling. It will also cure scarlet fever. Here is the 
recipe as I have used it to cure small-pox. When learned physi¬ 
cians said the patient must die, it cured: Sulphate of zinc, one 
grain; foxglove (digitalis), one grain; half a teaspoonful of sugar. 
Mix with two tablespoonfuls of water. When thoroughly mp^ed, 
add four ounces of water. Take a teaspoonful every hour. Either 
disease will disappear in twelve hours. For a child, smaller dose 
according to its age. If countries would compel plyrsiciauS to 
use this, there would be no need of pest-houses. It you vdttM 
advice and experience, use this for that terrible disease. 
































































• DIFFEREN'l COLORS OF IRON CAUSED BY HEAT. 


Deg. 

Deg. 


Ceeu 

Fah. 



502 

680 

( Violet, Purple and Dull Blue. Between 261® 

t 

-( C to 370* C it passes to Bright Blu*.. Sea 
( Green, and then disappears. 



( Commences to be covered with a light coating 

500 

93 a 

4 of oxide; becomes a deal more impressible 

1 to the hammer, and can be twisted with ease. 

5 ®S 

977 

Becomes Nascent Red. 

Tpo 

1292 

Somber Red. 

800 

147a 

Nascent Cherry. 

900 

*657 

Cherry. 

5 ° 

1400 

1832 

2012 

Bright Cherry. 

Dull Orange. 

noo 

2192 

Bright Orange. 

1JOO 

ifco 

2372 

White. 

9552 

Brilliant White-welding heat. 

IJOo 

_ P>o 

2732 

2912 

j- Dazzling white. 


STANDARD SCREW THREADS. 























163 

COPARTNERSHIPS. 


Partnerships may be either general or special. In general 
jwarfcserships, money invested ceases to be individual property. 
Each member is made personally liable for the whole amount of 
dfiife& incurred by the company. The company is liable for all 
coafcracta or obligations made by individual members. 

Special partners are not liable beyond the amount contributed. 

A person may become a partner by allowing people generally to 
presume that he is one, as, by having his name on the sign or par¬ 
cel, or in the bills used in the business. 

A share or specific interest in the profits or loss of a business, 
as remuneration for labor, may involve one in the liability of a 
partner. 

Ia case of Bankruptcy, the joint estate is first applied to the 
payment of partnership debts, the surplus only going to the credit¬ 
ors of the individual estate. 

A dissolution of partnership may take place under express stipu¬ 
lations in the articles of agreement, by mutual consent, by the 
death or insanity of one of the firm, by award of arbitrators, or by 
court o r equity in cases of misconduct of some member of the 

firm. 

A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, 
widch is for the use of the partnership firm, binds all the partners 
thereby. Negotiable paper of the firm, even though given on 
private account by one of the partners, will hold all the partners 
of the firm, when it passes into the hands of the holders, who are 
ignorant of the fact attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may t>e bought and sold by a partner; he 
ntty make contracts; may receive money; indorse, draw and 
accept bills and notes, and, while this may be for hi# own private 
account, if it apparently be for the use of the firn^ ids partners 
will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him 
w^re ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and 
thus representation or misrepresentation of a partner, having 
relation to business of the firm, will bind the nuembers in the 
partnership. 

In case of death, the surviving partner must account to the 
representatives of the deceased. 



164 

Rule to Calculate the Horse-Power ill aa Kng-ine, 


This rule will prove correct for all ordinary engines; but there 
may be a very slight variation in the ease of an extra long or extra 
short stroke. 

Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the cylinder in inches by itself 
— in other words, square the diameter in inches, and divide by 
four. 


Size of Lakes, Seas and Oceans. 


LAKES. 


Miles Miles 
Long. Wide. 

Cayuga . 36 4 

George. 36 3 

Constance. 45 10 

Geneva. 50 10 

Lake of the Woods.. 70 25 

Champlain. 123 12 

Ladoga. 125 75 

Maracaybo. 150 60 

Great Bear. 150 40 

Ontario ... 180 40 

Athabasca. 200 20 

Winnipeg.. 240 40 

Huron. 25° 9 ° 

Erie.. 270 50 

Great Slave. 300 45 

Michigan. 330 60 

Baikal. 360 35 

Superior. 380 120 


SEAS. 


Miles 
Long. 

Aral. 250 

Baltic... 600 

Black,. § 3 a 

Caribbean. 1,800 

China. *, 7 °° 

Caspian. &40 

Japan. 1,00® 

Mediterranean. a^ooo 

Okhotsk. 600 

Red. 1,40® 

White. 430 

OCEANS. 

Arctic. 5,000,000 

Southern. io,ootof8oo 

Indian. 20,000,000 

Atlantic. 40,000,000 

Pacific. 80,000,000 


Carrying Capacity of a Ten Ton Freight 

Car. 


flour.90 barrels. 

Lime. 7 ° “ 

Salt.70 “ 

Whisky.60 “ 

Flour.200 sacks. 

Eggs...130 to 160 barrels 

Wood.6 cords. 

Sheep.80 to 100 head. 

Hogs.50 to 60 

Cattle..,,,.18 to 20 ‘ - 


Butter.20,000 pounds. 

Lumber.6,000 

Wheat.340 

Barley.300 

Apples.370 

Corn.400 

Potatoes.430 

Bran.1,000 

Oats.680 

"Flax Seed ..360 



























































165 

The Greatest Battles in History. 

The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the com¬ 
bined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by 
Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of 

Octavius. , . , . _ 

The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persians, 
under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and 
Greeks under Alexander the Great. 

The Battle of Marathon, B. C. 490. m which the 
Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, under 

D The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the 
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their 

^The Battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the Car- 
thagenians, under Hasdrubul, were defeated by the 
Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, Claudius, Nero and 

Marcus Livius. . , 

The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, m which Brutus and 
Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate 
of the Republic was decided. . 

The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the 
French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were 
defeated by the English and their allies, under Marlbor- 

° U fhe Battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the Huns, 
under Attila, called the “ Scourge of God,” were de¬ 
feated by the confederate armies of Romans and V isi- 

Bat tie of Hastings, A. D. 1066 in which Harold, 
commanding the English army, was defeated by William 

the Conquerer of Normandy. . 

The Battle of Lutzen, 1632, which decided the 
religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus was 

kl The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles 
XII. of Sweden, was defeated by the Russians, under 

Peter the Great. . . , „ 

The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Saracens 
were defeated by Charles Martel. . Christendom was res- 

CU On f the 1 2 I i S sf of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battk 


166 


of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the 
French and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as to a suc¬ 
cessful invasion of England. 

The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an invading 
aarmy of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the 
command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by 
the French, under Dumouriez. 

The Battle of Waterloo, 1815, in which the French# 
under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of 
Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, under the Duke of 
Wdlingtop. 


A Woman’s Chance to Marry. 

X of I per cent., from 50 to 56 years of age. 
^ of 1 per cent., from 45 to 50 years of age. 
t'/s per cent., from 40 to 45 years of age. 

cent., from 35 to 40 years of age. 

IS per cent., from 30 to 35 years of age. 

18 per cent., from 25 to 30 years of age. 

52 per cent., from 20 to 25 years of age. 

14 X per cent., from 15 to 20 years of age. 


SOME GOOD MAXIMS. 

There is nothing better in heaven than religion. 

Our actions of to-day are the thoughts of yesterday. 

A truthful woman is the greatest adornment of a home. 

If you live in impure thoughts you will be impure in 
your lives. 

Profanity is more or less a profession of your loyalty 
to the devil. 

Nobody ever went to sleep indifferent to religion and 
waked up in heaven. 

A child is loved by God because it has no opinion* 
and wants to learn something. 

Don’t get into anybody’s way with your naturalness, 
hot try to be yourself wherever you go. 

^Run into /leaven barefooted and bareheaded rather 
*' in miss it on account of anything in the world. 






i07 

How to Preserve Eggs. 

To each pailful of water, add two pints of fresh slacked^ ime 
tpd one pint of common salt; mix well ^ Fill your barrel half 

this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June, atm 
will keep two years if desired. 

Facts Worth Knowing. 

there are 2,754 languages. 

America was discovered in 1492. 

A square mile contains 640 acres. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

A barrel of rice weighs 600 pounds. 

A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. 

A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. 

A firkin of butter weighs 56 pounds. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

A span is ten and seven-eighth inches. 

A hand (horse measure) is four inches. 

Watches were first constructed in 1476. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830, 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 

The first horse railroad was built in 1826-7. 

The average human life is thirty-one years. 

Coaches were first used in England in 1569. 

Modern needles first came into use in * 545 * 

Space has a temperature of 200 degrees below zero. 

Kerosene was first used for lighting purposes*tn 182 * 

The first newspaper was published in England In 13 • 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1 5 • _ 

Robert Bonner refused $100,000.00 for tfie famous trotter 
Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the nana sp 

W Measure 209 feet on each side and you will have a square aem 

^fes^ewing machine was patented by Elias Howe, 

l8 ?'be first steam engine on this continent was brought from Eng- 

^The 11 first knives were used in England, and the first wheeled 

United States were adopted by Ct~ 

^LVolVof coal burned by an ocean steamer on a trip wi# 

“^^n 3 is°^.50o,ooo miles from the earth. The latter receives 

only one two-billionth of the solar heat- 4^^ an d takes 

The nearest fixed star is 16,000,000,00© mu©» 
years for light to reach the earth. 



SOCIAL. STATISTICS OF CITIES. 

Area, population, streets and cost of repairs. Census of 1890. 


168 


4 


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Total Number of Posfcoffices in the United States. 


The number of postoffices of each class at the 
close of the fiscal year 80 th of June, 1890 , with 
comparisons, was: 


CLASS. 

1890 . 

1889 . 

1872 . 

First. 

102 

517 

2 119 
59,663 

97 

497 

2,090 

56,315 


Second. 

Tfcdrd. 

1,200 

Fourth. 

30,663 

Total. 

62,401 

58,999 

31,863 


The number of new offices established in 1890 
was. 4,236 


The number of new offices established in 1889 
was. 2,770 


POINTS OF LAW. 

{By a Supreme Court Lawyer .) 

The advice on matters in the follow pages has 
been acquired at a great expense, and is absolutely 
correct. It can be relied upon as such. 

Lawyers’ fees can be saved, and much annoy¬ 
ance and expense avoided by acting on the advice 
given here.* 

negotiable instruments. 

Introduction .—The laws governing mercantile 
transactions, and particularly such as relate to 
negotiable instruments, are, in the main, of 
very ancient origin, and are derived for the 
most part from the well established usages of mer¬ 
chants, which have been adopted, sanctioned and 
confirmed by the courts, and in many instances. 





























redeclared by statue. These usages and customs consti¬ 
tute what is called, in the language of the books, the 
law-merchant. 

Promissory Notes .—A note of hand, as it is called, is 
a written promise to pay to a person certain, his order, 
or bearer, at a specified time, a given sum of money. To 
render it negotiable, that is, so that it may be transferred 
by endorsement or delivery, it must be payable to “order” 
or “bearer,” and unless these words appear it will not be 
negotiable. ’ Further, the promise must be absolute and 
uncoupled with any condition, and the time of payment 
must be certain and not dependent upon any contingency. 
Again, the promise must be for a definite sum and must 
be payable in money. These are all of the essence of 
negotiability. Failing in any of the foregoing particu¬ 
lars, the note may still be good as a contrac t, but it will 
not be a negotiable instrument. 

It may be written upon anything capable of receiving 
written characters, in any language susceptible of trans¬ 
lation, and with any substance that will leave a perma¬ 
nent mark; hence a note written in pencil is just as valid 
as one written with ink. It need not be dated, for deliv¬ 
ery gives it effect, although a dale is customary anc 
proper, and when no time is specified it is payable on 
demand. It need not be signed at the bottom, provided 
the name of the maker elsewhere appears and was written 
with intent to bind, as: “ I, John Smith, promise,” etc., 
but the better way is to subscribe the note. 

The payee must be named or designated, unless the 
note is drawn to bearer, and if drawn to the maker’s own 
order possesses no validity until he has indorsed it. A 
note payable to bearer is transferable by simple delivery 
and passes from hand to hand without anything 
further, and the same is true of a note payable to the 
payee’s order after he has indorsed it. In such a case 
any holder may wTite over such indorsement an order to 
pay to himself. But if indorsed in full, that is to pay to 
some person certain, it can only be transferred by the 
subsequent indorsement of such designated person. 

it is customary to write notes for “value receive^ a 
but this is not necessary, for a negotiable note re;j.orti h 
consideration, and, except as between the parties, want 


174 

of consideration cannot be shown if the note was negQti= 
sited in good faith and before maturity, while as between 
the parties consideration may always De disproved, even 
though expressed. The better practice, however, is to 
write them as expressing consideration. 

One who places his name on the back of a note as an 
indorser thereby enters into an undertaking with his 
assignee, as well as others into whose hands the note 
may come, that he will pay it if the maker does not; 
but he may protect himself against the claims of subse¬ 
quent indorsers by making his indorsement “ without 
recourse.” On the other hand, a party, by simply re¬ 
ceiving and passing a note while under a blank indorse¬ 
ment, and without putting his name to it, assumes no 
responsibility in relation to it. 

The holder or indorsee of a note has a right of action 
against every one whose name appears on the same, 
whether as maker or indorser, but it is his duty to present 
the note promptly at maturity and demand payment; if 
payment is refused, he should immediately notify the 
indorsers, and a failure so to do will, in most cases, dis¬ 
charge the indorser from liability. He should further use 
all reasonable means to compel payment by the maker 
before resorting to the indorsers, and the law only excuses 
Mm from this duty where at the time of maturity the 
maker is hopelessly insolvent and a suit against him would 
be unavailing. 

Prior to maturity, any person who takes a note with¬ 
out notice of any defect, and pays therefor a valuable 
consideration, will be protected against any equities 
existing in favor of the maker; but one who takes it as a 
mere volunteer, paying no value therefor, or one who 
receives it after it has become due, even though in good 
faith, and for value, will take it subject to all its infirm¬ 
ities, and any defense that would have been availing as 
against the payee may be interposed as to them. 

Due Bills are not distinguishable in general effect 
from promissory notes, and are governed by the same 
rules and assignable in the same manner. 

Certificates of Deposit are, in effect, promissory 
notes, and subject to the same rules and princinife# 
applicable to that class of paper. 


175 

Warehouse Receipts are not technically negotiable, but 
«ftnd in the place of the property itself; the delivery of the 
receipts has the same effect, in transferring the title to the 
property, as the delivery of the property itself. They are, 
however, frequently declared negotiable paper by statute. 

Dr opts .—The draft, or bill of exchange, is the oldest 
form of negotiable paper, and is* said to have existed as 
early as the first century. Drafts are governed by the 
sune general rules as notes, and all the remarks of the 
foregoing paragraphs concerning negotiability are equally 
applicable here. 

It is the duty of the holder of a bill to present it for 
acceptance without delay, and if it is payable at sight, or 
at a certain time after sight, no right of action will 

r rue against any person until it has been so presented. 

it be not accepted, when properly presented, or, if 
accepted, be not paid when due, the further duty devolves 
on the holder to have it regularly protested by a notary 
public. This is essential, however, only in case of foreign 
Dills, and is not required for inland exchange or notes. 
Simple notice in the latter case is sufficient. 

Checks. —A check on bank is a species of bill of ex¬ 
change, but is governed by somewhat different rules from 
the ordinary bill. It need not be presented for acceptance, 
for a bank is bound to pay at any time if it have funds of 
the drawer on deposit; nor is it material that the holder 
delay presentment for payment. A check should, how¬ 
ever, be presented immediately; this the drawer has & 
right to expect, and the delay is at the holder’s risk, few 
the bank fails in the meantime, the loss falls on him, if 
tile drawer had funds on deposit sufficient to have paid 
the check had it been timely presented. 

Certifying a check practically amounts to an acceptance 
and binds the bank as an acceptor. 

Checks should be drawn to order to guard against loss 
and theft, and at the same time it acts as a receipt of the 
payee. A check is not a payment until it has been cashed 
In paying a forged check the loss falls on the bank, 
which is bound to know the signature of its own deposit¬ 
ed, and, in like manner, if the check has been fraudu- 
Ieotly raised, the drawer is chargeable only with the 
original amount. 



INNS AND INN-KEEPERS. 

An Inn is a public house for the lodging and enter¬ 
tainment of travelers for compensation, and the person 
who conducts such house js called an inn-keeper. To 
enable him to obtain his compensation the law invests am 
inn-keeper with peculiar privileges, giving him a lien upon 
the personal property brought into the inn by the guest, 
and on the otner hand holds him to a strict degree of 
responsibility to the guest if the goods are lost or stolen. 

The essential character of an inn is, that it is open for 
all who may desire to visit it ; hence, a mere private 
boarding-house, or lodging-house, cannot, in any proper 
sense, be regarded as an inn; nor will a coffee-house or 
restaurant come within the term. A person who enter¬ 
tains travelers occasionally, although he may receive com¬ 
pensation, is not an inn-keeper, nor liable as such, pro¬ 
vided he does not hold himself out in that character. 

An Inn-keeper is bound to receive all travelers and 
wayiaring persons who may apply to him, and to provide 
entertainment for them, if he can accommodate them, 
unless they are drunk, or disorderly, or afflicted with con¬ 
tagious diseases. I f a person be disorderly he may not 
only refuse to receive him, but even after he has received 
him may eject him from the house. 

He is further bound to exercise a high degree of care 
over the person and property of his guests, and is held to 
a strict responsibility for all loss or damage which may 
occur through his negligence. This responsibility extend 
aot only to his own acts, and the acts of his servants, but 
also to the acts of his other guests. The liability of an 
mu-keeper commences from the time the goods arc 
brought into the inn or delivered to any of the inn-keep¬ 
er’s servants; and a delivery into the personal custody of 
;ke inn-keeper is not necessary in order to make him r«- 
sponsible. He is not liable for what are termed the acts 
A God, or the public enemy; nor for property destroyed 
^' .out his negligence by accidental fire; and, generally, 
Le inn-keeper will be exonorated if the negligence of tte 
truest occasion the loss in such a way that the loss wouf^l 
.ot have happened if the guest had used the ordinary care 
that a prudent man may be reasonably expected to have 
nnder the circumstances 


177 


The strict liability of an inn-keeper has been much 
modified by statute, particularly in regard to money and 
valuables, and where the inn-keeper provides, in the office 
or some other convenient place in the hotel, an iron safe 
for the keeping of money, jewels, etc., and notifies his 
guests of that fact, and the guest neglects to avail himself 
of the opportunity thus afforded, the inn-keeper will not 
be liable tor the losses sustained by the guest by theft or 
otherwise. 

A guest , in the restricted and legal sense of that term, 
is the only person who is entitled to the privileges of 
protection, and to entitle him to this he must have the 
character of a traveler, a mere sojourner or temporary 
lodger, in distinction from one who engages for a fixed 
period, and at a certain agreed rate; but if a party is in 
fact a wayfarer, and his visit is only transient, it matters 
not how long he remains, provided he retains this charac¬ 
ter Thus, regular boarders by the week or month are 
not guests, nor are they entitled to the privileges of guests; 
and on the other hand, in the absence of an enabling 
statute, the landlord is not, as to them, an inn-keeper, 
and as such entitled to a lien on their effects for his com¬ 
pensation. 

COMMON CARRIERS. 


Generally.— A common carrier is one who undertakes 
for hire to transport the persons or goods of such as 
choose to employ him, from one point to another, and 
who does this as a business. The law,compels lnm to 
take the goods or persons of all who may apply and to 
make due transport of them; it gives him a lien on such 
goods or on the baggage of passengers for his compensa¬ 
tion, but at the same time holds him liable for all loss or 
injury, even though occurring without any fault or neg¬ 
lect on his part. Included under this head are dray and 
truckmen, hackmen, stage coach, railway and steamboat 
companies, and indeed all who hold themselvesout » 
transporters, either of persons or goods, whether by land 
or water. 

Carriers of Passengers.-K carrier of passengers 
bound to receive all who apply; to treat all alike, p 
provide proper carriages and not to overload them r te 


If* 


it op a.t proper intervals for rest or food; to carry his 
passengers over the whole route contracted for, and to 
exercise the utmost care in protecting them from peril 
while on the journey. Failing in any of these particulars 
he ic responsible, not only to the extent of the actual 
damage caused thereby, but frequently for pain and 
injury to the feelings. 

In the sale of a ticket for transportation the foregoing 
is the implied agreement on the part of the carrier, and 
the*passenger on the other hand accepts such ticket and 
contracts for passage subject to the reasonable regulations 
of the company. 

A carrier of passengers is liable for any loss or damage 
to the baggage of his passengers, but only to the extent 
of what may reasonably and naturally be carried as bag¬ 
gage. This would not include large sums of money, nor 
merchandise, and, as a rule, damages in this respect are 
limited to such articles of necessity and personal conve¬ 
nience as are usually carried by travelers. Nor will the 
carrier be liable for any baggage not delivered to him or 
his servants; and hence, if the passenger keeps his bag¬ 
gage about his person, or in his own hands, or within his 
sight and immediate control, he assumes the risk of loss, 
anti, the carrier will not be held liable unless himself in 
fault i 

Carriers of Goods .—A common carrier is an insurer 
of the safe transportation and delivery of all property in¬ 
trusted to him for carriage, except as against such losses 
as are caused by the immediate act of God or the public 
enemy, and this liability continues until the goods have 
arrived at their destination and for a reasonable time after 
they* are unloaded. But after safe delivery in the freight 
depot of the carrier and a reasonable time has elapsed for 
thin; removal, and particularly if notice of their arrival 
has been given to the consignee, the liability of the carrier 
as .such ceases, and he will hold the property as a ware¬ 
houseman only. In this latter event ne will be bound to 
no more than ordinary care. 

>The acts of God are held to extend only to such inevit¬ 
able accidents as occur without the intervention pf man's 
agSUcy- Hence, the carrier is not responsible for losses 
occurring from natural causes, such as frost, feraeaU- 




• i 7 9 

lion, evaporation or natural decay of perishable articles, 
nor for the natural and necessary wear in the course of 
transportation, provided he exercises all reasonable care 
to have the loss or deterioration as little as practicable. 

Carriers, both by land and water, are bound to take 
the goods of all who offer, and if they refuse, without 
just excuse, are liable to an action; yet they may restrict 
Weir business within such limits as they may deem expe¬ 
dient, and are not bound to accept goods out of the usual 
line of their business. They may also qualify thetv 
responsibility by notice brought to the knowledge of the 
shipper and assented to by him, but cannot even then 
excuse gross negligence on their part. 

Warehousemen are persons who receive goods and 
merchandise to be stored for hire, and is the character 
sustained by a carrier after the goods have reached their 
destination. A warehouseman is bound to use ordinary 
care in preserving such goods and merchandise, and his 
neglect so to do will render him liable for any damage 
that may accrue. His liability commences as soon as the 
goods arrive at the warehouse. 

Sleeping Cars .—Though sleeping cars are, compara¬ 
tively, a modern invention, their wide use and general 
adoption by the public has already created quite a vol¬ 
uminous mass of law upon the subject, and the rights, 
hoth of the companies and the public, have become tol¬ 
erably well defined. The service of the railway com¬ 
panies and of the sleeping car companies, though 
rtpdered in connection, are entirely separate and distinct. 
The business of the former is to furnish transportation, 
of the latter to provide accommodations that travelers 
may sleep, and in so doing they deal only with persons 
who are provided with tickets entitling them to trans¬ 
portation by the railway company over whose lines they 
operate. 

The sleeping car companies are not common carriers, 
hke the railway companies, nor are they subject to the 
duties or responsibilities of carriers, nor can tney be con¬ 
sidered as inn-keepers, though performing many of their 
offices, They are not, therefore, insurers of the safety 
of all property taken into the car by one who has pur¬ 
chased the use of a berth. They are. however, bound to 


i So 


afford protection to a sleeping passenger, and to exercise 
a reasonable care that he does not suffer loss. The 
faithful performance of this undertaking is the limit of 
their duty in this respect. They must keep a watch dur¬ 
ing the night to see that no unauthorized persons intrude 
themselves into the car, and take reasonable care to 
prevent thefts by the occupants; failing in this, they are 
liable for neglect. 

The measure of their liability is limited to the value of 
such articles as are usually and ordinarily carried for 
comfort and convenience: the small articles usually 
carried in the hand, the clothing and personal ornaments 
of the passenger, and a reasonable sum of money for 
traveling expenses. 

The nature of the employment of the sleeping car 
companies is public, and in this respect is the same as a 
common carrier or inn-keeper. They must treat all 
persons with fairness, and without unjust discrimination. 
Where there are berths not engaged, it is their duty to 
furnish them to unobjectionable applicants on tend 4 * of 
the customary price. 

The passenger, when he is assigned a berth, impiliedly 
agrees to conduct himself in a quiet and orderly manner, 
to take good care of the berth while in his possession, 
and surrender the same at the end of his journey tsi as 
good condition as when assigned to him, necessary wear 
excepted. The company, on the other hand, impliedly 
agrees that it will use ordinary and proper means to pre¬ 
serve order in the car during the journey, and especially 
luring the sleeping hours; that it will furnish such con¬ 
veniences as are necessary to the health and comfort of 
the passenger and permit him to quietly and peaceably 
occupy the berth engaged by him during the journey. 

THE LAW OF THE ROAD. 

General Principles .—To prevent collisions, and to se¬ 
cure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and 
passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has 
been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of 
the road. ~ These rules, originally established by custom, 
have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by 
statute, and are of general and uniform observance in all 


pans of the United States. In general, they apply to 
private ways, as well as public roads, and, indeed, extend 
to all places appropriated, either by law or in fact, for 
the purposes of travel. 

Tne fundamental rule, applicable alike to all who use a 
traveled way, is, that every person must exercise reason¬ 
able care, adapted to the place and circumstances, to 
prevent collision and avoid accidents, and to this all other 
rules are subsidiary. No one will be entitled to redress for an 
injury sustained on the highway where his own negligence 
contributed to such injury, nor will the fact that a fellow- 
traveler fails to observe the law in the use of the road 
absolve another who is in the right from the duty of ex¬ 
ercising ordinary care to avoid injury to himself or to 
prevent injury to the party who is in the wrong. At the 
same time, a person lawfully using a public highway has a 
right to assume that a fellow-traveler will observe the Jaw 
and exercise ordinary care and prudence, and to govern 
his own conduct in determining his use of the road 
accordingly. This assumption he may rely on, not to 
justify carelessness on his own part, but to warrant him in. 
oursuing his business in a convenient manner. 

Vehicles .—It is a primary rule that vehicles meeting on 
a highway must bear or keep to the right. This, how¬ 
ever, applies only to passing vehicles, for a person having 
before him the entire road free from carriages or other 
obstructions, and having no notice of any carriage behktd 
him, is at liberty to travel upon any part of the way as 
suits his convenience or pleasure, and no blame can be 
imputed to him. But while a traveler may well occupy 
any part of the road if no other is using any portion of jfc, 
he must, upon all occasions of the meeting of another, 
reasonably turn to the right; and in all cases of a crowded 
condition of a thoroughfare must keep to the right of the 
center or traveled part of the way. A driver may, indeed, 
pass on the left side of the road, or across it, for the pur¬ 
pose of stopping at a house, a store, or other object oa 
that side; but he must not interfere or obstruct another 
lawfully passing on that side; and if he does, he acts at 
his peril, and must answer for the consequences of bis 
dotation of duty. In such case he must pass before i>i 
vait until the person on that side of the way has passed no 


:82 


Where two drivers are moving m the same direction, 
the one in advance is entitled to the road, provided he 
does not obstruct it, and is not bound to turn out for the 
o1;her if there is room for the latter to pass on either 
side ; if, however, there is not sufficient room to pass, the 
foremost traveler should yield an equal share of tne road, 
on request made, if that is practicable. If it is not prac¬ 
ticable, then they must defer passing until they reach 
more favorable grounds. If the leading traveler then 
refuses to comply with the request to permit the other to 
pass him, he will be answerable for such refusal. Ordi¬ 
narily, when a driver attempts to pass another on a 
public road, he does so at his peril, and will be held 
responsible for all damages which he causes to the one 
whom he attempts to pass, and whose right to the proper 
,jse of the road is as great as his, unless the latter is 
guilty of such recklessness, or even gross carelessness, as 
would bring disaster upon himself. 

' The rule requiring persons meeting upon the highway 
to keep to the right is not imperative, however, and where 
a driver cannot safely turn to the right on meeting another 
vehicle, the law will absolve him from negligence in not 
attempting impossibilities; but where it is not practica¬ 
ble to pass to the right, either of the travelers should 
stop a reasonable time until the other passes; nor will 
the rule apply in the winter season, when the depth of 
snow renders it difficult or impossible to ascertain where 
the center of the road is. In such cases the center of the 
road is the beaten or traveled track, without reference to 
the worked part of the road. Again, the rule does not 
apply when one vehicle is passing along one street and 
another is passing into said street from a cross street. 

A traveler is bound to keep his harness and carriage in 
good condition, and is liable for any damage that may 
result from a failure to do so; he must not drive at an 
immoderate rate of speed, and must yield the road to a 
heavier or loaded vehicle. 

Equestrians are not governed by the same stringent rules 
that apply to drivers of vehicles, and usually all that is 
required of them is to exercise prudent care under the 
crating circumstances. They need not turn out ia any 
particular direction on meeting another horseman or a 


183 

vehicle, but in crowded thoroughfares must keep to th% 
proper side in passing, and must yield the traveled part 
of tne road to a wagon. 

Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as 
well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reasonable 
care to avoid injuring them, but a foot-passenger in 
crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way 
over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with 
prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the 
duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as 
it is for the driver to see that he does not run over 
any one; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to 
the right apply to carriages and foot-passengers, for, as 
regards a foot-passenger, a carriage may go on either 
side. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

The relation of landlord and tenant exists by virtue of 
a contract for the use or occupation or lands or tene¬ 
ments, either for a definite period, for life, or at will. It 
is usually created by express contract, but its existence 
will be implied by law whenever there is an ownership 
©f land on the one hand and an occupation of it by per¬ 
mission on the other. In every such case it will be pre¬ 
sumed that the occupant intends to compensate the owner 
for such use. While the relation may be inferred from a 
variety of circumstances, the most obvious acknowledg¬ 
ment is the payment of rent. If a tenant under an express 
contract hold over after the termination ©f his term, the 
landlord may consider him as a tenant, and, indeed, is so 
miderstood, unless he takes some steps to eject him. If 
the landlord receives rent from him, or by any other act 
admits the tenancy, a new leasing begins, and can only 
be terminated by a proper notice to quit. 

The rights and obligations of the parties are usually 
considered as having commenced from the date of the 
lease, if there be one, and no other time has been desig¬ 
nated as the commencement of the tenancy, or, if there 
be no date from the delivery of the papers, and if there 
be no writings, from the time the tenant entered inta 

possession. . 

The Landlord is bound to protect the possession d 


184 

hiS tenant, and to defend him against every one asserting 
a paramount right. Nor can the landlord do any act 
Himself calculated to disturb the enjoyment of the tenant, 
lie must, unless otherwise agreed, pay all taxes and assess¬ 
ments on the property, and all other charges of hi6 own 
creationjand if the tenant, in order to protect himself in the 
enjoyment of the land, is compelled to make a payment 
■which should have been made by the landlord, he may 
call upon his landlord to reimburse him, or deduct the 
amount from the rent. 

The landlord has no right of possession during the con¬ 
tinuance of the lease, nor indeed any substantial right's 
in the property further than such as may be necessary to 
protect his r-'^rionary interests. He may go upon the 
premises peaceably and during reasonable hours, for the 
purpose of viewing snirm «.nd ascertaining whether any 
waste or irjury has Deeu committed, and may make such 
repair? as are necessary to prevent waste; but he is under 
np ooligation to make any repairs, nor does he guarantee 
that the premises are reasonably fit for the purposes for 
which they were taken. Nor can the tenant make any 
repairs at the expense of the landlord in the absence of a 
special agreement. 

flie tenant is entitled to all the rights incident to 
possession, and to the use c*f all the privileges appendant 
to the land, and, on the other hand!, is personally liable 
for any misuse of same, or any nuisance or obstruction 
he may erect. He must use thf premises in such a man¬ 
ner that no substantial injury shall be done them, and 
that they may levert to the landlord at the end of the 
term unimpaired by any negligent or willful conduct on 
his part. He must keep the premises in fair repair at his 
own expense, but is not bemud to rebuild structures which 
have accidentally become ruinous during his occupation; 
lor is he answerable.' for incidental wear and tear, nor 
Accidental fire, or flood. 

He must further punctually pay the rent reserved, or 
if none have been specifically reserved, then such reason¬ 
able compensation as the premises are fairly worth. In 
the absence of special agreement he must pay only for the 
time he has had the beneficial enjoyment, but if he has 
agreed to pay for an entire term, as a- rule nothin** short 


of an eviction will excuse him from such payment. In 
he is evicted by a third person, or if the landlord annoys 
him by the erection of a nuisance, or renders the preim 
fees untenantable, or makes his occupation so uncomfort' 
able as to justify his removal, he will be discharged from 
the payment of rent. 

The rights and liabilities of the relation are not con' 
fined to the immediate parties, but attach to all persons 
to whom the estate is transferred, or who may succeed to 
the possession of the premises. A landlord may not 
violate his tenant’s rights by a sale of the property, nor 
can the tenant avoid his responsibility by assigning his 
term. The purchaser of the property becomes, in one 
case, the landlord, with all his rights and remedies, while 
in the other the assignee of the tenant assumes all the 
responsibilities of the latter, but the original lessee is not 
thereby discharged from his obligations. 

The tenancy may be terminated in a variety of ways, 
If for a definite time, or conditioned on the happening of 
a certain event, it explfres by its own limitation, and 
usually, when depending upon the express conditions of a 
lease, no notice to quit is necessary. If from year to 
year, or at will, a notice is always necessary. This must 
be in writing, and explicitly require the tenant to surren¬ 
der up the premises. It must be served upon the tenant 
and afford the statutory notice in regard to time. A 
breach of any of the covenants of the lease will forfeit 
the tenant’s rights, and when a tenancy has been termi¬ 
nated, by whatever cause, the landlord’s right to re-ente? 
becomes absolute. 


The largest bell in the world is the great bell of Mos¬ 
cow, at the foot of the Kremlin. Its circumference at 
the bottom is nearly 68 feet, and its height more than 21 
feet. In its stoutest it is 23 inches thick, and its 

weight has been computed to Oc <*43.772 lbs. It ha? 
never been hung, and was probably cast or. the spot 
where it now stands. A piece of the bell is broken off 
The fracture is supposed to have been occasioned by 
water having been tnrown upon it when heated h v the 
building erected over it being on fire. 



186 


LO! THE POOR INDIAN! 


The total Indian population of the United States, ex¬ 
clusive of Alaska, but including 32,567 counted in the 
general census, being the taxed or taxable Indians, num¬ 
bers 249,273. The following table gives the division of 
the Indians in detail: 


Indians on Reservations or at Schools, under Control of 

the Indian Office (not taxed or taxable). 133,382 

Indians Incidentally under the Indian Office, and Self- 
supporting : 

The Five Civilized Tribes, Indians and Colored: 


CIVILIZED TRIBES. 

Cherokee Indians.... 25,357 
Chickasaw Indians .. 3,464 

Choctaw Indians .... 9,996 

Creek Indians. 9,291 

Seminole Indians.... 2,539 


COLORED. I TOTAL. 

4,242 29,599 

3,718 7,182 

4,401 14,397 

5,341 14,632 

22 2,561 


, 68,371 

Deduct number of colored persons 
probably not members of tribes 

(estimated). 3.500 

- 64,871 

Indians other than Chickasaws in that Nation. 1,161 

Indians other than Choctaws in that Nation. 257 

Population of the Five Civilized tribes: 

Indians. 52,065 

Colored Indian Citizens and Claim¬ 
ants . 14,224 


Total . 66,289 

Pueblos of New Mexico. 

Six Nations, Saint Regis, and other Indians of New 

York. 

Eastern Cheiokees of North Carolina. 

Indians Taxed or Taxable, and Self-sustaining Citizens, 
counted in the General Census (98 per cent not on 

resevations). 

Indians under Control of the War Department, Prisoners 

of War (Apaches at Mount Vernon Barracks). 

Indians in State or Territorial Prisons.. 


8,278 

5.304 

2,885 

32,567 

384 

184 


Total 


249,273 


HIGHER EDUCATION. 

There are, in the United States (1892): 

415 Universities and Colleges of Liberal Arts; 
7,918 Instructors are employed by them; 

118,581 Students attending them. 

$8,635,385 is the value of their Scientific Apparatus. 
864,259,344, the value of Grounds and Buildings; 
$10,801,918, their total yearly Income. 






















187 


THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Fleet. 

First Rate (battle ships), none built. 4 building.= 4 

Second Rate (3.000 tons or over), 11 built. 12 building. ... = 23 
Third Rate (1,000 tons or over), 30 built, 0 building.. ..... = 30 
Fourth Rate (gunboats less than 1.000 tons) 0 built, 1 bldg. = 7 

Torpedo Boats. 3 built, 1 building. = 4 

Tugs. Freight Boats, etc, 12 built, 3 building.= 15 

Sailing Ships. 6 built. = 0 

Receiving Ships, 8 built. — 8 

Unserviceable Ships. 8 built.= 8 


Grand Total. Ill 


ALPHABETICAL LIST of tiie 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th CLASS SHIPS. 


NAME. 

! CLASS. 

TONS 

DIS¬ 

PLACE¬ 

MENT. 

HORSE 

power. 

.PROPULSION. 

|: ; 

03 

£ 

P 

rh 

CON 

DITIOX. 

Adams. 

3 

1,375 

550 

Screw 


AVood. 

Alert. 

3 

1.020 

365 

Screw 

4 

Iron. 

Alliance. 

3 

1,375 

668 

Screw 

(5 

Wood. 

Amphytrite. 

2 

3,090 

1,600 

Twin screws 

6 

Building 

Atlanta. 

2 

3,189 

4,030 

Screw 

8 

Steel. 

Ajax. 

3 

2,100 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Baltimore. 

2 

4,600 

10,064 

Twin screws 

10 

Steel 

Bennington. 

2 

1,700 

3,436 

Twin screws 

6 

Steel 

Boston. 

2 

3,189 

4.030 

Screw 

8 

Steel. 

Canonicus. 

3 

2,100 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Catskill. 

3 

1,875 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Charleston. 

2 

4,040 

0,666 

Twin screws 

8 

Steel. 

Chicago... 

2 

4,500 

5.084 

Twin screws 

14 

Steel. 

-Cincinnati. 

2 

3.183 

10.000 

Twin screws 

11 

Building 

Comanche. 

3 

1.875 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Concord. 

3 

1,700 

3,405 

Twin screws 

6 

Steel. 

Detroit. 

3 

2,000 

5.400 

Twin screws 

10 

Building 

Dolphin. 

3 

1,485 

2.440 

Screw 

2 

Steel. 

Enterprise. 

3 

1.375 

790 

Screw 

6 

Wood 

Essex. 

3 

1,375 

505 

Screw 

6 

Wood 

Iroquois. 

3 

1,575 

1,202 

Screw 

7 

Wood. 

Indiana. 

1 

10,200 

9.000 

Twin screws 

16 

Building 

Jason . 

3 

1.875 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Kearsarge. 

3 

1,550 

843 

Screw 

7 

Wood 

Lancaster. 

2 

3,250 

7,333 

Screw 

10 

Wood 

Lehigh. 

3 

1,875 

340 

Screw 

2 

Iron. 

Machias. 

3 

1.050 

1,600 

Twin screws 

8 

Building 

Mahopac. 

3 

2,100 

340 

Screw 

r> 

tml 

Iron. 

Maine. 

2 

0.648 

9,000 

Twin screws 

10 

Building 

Manhattan. 

3 

2.100; 

340 

Screw 

AJ 

Iron. 

Marion. 

3 

1,900 

753 

Screw 

8 

Wood. 

Massachusetts... 

1 

1 0 ,200 1 

9,060 

Twin screws 

16 

Building. 

Miantonomoh... . 

2 

3.990 

1.426 1 

Twin screws 

4 

Iron. 

Michigan . 

4 

6851 

805 

Paddle 

4 

Iron. 






























































188 


United States Fleet—Alphabetical List— Continued. 


NAM K. 

Ifl 

M 

< 

a 

W 

TONS 

DIS¬ 

PLACE¬ 

MENT. 

HOUSE 

POWER. 

PROPULSION. 

X. 

X 

'*-> 

o 

con¬ 

dition. 

Mohican. 

3 

1,900 

013 

Screw 

10 

Wood. 

Monadnock. 

2 

3.990 

3.000 

Twin screws 

0 

Buildinj. 


3 

1,875 

340 

Screw 

*> 

Iron. 

Monterey. 

9 

4,138' 

5.400 

Twin screws 

4 

Building. 

Montgomery . . 

3 

2,000 

5,400 

Twin screws 

10 

Building. 

Nahant. 

3 

1.875 

340 

Screw 


Iron. 

Nantucket. 

3 

1,875 

340 

Screw 

*> 

mJ 

Iron. 

Newark. 

2 

4,083 

8.809 

Twin screws 

12 

Steel. 

New York . 

2 

8,150 

1.0500 

Twiii screws 

18 

Building. 

No. 1. 

3 

2,183 

4,800 

Twin screws 


Building. 

No. 0. 

3 

1,050 

1,000 

Twin screws 

10 

Building. 

No. 0. 

O 

5,500 

13.500 

Twin screws 

14 

Building. 

No. 11 . 

3 

2,000 

5,400 

Twin screws 

10 

Building. 

No. 12 . 

2 

7,350 

21.000 

Ti ipple sere’s 

11 

Building . 

No. 13 . 

2 

7,350 

21,000 

Tripple sere’s 

11 

Building. 

Oregon . 

i 

10,200 

9.000 

Twin screws 

10 

Building. 

Palos . 

4 

420 

240 

Screw 

0 

Iron. 

Passaic. 

3 

1,875 

340 

Screw 

*> 

Iron. 

Pensacola. 

2 

3.000 

080 

Screw 

18 

Wood. 

Petrel. 

4 

890 

1.513 

Screw 

4 

Steel. 

Philadelphia. 

o 

& 

4,324 

8.815 

Twin screws 

12 

Steel. 

Pinta . 

4 

550 

190 

Screw 

4 

Iron. 

Puritan . 

2 

0,000 

3.700 

Twin screws 

10 

Iron. 

■Raleigh . 

o 

3,183 

10.000 

Twin screws 


Building. 

Ranger . 

3 

1.020 

305 

Screw 

• * • • 

Iron. 

Richmond . 

3 

2,700 

900 

Screw 

14 

Wood. 

San Francisco _ 

2 

4.083 

10,400 

Twin screws 

12 

Steel. 

Terror . 


3,990 

; i ,ooo 

Twin screws 

4 

Building. 

Texas. 

i 

0,300 

8.000 

Twin screws 

8 

Building. 

Thetis. 

3 

1,250 

490 

Screw 

.... 

Wood. 

Vesuvius . 

4 

930 

3,795 

Twin screws 

3 

Steel. 

Yantic. 

4 

900 

225 

Screw 

4 

Wood. 

Yorktown. 

1 3 

1,700 

3,000 

Twin screws 

0 

Steel. 


Stations. 

North Atlantic. —Philadelphia (Flair ship): Miantonomoh; (.'un¬ 
cord; Kearsarge; Vesuvius. 

Pacific. —San Francisco (Flag 1 ship); Pensacola; Charleston; Boston; 

Baltimore; Mohican; Iroquois: Yorktown. 

Asiatic. —Lancaster (Flagship); Marion-. Alliance. Monocacy; Alert; 
Petrel; Palos. 

South Atlantic.— Chicago; Atlanta; Bennington; Essex; Yantic. 
Apprentice Training Ships. —Moriongahela; Portsmouth; James¬ 
town. 

Navy Yards. 

Portsmouth, N. H.; Boston, Mass.; Newport. K. I.; New London, 
Conn.; League Island; Washington. D. C.; Norfolk, Vi.; Brooklyn, 
N. V.; Pensacola, Fla., Mare Island, Cal. 























































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11)1 


INTEREST LAWS AND STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 


STATES AND TEBKI- 
TOKIES. 

INTEREST LAWS. 

STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS. 

Legal 

Kate. 

per ct 

Kate 

Allowed by 
' Contract, 
j per ct. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, 
Y ears. 

Open 

Ac¬ 

counts, 

Years. 

Alabama. 

8 

8 

20 

0 

3 

Arkansas.. 

ti 

10 

10 

n 


Arizona. 

10 

Any rate. 

2 

A 

2 

California. 

7 

Any. rate. 

5 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

10 

Any rate. 

0 

0 

0 

Connecticut. 

0 

0 

17 

17 

0 

Delaware. 

0 

0 

21 

0 

8 

District of Columbia... 

0 

10 

12 

A 

3 

Florida. 

8 

Any rate. 

20 

5 

3 

Georgia. 

rr 

i 

8 

7 

7 

4 

Idaho. 

10 

18 

0 

5 

4 

Illinois. 

t) 

8 

7 

20 

5 

Indiana. 

0 

8 

20 

10 

6 

Iowa. 

0 

10 

20 

10 

5 

Kansas . 

7 

12 

5 

5 

3 

Kentucky..,. 

0 

10 

15 

15 

O 

M 

Louisiana . 


8 

10 

0 

3 

Maine . 

0 

Any rate. 

20 

6 

0 

Maryland. 

6 

l> 

12 

A 

3 

Massachusetts . 

0 

Ally rate. 

20 

a 

0 

Michigan. 

7 

10 

0 

0 

2 

Minnesota . 

7 

10 

10 

o 

0 

Mississippi. 

o 

10 

7 

o 

3 

Missouri . 

0 

10 

5 

10 

5 

Montana . 

10 

Anv rate. 

0 

0 

2 

Nebraska . 

7 

10 

5 

5 

5 

Nevada . 

10 

Any rate. 

0 

0 

4 

New Hampshire . 

6 

0 

20 

0 

0 

New Jersey . 

ti 

0 

20 

0 

0 

New Mexico . 

0 

12 

15 

0 

4 

New York * . 

6 

0 

20 

0 

0 

North Carolina. 

0 

8 

10 

A 

3 

North Dakota. 

7 

10 

20 

0 

0 

Ohio. 

H 

8 

5 

15 

0 

Oklahoma. 

7 

12 




Oregon. 

8 

10 

10 

U 

1 

Pennsylvania. 

li 

0 

5 

0 

0 

Rhode Island. 

0 

Any rate. 

20 

0 

0 

South Carolina. 

7 

Any rate. 

10 

0 

0 

South Dakota. 

7 

12 

20 

(j 

0 

Tennessee. 

6 

10 

10 

o 

0 

Texas. 1 

8 

12 

15 

4 


Utah. 

10 

Any rate. 

5 

4 

2 

Vermont. 

0 

0 

8 

0 

0 

Virginia . 

0 

8 

10 

5 

*> 

Washington.. 

10 

Any rate. 

0 

u 

3 

VVest Virginia.; 

t> 

0 

10 

10 

3 

Wisconsin . . j 

7 i 

10 

20 

(5 

0 

Wyoming.1 

12 j 

Any rate. ; 

5 

5 

4 


* New York has, by a recent law, legalized any rate of interest 
on call loans of $5,000 or upward, on collateral security. 









































































PHOTOGRAPHING UNDER WATER. 

It is quite possible to take photographs under water. 
In 1883 a submarine observatory was constructed by 
Sig. Toselti, at Naples, enabling visitors to see the bottom 
of the sea. It was a steel chamber, with plate-glass 
floors, and a collapsing float to sink it to different depths. 
It carried eight persons, and was illuminated inside by 
electric light, while telephones communicated with the 
shore. It was of course quite possible to take photo¬ 
graphs inside it beneath the water. 

Photographing under water has actually been carried 
out. Experiments were made in 1889 in the Mediter¬ 
ranean to ascertain how far daylight penetrated un&er 
water. In very clear water, near Corsica, and 18 miles 
from land, the limit of daylight was found, by means of 
photographic plates, to be 1.580 feet. 


Value of Merchandise and of Gold and Silver Coin 
and Bullion imported [into and exported from 
the United States from 1870 to 1888, inclusive; 
also annual excess of imports or of exports—specie 
values. 


Year 
ending 
lune 30. 

Total 

exports. 

Imports. 

Excess of 
exports 
over 
imports. 

Excess of 
imports 
over 
exports. 

1870 .... 

1450,927,434 

$462,377,587 


$ 11,450,153 

1871 .... 

^41,262,166 

541,493,708 

640,338,766 


23b542 

1872 .... 

524,055,120 

607,088,490 


116,283,646 

1873 .... 

663,617,147 

$ 57.052,197 

56,528,651 

1874 .... 

652,913,445 

595,861,248 


1875 .... 

605,574.853 

553,906,153 

91,668,700 


18.76 .... 

596,890,973 

476,677,871 

120,213,102 


18V7 • • • • 

658,637,457 

492,097,540 

166,539,917 


1878 .... 

728,605,891 

466,872,846 

261,733,045 


1879 .... 

735 , 436,882 

466,073,775 

269,363,107 

.- 

1880 ... 

852,781,577 

921,784,193 

799,959,736 

760,989,056 

7 S'*. 240.12^ 

91,792,521 

168,544,068 

32,847,772 


1882 .... 

767,111,964 


1883 .... 

855 , 659,735 

751,670,305 

103,989,430 

. - 

1884 .... 

807,646,992 

705,123,955 

102,523,037 

163,651,628 


1885 .... 

784,421,280 

620,769,652 


1886 .... 

75 T > 988,240 

674,029,792 

77,958,448 

309,658 

1887 .... 

752,180,902 

752,490,560 

. 

1 m .... 

742,368,822 

783,217,799 


40,848,977 







































193 


UNITED STATES CUSTOM DUTIES. 


(ABRIDGED.) 


free on Consular cer¬ 
tificates. 

20 per cent. 

40 cts per gallon 
20 cents per gallon 
25 per cent 


Animals for breeding purposes.■ 

11 otherwise. 

Ale, Porter and Beer, in bottles. 

“ “ “ in casks. 

Beoks, charts, new. 

“ “ for Colleges, Libraries, 

or printed more than 20 years, or 
in use abroad more than one year 

and not for sale. free 

Boots, Shoes, Leather. 35 per cent 

Bronze, manufactures of..!. 45 per cent 

Carpets, Aubusson, Axminster, and j 60 cts per sq yd and 

all woven whole for room.j 40 per cent 

“ Brussels, Tapestry, printed on ) 28 cts per sq yd and 
the warp, or otherwise. 

“ Brussels, figured or plain.-j 

“ Saxony, Wilton & Tomay Vel¬ 
vet, wrought by the Jacquard ma¬ 
chine. 

“ Treble Ingrain, three ply, and] *4 

Worsted China Venetian.| 40 per cent 

“ Velvet, Patent or Tapestry, j 40 cts per sq yd and 
printed on the warp or otherwise I 40 ner cent 

Carriages. 

China-Porcelain and Parian Ware,plain 
“ Gilded, ornamented or decorated 

Cigars, Cheroots, and Cigarettes.... 

Clocks. 

Clothing, wholly or in part wool.... 

“ Linen .. 

“ Silk component. 

“ All other descriptions.... 

Coal and Coke, bituminous. 

(Soral, cut or manufactured. 

Cutlery, Table, etc. . 


40 per cent 
44 cts per sq yd and 
40 per cent 

60 cts per sq yd and 
40 per cent 

19 cts per sq yd and 
40 npr rent 


per 


Pen, Jack and Pocket Knives.. 


J vto pc* cv 

40 per cent 
35 per cent 
55 per cent 
60 per cent 
$4.50 per lb and 25 
cent 
45 per cent 

44 cts per ft> and 50 
per cent 
40 per cent 
50 per cent 
35 per cent 
75 cts per ton 
25 per cent 
10 cts to $5 per doz 
and 30 per cent 
12 cts to $2 per doz. 
and 50 ner cent 


3 CIS in pei 

) and 50 per cent 
Diamonds and other precious stones, J per cent 

“ Unset. 10 per cent 

“ Set. 50 per cent 

Engravings. 25 per cent 

Furniture.. 36 per cent 

Furs, manufactured....,. 35 per cent 































194 


Gilt and plated ware, etc...... 

Glass ware... 

Gloves, Kid.:.. 

Gold and silver ware, etc. 

Guns... 

Hay... 

Household effects, in use abroad one 

year and not for sale... 

Instruments, professional and in use... 

Iron, Pig and Scrap. 

Jewelry—Gold, Silver or imitation. 

“ Jet and Imitation of. 

Laces, Silk.. 

Silk and Cotton. 

“ Thread.. 

Leather, manufactures of.. 

Linen—Table, Toweling, etc.... 

Machinery, brass or iron ... 

“ copper or steel... 

Oils—Animal.;. 

“ Castor.. 

“ Olive. 

Paintings.. 

“ if work of an American artist. 

“ Frames for ditto... 

Photographs. 

Pipes—Meerschaum, Wood, and of all 
other material, except common 

clay . 

Prints or Engravings... 

Rubber Boots, Shoes, and other articles 
Wholly of rubber (not fabrics).... 
“ Braces, Suspenders, Webbing, 

etc,, unless in part silk... 

“ Silk, Cotton, Worsted or Leather 

Saddles and Harness... 

Shawls—S-ilk. 

“ Camel’s Hair or other wool. 

Silk—Dress and Piece. 

Smokers’ Articles.. 

Snuff. 

Soap—Castile... 

“ Fancy, Perfumed, Toilet and 

Windsor.. 

Statuary, Marble.. 

Stereoscopic views, on glass or paper.. 

Spirits—Brandy, Whisky, Gin. etc. 

Umbrellas—’Silk or Alpaca. 

Velvet—Silk. 


Velvet -Cotton or mostly cotton 


35 per cent 
60 per cent 
50 per cent 
45 per cent 
25 per cent 
$4 per ton 

-j free 
free 

A, cts per lb 
50 per cent 
25 per cent 
60 per cent # 
50 per cent 
35 per cent 
35 per cent 
35 per cent 
45 per cent 
45 per cent 
30 per cent 
80 cts per gallon. 
35 cts per gallon. 
15 per cent 
free 

35 per cent 
25 per cent 


70 per cent 
25 per cent 

30 per cent 

j 60 cts per ft and 60 
( per cent 
50 per cent 
35 per cent 
60 per cent 

j 35 cts per ft arid 40 
1 per cent 
50 per cent 
70 per cent 
50 cts per ft 
cts per ft 

20 per cent 

15 per cent 

60 per cent 

$2.50 per proof gallon 

55 per cent 

j $3.50 per ft and 15 per 
l cen t 

j $1.50 per ft and 15 per 
( cent 









































195 


Watchee ..... 25 per cent 

Wines—All still Wiues, such as Sherry 50 cts per gallon 

Claret, or Hock, in casks. $ 1.60 per case 

Ditto, in bottles of 1 pint and less. 1.60 per case 

Ditto, in bottles of over 1 pint and 

less than 1 quirt. 1.70 per doz 

All Champagnes and Sparkling Wines 

in bottles of % pints or less. 2.00 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over Vi pint and 

not more than 1 pint. 4.00 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over 1 pint and 

not more than 1 quart. 8;00 per doz 

Ditto, in bottles of over 1 quart(extra) 2.50 per gallon 


ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. 

Actors’ costumes and effects intended for personal 
use. 

Animals for breeding purposes. 

Antiquities not for sale. 

Articles and tools of trade. 

Art works of American artists. 

Bed feathers. 

Birds, land and water fowl. 

Books printed over 20 years. 

Books printed in other than the English language. 
Coal—anthracite. 

Cocoa. 

Coffee. 

Collections of antiquities, etc., for use in colleges, 
museums, incorporated societies, etc. 

Diamonds, rough. 

Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if ac¬ 
companied by Consular certificate. 

Engravings (engraved over 20 years). 

Farina. 

Fertilizers. 

Fruits and nuts. 

Furs, undressed. 

Hides, raw. 

Household effects in use abroad over one year and 
not for sale. 


aud 3 cte per bottle. 












106 


India rubber. 

Mineral waters, natural. 

Mother of pearl, unmanufactured. 

Natural history specimens (not for sale). 
Newspapers. 

Periodicals. 

Personal effects when old and in use over a year. 
Plants, trees and shrubs. 

Rags, other than wool'. 

Rubber—crude. * 

Scientific instruments. 

Skins—raw. 

Tapioca. 

Tea. 

United States manufactures forwarded to foreign 
countries and returned. 

Wax, Vegetable and Mineral. 


A CHEAP SHORT DISTANCE TELEPHONE. 

Here are practical and reliable directions for the con¬ 
struction of such a line; we let an experienced man talk: 

‘ Purchase steel binder wire. Cet two cigar boxes, 
take the lids off and cut a three-quarter hole in the bottom 
of each box; then get some stiff wire (I used steel ribs of 
an umbrella), cut into pieces a little longer than the box 
is wide. Wrap the telephone wire around these wires, 
one at each end. I planted one post every quarter of a' 
mile. Oak makes the best post. Cut the posts with a 
fork on them. Bore a small hole through each prong 
and tie a string (leather is what I used) to the prongs of 
the forks; then let the telephone wire rest on the string 
fastened in the fork of the post. Select as solid a place 
as possible to put the boxes against. Plane off a board a 
-ittle larger than the box, for the box to rest against. 
Bore a hole through this board according to the direction 
of the telephone line. Put the wire through the box and 
fasten the box up with little nails driven in at the side. 
Now put up the wire and don't stretch it too tight. Fasten 
up the other box in the same way. If you get it up so that 
it talks as nicely as the one I have you would not do with¬ 
out one. My telephone has been in use four years and 
has not cost me a cent since I put the wire up. It is one- 
fourth of a mile long. I keep poles with forks on them 
to set under the wire when sleet conies, to prevent the 
ice from breaking the wire down.” 



197 


SIZES OF NEWSPAPER SHEETS. 


We herewith present a Tabular Statement showing 
the different sizes of Newspaper Sheets, and t he number 
of columns to each size: 


WIDTH OK COLUMN, 
13 KMS PICA. 


COLUMN- 
PAPER. RULES. 


5 Column Folio. 20 x 26 

6 “ “ . 22 x 31 

6 “ “ (wide margin). 22 x 32 

7 “ “ . 24 x 35 

*• (wide margin). 24 x 36 

3 “ “ . 26 x 40 

9 “ “ . 28 x 44 

4 Quarto. 22 x 31 

4 “ “ (wide margin). 22 x 32 

5 “ “ . 26 x 40 

6 “ “ ... 30 x 44 

7 “ “ .:. 35 x 48 


17 * 
19 * 
19 * 
21 * 
21 * 
23 * 
26 
13 * 
13 * 
17 * 
19 * 
21 * 


inches. 


SIZES OF FLAT PAPER. 


Flat Foolscap. 

... 13 x 16 

Double Demy. 

Cap. 


Imperial. 

Crown. 

. . 15 x 19 

Double Medium. . 

Demy. 

. . 16 x 21 

Double Medium. 

Folio Post. 

... 17 x 22 

Elephant. 

Medium. 

... 18 x 23 

Colombier. 

Double Flat Foolscap... 

.. 16 x 26 

Atlas. 

Royal. 

... 19 x 24 

Double Royal. 

Double Cap. 

.. 17 x 28 

Double Elephant. 

Super Royal. 

. 20 x 28 

Antiquarian.. 

Double Demy . 

... 21 x 32 



16 x 42 

23 x 31 

23 x 36 

18 x 46 

23 x 28 

23 x 34 

26 x 33 

24 x 38 

27 x 40 

31 x 53 


SUB DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The United States comprise (January, 1893): 

44 States. 

5 Organized Territories. 

1 Indian Territory (without territorial organiza¬ 
tion). 

1 District (of Columbia). 

2,333 Counties. 

64,329 Post Offices, divided into: 

123 •• of the First Class. 

612 *• ,l Second Class. 

2,207 “ “ Third Class. 

61.387 “ Fourth Class (without salaries). 











































SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS, PER ANNUM. 

President. Vice-President and Cabinet.— President, $50,000; 
Vice-President. $8,000; Cabinet Officers, $8,000 each. 

UNITED States Senators.— $5,000, with mileage. 

Congress. —Members of Congress, $5,000, with mileage. 

Supreme Court.—C hief Justice, $10,500; Associate Justices, 

$ 10 , 000 . 

Circuit Courts. —Justices of Circuit Courts, $0,000. 

Heads of Departments. —Supt. of Bureau of Engraving and 
Printing, $4,500; Public Printer, $4,500; Supt. of Census, $0,000; 
Supt. of Naval Observatory, $5,000; Supt. of the Signal Service, 
$4,000; Director of Geological Surveys, $0,000; Director of the 
Mint. $4,500; Comihissioner of General Land Office, $4,000; Com¬ 
missioner of Pensions, $5,000; Commissioner of Labor, $500; 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs. $4,000; Commissioner of Educa¬ 
tion. $3,000; Commander of Marine Coi-ps, $3,500: Supt. of 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, $0,000. 

United States Treasury. — Treasurer, $0,000; Register of 
Treasury, $4,000; Comptroller of Customs, $4,000. 

Post-Office Department, Washington.— Four Assistant Post¬ 
inaster-Generals, $4,000: Chief Clerk, $2,500. 

Postmasters.— Postmasters are divided into four classes. First 
class, $3,000 to $4,000 (excepting New York City, which is 
$8,000); second class, $2,000 to $3,000; third class, $1,000 to 
$2,000; fourth class less than $1,000. The first three classes are 
appointed by the President, and confirmed by the Senate; those of 
fourth class are appointed by the Postmaster-General. 

Diplomatic Appointments. —Ministers Plenipotentiary . at $17- 
500: France, Great Britain, Germany, Mexico and Russia; at 
$12,0.00: Austria-Hungary. Brazil, China. Italy and Spain; at 
$10,000; Argentine Republic, Guatemala, Chili, Nicaragua, Peru 
and Turkey; at $7,500: Belgium, Denmark, Hawaii, Netherlands, 
Paraguay and Uruguay. Sweden and Norway, Venezuela; at $5,000: 
Bolivia and Switzerland. Ministers Resident at $7,500: Corea; at 
$5,000 : Hayti, Liberia, Persia. Portugal, Siam. Then four Consuls- 
Generals at $0,000, three at $5,000, six at $4,000. and eight at 
$3,500 to $2,000; also 72 Consuls at $1,000 up to $3,500. 

army Officers. -General. $13,500: Lieut.-General, $11,000; 
Major-General. $7,500; Brigadier-General. $5,500, Colonel, $3,- 
500; Lieut.-Colonel. $3,000; Major, $2,500; Captain, mounted, 
$2,000; Captain, not mounted, $1,800; Regimental Adjutant, 
$1,800; Regimental Quartermaster, $1,800; 1st Lieutenant, 
mounted, $1,600; 1st Lieutenant, not mounted. $1,500; 2d Lieu¬ 
tenant, mounted, $1,500; 2d Lieutenant, not mounted, $1,400; 
Chaplain, $1,500. 

Navy Officers.— Admiral, $13,000 ; Vice-Admiral. $0,000; Rear- 
Admirals, $0,000; Commodores, $5,000; Captains, $4,500; Com¬ 
manders, $3,500: Lieut.-Commanders. $2,800; Lieutenants, 
$2,400: Masters, $1,800; Ensigns. $1,200; Midshipmen, $1,000; 
Cadet Midshipmen. $500; Mates, $000 ; Medical and Pay Directors 
and Medical and Bay Inspectors and Chief Engineers, $4,400; 
Fleet Surgeons, Fleet Paymasters, and Fleet Engineers, $4,400; 
Surgeons and Paymasters, $2,800; Chaplains. $2,500. 



199 


P0PDLAT10N OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

CONTAINING 5,000 INHABITANTS AND OVER, WITH THEIR 
POPULATION IN 1890, IN 1880 AND 1870. 


CENSUS OF 1890. 


1890 . 1880 . 


Adams. Mass. 

Adrian. Mlcb. 

Akron, O . 

Alameda. Cal.. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Albina, Ore. 

Alexandria, Va. 

Allegheny, Pa. 

Allentown, Pa. 

Alliance, O. 

Alpena, Mich. 

Alton, Ill. 

Altoona, Pa. 

Americus, Ga. 

Axoesbury. Mass. 

Amsterdam, N. Y— 

Anderson. Ind. 

Andover, Mass. 

Annapolis, Md. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Anniston, Ala. 

Ansonia, Conn. 

Appleton, Wis. 

Arkansas City, Kan.. 

Arlington, Mass. 

Asheville, N. C. 

Ashland, Pa. 

Ashland, Wis. 

Ashtabula, O. 

Aspen, Colo. 

Astoria, Ore. 

Atchison, Kan. 

Athol, Mass. 

Athens, Ga. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Atlantic City, N. J.... 

Attleboro, Mass. 

Auburn, N. Y. 

Auburn, Me. 

Augusta, Ga. 

Aagusta, Me. 

Aurora, III. 

Austin, Tex. 

Baltimore. Md. 

Bangor, Me. 

Barre, Vt. 

Batavia, N Y. 


..9,200 
. .3.756 
.27,601 
.11,165 
.94,923 
..5,129 
.14,339 
105,287 
.25,228 
...7.607 
. 11,283 
.10,294 
.30,337 
..6,398 
..9,793 
.17,336 
. 10,741 
.6.142 
...7,604 
. .9,431 
.. .9,998 
,.10,342 
.11,869 
...8,347 
...5,629 
.10,235 
...7,346 
...9,956 
...8,338 
...5,108 
..6,184 
.13,963 
.. .6,319 
...8,639 
.65,533 
..13,055 
...7,577 
.25,858 
. .11,250 
.33,300 
,. 10,527 
.19,688 
...4,575 
.434,439 
..19,103 
...6,391 
...7,221 


5,591 

7,849 

16,512 

5,708 

90,758 

143 

13,659 

78,682 

18,063 

4,626 

6,153 

8,975 

19.710 

3,635 

3,355 

9,466 

4,126 

5,169 

6,642 

8,061 

942 

7,892 

8,005 

1,012 

4,100 

2,616 

6,052 

900 

4,445 


2,803 

15,105 

4,307 

6,099 

37,409 

5,477 

11,111 

21,925 

9,555 

21,891 

8,665 

11,873 

10,013 

332,312 

16,856 

6,333 

4,845 


1870 - 

12,090 

8,438 

10,006 

1.557 

69,422 


13,570 

53,180 

13,884 


2,612 

8,665 

10,610 

3,259 

5,581 

5,426 

3,126 

4,873 

5,744 

7.363 


5.518 

3&i 

1,400 

5,714 

'im 


7,064 

&51I 

4,251 

21,798 

1,043 

6,769 

17,226 

6,169 

15,389 

7,808 

11,102 

4,428 

267,354 

8,289 

5.760 

3,880 




















































200 


Baton Rouge, La... 
Battle Creek, Mich. 

Bath, Me. 

Bay City, Mich. 

Bayonne, N. J. 

Beatrice, Neb. 

Beaver Falls, Pa.... 

Belfast, Me. 

Beloit, Wis. 

Bellalre, O. 

Belleville, III. 

Bennington, Vt. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

Bethlehem. Pa. 

Beverly, Mass. 

Biddeford. Me. 

Big Rapids, Mich.. 
Binghamton, N. Y. 
Birmingham, Ala.. 
Blac-kstone, Mass.., 

Bloomington. Ill_ 

Boone, Iowa. 

Boston, Mass. 

Bowling Green, Ky. 

Braddock, Pa. 

Bradford, Pa. 

Brainerd, Minn.... 

Brattle boro, Vt. 

Brazil, Ind. 

Brenham, Tex. 

Bridgeton, N, J. 

Bridgeport, Conn.., 

Bristol, Conn. 

Bristol, Pa. 

Brockton, Mass. 

Brookline, Mass_ 

Brooklyn, N. Y__ 

Brownsville, Tex.. 

Brunswick, Ga.. 

Brun wick, Me. 

Bucyrus, O. 

Buffalo. N. Y. 

Burlingtou, <owa.. 

Burlington. N. J_ 

Burlington, Vt. 

Burreltvilie, R. I.. 

Butler, Pa. 

Butte City, Mont..., 

Cairo, III. 

Calais, Me..,.. 

Cambridge, Mass.. 

Camden, N. J. 

Canandaigua, N. Y 

Cauton, O. 

Canton, Ill. 

Cape Elizabeth. Me 

Carbondaie, Pa_ 

Carlisle, Pa. 


.. 10,478 
..13,197 
...8,723 
.27.839 
.. 19,033 
. 13,83*3 
..9,735 
...5,294 
...8,315 
...9,934 
,. 15,361 
...6,391 
. .5,101 
...6,762 
. 10,821 
. 14,443 
.. ,5,303 
.35,005 
..26,178 
..6,138 
.20,484 
...6.520 
448.477 
...7,803 
. .8,561 
.10,514 
..5,703 
,.. 6,862 
... 5,905 
..5,209 
.11,424 
.48,866 
..7.382 
... 6,553 
. .27,294 
.12,103 
.806,343 
..6,134 
..8,459 
...6,012 
...5,974 
255,664 
. 22,565 
..7,264 
. 14,590 
. 15,494 
...8,734 
.10,723 
..10,234 
...7,290 
.70,028 
.58,313 
...5,868 
.20,189 
...5,004 
. ..5.459 
.. 10,833 
...7.620 


7,197 

7,063 

7,874 

20,693 

9,372 

2,447 

5,104 

5,308 


1 O’, 683 
6,333 


5,193 
8,456 
12,651 
3,552 
17,317 
400 
4,907 
17,180 
3,330 
362.839 
5,114 
3,310 
9,187 
1,865 
5,880 
3,441 
4,101 
8,722 
27,643 
5.347 
5,273 
13.608 
8,057 
566.663 
4,938 
2,891 
5.384 
3.835 
155,134 
19.450 
6.090 
11.365 

5.714 
3,163 
3,366 
9,011 
6J73 

52,669 
41,659 
5,726 
12,258 
3 762 
5,302 

7.714 
6.209 


6,498 

5,838 

7,371 

7,064 

3.034 

624 

1,120 

5,278 

4,396 

4,033 

8.146 

5,760 


4,512 

6,507 

10,282 


12,692 


5,421 

14,500 


250,526 

4,574 


1.446 


4,933 


2,221 


18,969 

3.788 

3,269 

8.007 


396,099 

4.905 

2,348 

4,687 


117,714 

14,930 

5,817 

14,387 

4,674 

984 

247 

6,261 

5,944 

39,634 

20,045 

4,862 

8,660 

5,ioo 

6,393 

6,650 





































































201 


Carthage, Mo. 


4,167 


Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

.18,126 

10,104 

5,946 

Chambersburg, Pa. 

.7,863 

6,877 

6,308 

Champaign, Ill. 

.5,a39 

5,108 

4,625 

Charleston, S. C. 


49,984 

48,956 

Charlestown, W. Va. 

.6,742 

4,192 

1,593 

Charlotte, N, C. 

. 11,557 

7,094 

4,473 

Charlottesville, Va. 

.5,591 

2 676 


Chattanooga, Tenn. 

.29,100 

12,892 

6,093 

Cheybogan, Mich. 

.6,235 

2,269 


Chelsea, Mass. 

.27,909 

21,782 

18,547 

Chester, Pa. 

.19,791 

14 997 

9,485 

Cheyenne, Wyo. 

.11,690 

3,456 

1,450 

Chicago, Ill. 

.1,099,850 

503,185 

298,977 

Chicopee, Mass. 

.14,050 

11,286 

9,607 

Chlllicothe, O. 

.11,288 

10,938 

8,920 

Chillicothe, Mo. 

.5.717 

. 4,078 

3,978 

Chippewa Falls, Wis. 

.8,670 

3,982 

2,507 

Cincinnati, 0. 

.296,908 

255,139 

216,239 

CIrcleville. O. 

.6,856 

6,046 

5,407 

Claremont, N. H. 

. 5,565 

4,704 

4,053 

Clarkesville, Tenn. 

.7,924 

3,880 

3.200 

Cleveland, 0. 

.261,353 

160,146 

72,829 

Clinton, Iowa. 

.13,619 

9,052 

6,129 

Clinton, Mass. 

.10,424 

8,029 

5,429 

Cohoes. N. Y. 

.22,509 

19,416 

15,357 

Colchester, Yt. 


4,421 

3,911 

Coldwater, Mich. 

.5,247 

4,681 

4,381 

College Point, N. ¥. 

.6,127 

4,192 

3,652 

Columbia, Pa. 

.10,599 

8,312 

6,461 

Columbia, S. C. 

.15,353 

10,036 

9,298 

Columbia, Tenn. 

.5,370 

3,400 


Colorado Springs, Colo. 

.11,140 

4,226 

81 

Columbus, Ga. 

.17,303 

10,123 

7,401 

Columbus, Ind. 

.6,719 

4,813 

3,359 

Columbus, 0. 

.88,150 

51,647 

31,274 

Concord, N. H. 

.17,004 

13,843 

12,241 

Connellsvllle, Pa. 

.5,629 

3,609 


Conshohocken, Pa. 

.5,470 

4,561 

3,071 

Corning. N. Y. 

.8,550 

4,802 

4,018 

Corry, Pa. 

.5,677 

5 277 

6,809 

Corsicana, Tex. 

.6,285 

3,373 

80 

Cortlandt, N. Y. 

.8,590 

4,802 

4,018 

Council Bluffs, Iowa. 

.21,474 

18,063 

10,020 

Coventry, R. I. 

.5,068 

4,519 

4,349 

Covington, Ky. 

.37,371 

29,720 

24,505 

Cranston, R. I. 

.8,099 

5,940 

4,822 

Crawfordsville, Ind. 

.6,089 

5,251 

3,701 

Creston, Iowa. 

.7,200 

5,081 

411 

Cumberland, Md. 

.12,729 

10,693 

8,056 

Cumberland, R. I. 

.8,090 

6,445 

3,882 

Dallas, Tex. 

.38,067 

10,358 

13,314 

Danoury, Conn. 

.16,552 

11,666 

8,758 

Danville, Ill. 

.11,491 

7,733 

4,751 

Danville, Pa. 

.7,998 

8,346 

8,436 

Danville, Va. 

.10,395 

7,733 

3,463 

Danvers, Mass. 

.7,454 

6,598 

5,600 

Davenport, Iowa. 

.26,872 

21,831 

20.03H 

































































Dayton, 0. 

Decatur, Ill. 

Dedham, Mass. 

Deering, Me. 

Defiance, 0. 

Delaware, O. 

Denison, 'lex. 

Denver, Colo. 

Des Moines, Iowa... 

Detroit, Mich. 

Dixon, D1. 

Dover, N. H. 

Dubuque. Iowa. 

DuBois, Pa.... 

Duluth, Minn. 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 

Dunmore, Pa. 

Durham, N. O.. 

Easton, Pa. 

E. Liverpool, O. 

E. Portland, Ore_ 

E. Providence, R. I.. 

E. St. Louis, Ill. 

Eau Claire, Wis. 

Edgewater, N. Y_ 

Elgin, HI. 

Elizabeth, N. J. 

Elkhart, Ind. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

El Paso, Tex. 

Elyria, O. 

Emporia, Kan. 

Enfield, Conn. 

Erie, Pa. 

Escanana, Mich. 

Evansville, Ind. 

Everett, Mass.. 

Fall River, Mass_ 

Fargo, N. D. 

Faribault, Minn_ 

Findlay, O. 

Fitchburg, Mass_ 

Flint, Mich......... 

Florence, Ala. 

Flushing, N. Y. 

Fond du Lac, Wis... 
Fort Madison, Iowa. 
Fort Scott, Kan.... 

Fort Smith, Ark. 

Fort Wayne, Ind.... 

Fort Worth, Tex. 

Fostoria, 0. 

Framingham, Mass 
Frankfort, Ind...... 

Frankfort, Ky.. 

Franklin, Pa. 

Frederick, Md_ 

Freeport, HI. 



38,878 

30,473 

. 16.841 

9,547 

7,161 

..7,123 

6,233 

7,312 


4,324 

•* ; ; ■' ' \ 


6,233 

7.342 

...8,224 

6,894 

5,641 

.10,958 

3,975 


106,713 

35,629 

4,759 

.50.093 

22,428 

* 5,241 

205,876 

116,340 

79,571 

. .5,161 

3,658 



11,687 

9,204 

.30,311 

22,254 

18,434 


2,718 


.33,115 

5,415 

3,13! 


7,248 

5,23t 

..8,31a 

5,151 


..5,485 

2,041 


. 14,481 

11,924 

10,937 

.10.956 

5,568 

2,105 

.. 10,532 

2,934 

830 

.. 8,122 

5,056 

2,668 

.15,169 

9,185 

5,644 

.17,415 

10,119 

2,293 

.14,265 

8,044 


. 17.823 

8,787 

5,441 

.37,764 

28,229 

20.832 

.11,360 

6,953 

3,265 

.30,893 

20,541 

15,863 

.10,398 

736 

764 


4,777 

3,038 

.7,551 

4,631 

2,168 

..7,199 

3,500 

6.322 

.40,634 

27,737 

19,646 


3,026 


.50,756 

29,280 

21,830 

.11,068 

4,159 

2,220 

.74,398 

48,961 

26,766 

..5,664 

2,693 

;• . v ; • • jf.- • 

..6,520 

35415 

3.045 

.18,553 

4.633 

3,313 

.22.037 

12,429 

11.260 

..9,803 

8,409 

5,386 


1,359 


..8,436 

6,683 

6,223 

. 12,024 

13,094 

12,764 

..7,901 

4,679 

4.011 

.11,946 

5,372 

4,174 

.11,311 

3,099 

2,227 

.35,392 

26,880 

17,718 

.23,076 

6,663 


..7,070 

3,569 


..9,239 

6,235 

4,968 

.5.919 

2,803 


..7,892 

6,958 

5,396 

.. 6,?21 

5,010 

3,908 


8,659 

8,526 

. ip, 180 

8,516 

7,889 









































































203 


T'' 


Freeman, 0. 

.7,141 

8,446 

5,455 

Freeman, Neb. 

Fresno, Cal. 

.6,747 

.10,818 

3,013 

1,112 

1,195 

Gainesville, Tex. 

.6,524 

2,067 


Galena, Ill. 

.5.635 

6,541 

7,019 

Galesburg, Ill. 

.15,264 

11,437 

10,158 

Gallon, 0. 

.6,326 

5,635 

3,523 

Galveston. Tex. 

.20,084 

22,248 

13,818 

Gardiner, Me. 

.5,401 

4.330 

4,497 

Gardner, Mass. 

.8,424 

4,588 

3,333 

Geneva, N. Y. 

.7,557 

5,878 

5,521 

Glens Falls, N. Y. 


4.000 

4,50" 

Gloucester, Mass. 

.24.651 

19,320 

15,389 

Hloucester, N. J. 

.6,564 

5,347 

3,682 

Gloversville, N. Y. 

.13.864 

7,133 

4,518 

Georgetown, D. C. 

.14,046 

12,578 

11,381 

Goshen, <nd. 

.6,033 

4,123 

3,133 

Grafton, Mass. 

.5,002 

4,039 

4,594 

Grand Baplds, Mich. 

Grand Haven, Mich. 

.60,278 

32,016 

16,507 

.5,023 

4,862 

3,147 

Grand Island. Neb. 

.7,536 

2,963 

1,057 

Green Bay, Wis. 

.0,060 

7,464 

4,660 

Greenbush, N, Y. 

.7,301 

3,205 

. 

Greenfield, Mass. 

.5,252 

3.003 

2,757 

Greenfield, S. C. 

.8.607 

6,160 

Greenville, Miss. 

.6,658 

2,191 

.... 

Greenville, O. 

.5.479 

3,535 

.... 

Greenwich, Conn. 

.10,131 

7.892 

7,644 

Groton, Conn. 

.5,539 

5,128 

5,124 

Hackensack, N J. 

.6,004 

4,248 

8,038 

Hagerstown, Md. 

.10.118 

6.627 

5,779 

Hamilton, O. 

.17,565 

12,122 

11,081 

Hammond, Ind. 

.5,428 

699 

.... 

Hannibal, Mo. 

.12,857 

11,074 

10,125 

Harrisburg, Pa. 

.39,385 

30,762 

23,104 

Harrison, N. J. 

.8,338 

6.898 

4,129 

Hartford, Conn. 

.53,230 

42,015 

37,180 

Hastings, Neb. 

.13,584 

2,817 

13,052 

Haverhill, Mass. 

.27,412 

18,472 

Haverstraw, N. Y. 

.5,170 

3,5Q6 

6 ,9.^5 

4,317 

Hazelton, Pa. 

.11.872 

Helena, Mont. 

.13,834 

3,624 

3,106 

Helena, Ark. 

..5,189 

3,652 


Henderson, Ky. 

.8,835 

5,365 

4,171 

Highlands, Colo. 

.5,161 

30,099 

20,297 

Hoboken, N. J. 

.43.648 



21,915 

10,733 

Homestead, Pa. 

.7,011 • 

592 

.... 

Hposlck Falls, N. Y. 

.7,014 

4,530 

3,136 

Hopkinsville, Ky. 


4,229 

Homellsville, N. Y. 

.10,906 

8,195 

4,552 

Houston, Tex. 

.27,557 

16,513 

9,382 

Hot Springs, Ark. 

.8,086 

3,654 

8 ,6if> 

Hudson, N, Y. 

.9,97° 

8.670 

Huntingdon, Pa. 

.6,72tf 

4,125 

3,034 

Huntsville, Ala. 

Huntington, Ind. 

.7,005 

.7,328 

4,977 

3,863 

4,90 1 
2,925 

Huhtlngton, W.Va. 

.10.108 

3,114 

.... 




































































204 




Hutchinson, Kan. 

Hyde Park, Mass. 

Independence, Mo. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

Iowa City, Iowa. 

Ironton, O. 

Iron Mountain, Mich 

Ironwood, Mich. 

lshpemlng, Mich. 

Ithaca, N. JY. 

Jackson, Mich. 

Jackson, Tex.. 

Jackson, Miss. 

Jacksonville, Fla. 

Jacksonville, Iil. 

Jamaica, N. Y. 

Jamestown, N. Y. 

Janesville, Wis. 

Jeffersonville, Ind. 

Jefferson City, Mo. 

Jersey City, N. J. 

Johnstown, It. I. 

Johnstown, Pa. 

Johnstown, N. Y. 

Joliet, Ill. 

Joplin, Mo. 

Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Kankakee, HI. 

Kansas City, Mo. 

Kansas City, Kan. 

Kearney, Neb. 

Keene, N. H. 

Kenosha, Wis. 

Kenton, O. 

Keokuk, Iowa. 

Key West, Fla. 

Killingiy, Conn. 

Kingston, N. Y. 

Kokomo, Ind. 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

Laconia, N. H. 

LaCrosse, Wis. 

La Fayette, Ind. 

Lancaster, O. 

Lancaster, Pa. 

Lansing, Mich. 

Lansingburg, N. Y. 

La Pferte, lad. 

Laramie, Wyo. 

Laredo, Tex. 

LaSalle, Hi. 

Lawrence, Mass. 

Lawrence, Kan. 

Leadviile, Colo. 

Leavenworth, Kan.. 

Lebanon, Pa. 

Leominster, Mass. 

Lewiston, Me... 



1,538 



3,146 

3,184 

.. .6,380“ 

3.146 

3,184 

. 105.436 

75.056 

48,224 


7,123 

5,914 


8,857 

5,686 

.. .5,500 

...7,746 



11,107 

6,039 

6,103 

. 11.070 

9,105 

8,462 

.. 20,798 

16,105 

11,447 

. 10.030 

5,377 

4,119 


5,204 

4,284 

11,201 

.. 12,935 

7,650 

6,912 

10,927 

9,202 

...5,361 

3,922 

. 16,038 

9,357 

5,336 

.. 10.836 

9,018 

8,798 

.. 10,666 

9,357 

7,254 

..,6.742 

5,271 

4,420 

163,443 

120,722 

82.546 


5,765 

4,192 

.21,805 

8.380 

6,028 

. .7,768 

5,013 

3,282 

. 23,264 

11,657 

7,283 


7,038 

. 17,853 

8,057 

9,181 


5,651 

5,189 

.132.716 

55,785 

32,260 

.38,316 

3,202 



1.782 



6,784 

5,971 


5.030 

4,309 


3,940 

. 14.101 

12,117 

12,766 

. 18,085 

6,890 

5,016 

.7,027 

6,921 

5,712 

.21,261 

18,344 

6,315 

.8,261 

4.042 

2; 177 

.22,535 

9,693 

3,790 

8 ,' 682 

. 25, COO 

14.505 

7,785 

. 16,243 

14,860 

13,506 

.7,555 

6,803 

2,800 

. 32,011 

25,769 

20,233 

. 13,402 

8.319 

5,241 

. 10,550 

7.432 

6,372 


6,195 

6,581 

. .6,388 

2,696 

828 

.11,819 

3.521 

2,046 

..9,855 

7,847 

5,200 

54.654 

39,151 

28,921 


8,510 

a 320 

.10,384 

14,820 


. 10,768 

16,546 

17,873 

.14,664 

8,778 

6,727 

..7,260 

5,772 

3,894 

.21,701 

19,083 

13,600 


































































Lexington, Ky. 

Lima, O. 

Lincoln, Ill. 

Lincoln, R. I. 

Little Falls, N. Y. 

Little Rock, Ark. 

Litchfield, Ill. 

Lock Haven, Pa. 

Xiockport, N. Y. 

Logansport, Ind. 

Long Branch, N. J_ 

Long Island City, N. Y 

Los Angeles, Cal. 

Louisiana, Mo. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Lowell, Mass. 

Ludington, Mich. 

Lynchburg, Va. 

Lynn, Mass. 

Lyons, Iowa. 

Macon, Qa. 

Madison, Ind. 

Madison, Wis. 

Mahanoy, Pa. 

Milton, Mass. 

Manchester, N. H. 

Manchester, Va. 

Manchester, Conn 
Manistee, Mich.... :. 

Mankato, Minn. 

Mantiowoc, Wis. 

Mansfield, O .: 

Marblehead, Mass.... 

Marietta, O. 

Marion, Ind. 

Marion* O. 

Marinette, Wis. 

Marlboro, Mass. 

Marquette, Mich. 

Marshall, Tex. 

Marshalltown, Iowa... 
Martinsburg, W. Va... 

Martin’s Ferry, O . 

Massillon, O . 

Mat toon. Ill. 

McKeesport, Pa. 

Maysville,Ky. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Medford, Mass. 

Melrose, Mass. 

Memphis, Tenn. 

Menominee, Mich. 

Menominee, Wis. 

Meriden, Conn. 

Meridian, Miss. 

Merrill, Wis. 

Michigan City, Ind.... 
Middletown, Conn. 


..‘21,567 

16,656 

14,801 

. 15,981 

7,567 

4,500 

...6,200 

5,639 


..20,355 

13,765 

7,889 

...8,783 

6,910 

5,387 

..25,874 

13,138 

12,380 

...5,811 

4,326 

3,852 

...7,358 

5,845 

6,986 

..16,038 

13,522 

12,426 

..13,328 

11,198 

8,950 

...7,231 

3,833 


.30,506 

17,129 

3,867 

..50,395 

11,183 

5,728 

...5,090 

4,325 

3,639 

.161,129 

123,758 

100,752 

..77,096 

59,475 

40,928 

...7,517 

4,190 


..19,709 

15,959 

6,825 

..55,727 

38,274 

28.233 

.. 5,799 

4.095 

4,088 

.22,746 

12,479 

10,810 

.. .8,836 

8,945 

10,709 

. .13,426 

10,324 

9,176 

..11,286 

7,181 

5,533 

..23 031 

12,017 

7,367 

..44,126 

32,630 

23,536 

...9,246 

5,729 

2,599 

...8,222 

6,462 

4,223 

.12,812 

6,930 

3,343 

...8,838 

5,550 

3,482 

...7,710 

6,367 

5,168 

..13,473 

9,859 

8,029 

...8,202 

7,467 

7,703 

...8,273 

5,444 

5,218 

...8,769 

3,182 

1,658 

...8,327 

3,899 

2,531 

..11,523 

2,750 


..13,805 

10,127 

8,474 

...9,093 

4,690 

4,000 

...7,207 

5,624 

1,920 

...8,914 

6,240 

3,218 

...7,226 

6,335 

4,863 

...6,250 

3,819 


. .10,092 

6,836 

5,185 

...6,833 

5,737 

4,967 

.20,741 

8,212 

2,523 

...5,358 

5,220 

4,705 

.. .9,520 

8,860 

7,103 

.. 11,079 

7,573 

5,71’ 

.. .a;5i9 

4,560 

3,4' 

. .64,495 

33,592 

40,‘ 

..10,630 

3,288 

1 

...5,491 

2,589 

# 

..21,652 

15,540 

T 

..10,624 

4,008 


...6,809 



..10,776 

7,366 


.. .9013 

11,731 


































































‘206 


Middletown. N. Y. 

.11,977 

8,494 

6,049 

Middletown, Pa. 

.5,080 

3,351 


Middletown, 0. 

.7,681 

4,538 

3.046 

Middleboro, Ma s. 


5,237 

4,637 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

.204,268 

115,587 . 

71,440 

Millville, N. J. 

.10,002 

7,66<F* 

6,101 

Milford, Mass. 

.8,780 

9,310 

9,890 

Milton, Pa. 

.5,317 

2,102 


Minneapolis, Minn. 

.164,738 

46,887 

13,066 

Mobile, Ala. 

...31.076 

29,132 

32,0:4 

Moberly, Mo. 

.8,215 

6,070 

1.514 

Moline, Ill. 

.12.000 

7,800 

4.166 

Monmouth, Ill. 

.5,936 

5,000 

4,662 

Monroe, Mich. 

.5,238 

4,930 

5,086 

Montague, Mass. 

.6,296 

4,875 

2,224 

Montgomery, Ala. 

.21,883 . 

16,713 

10,588 

Morristown, N. .J. 

.8,156 

5,418 

5,674 

Mt. Carmel, Pa. 

.8.254 

1,756 

2,45 L 

Mt. Vernon, 0. 

.6,027 

5,249 

4,876 

Mt. Vernon N. Y. 

.10,830 

4,586 


Muncie, Ind. 

.11.345 

5,219 

2,992 

Muscatine, Iowa. 

.11,454 

2,295 

6,718 

Muskegon, Mich. 

.22.702 

11,262 

6,002 

Nanticoke, Pa. 

.10,044 

3,884 


Natick, Mas . 

.9,118 

8,479 

6,404 

Nashua, N. H. 

.19,311 

13,397 

10,543 

Nashville, Term..:. 

.76,168 

43,350 

25,865 

Natchez, Miss. 

.10,101 

7,058 

9,057 

Naugatuck, Conn. 

.6,218 

4,274 

2,830 

Nebraska City, Neb. 

.11,494 

4,183 

6,050 

Neenah, Wis. 

.5.083 

4,202 

2,655 

Negaunee. Mich. 

.6.078 

3,931 

2,559 

Nevada, Mo.. 

.7,262 

1,913 


Newark, N. J. 

.181,830 

136,508 

105,059 

Newark, Ohio. 

.14.270 

9,600 

6,698 

New Albany, Ind. 

.21,059 

16,423 

14,397 

New Bedford, Mass. 

.40.733 

26,845 

21,320 

New Berne, N. C. 

.7,843 

6,443 

5,819 

New Brighton, N. Y. 

.16,423 

12,679 

7,495 

New Brighton, Pa. 

.5,616 

3,653 


New Britain, Conn. 

.19,007 

11,800 

9,480 

New Brunswick, N. J_ 

.18,603 

17,166 

15,056 

Newburg, N. Y. 

.23.807 

18,049 

17,014 

Newburyport, Mass. 

.13,947 

13,538 

12,595 

New Castle, Pa. 

. 11,600 

8,418 

6,164 

New Haven, Conn. 

.81,299 

62,882 

50,840 

New London, Conn. 

.13.757 

11,537 

9,576 

New Orleans, La. 

.240,039 

216,090 

191,418 

Newport, Ky. 

.24,918 

20,443 

15,087 

^Newport, It. I. 

.19,457 

15,693 

12,251 

NJew Rochelle, N. Y. 

.8,217 



N'Twton, Mass. 

.21,379 

16,995 

12,825 

NeVtoa, Kan. 

.5,605 

2,601 


New? York, N. Y. 

.1,515,301 

1,206,299 

942,292 

Niagara Falls, N. Y. 

.5,502 

3,320 


Norfo.) ki va. 

.34,871 

21,966 

19,229 

Norris,(, own p a . 

.19.791 

13,063 

10,753 

North ;\dam j , Mass. 

.16,074 

10,191 







































































207 


Northampton, Mass. 

North Attleboro, Mass. 

.14,990 

.6,727 

12,172 

10,160' 

Norwalk, Conn. 

.17,747 

13,956 

12,119 

Norwalk, 0. 

.7,195 

5,704 

4,498 

Norwich, Conn. 

Norwich, N. Y. 

.16,156 

.5,212 

15,112 

16.653 

Oakland, Cal. 

.48,862 

DOO 

10,500 

Oconto, Wis. 

.5,219 

4,171 

2,655 

Ogden, Utah. 

.14,889 

6,069 

3,127 

Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 

.11,862 

10,341 

10,076 

Oil City, Pa. 

.10,032 

27,315 

2,276 

Oldtown, Me. 

.5,312 

3,395 


Olean, N. Y. 

.7,358 

3,036 


Omaha, Neb. 

.140,452 

30,518 

16,083 

Oneida, N. Y. 

.6,083 

3,934 


Oleonta, N. Y. 

.6,272 

1,711 

1,061 

Orange, N. J. 

.18,844 

13,207 

51,348 

Oshkosh, Wis. 

.22,836 

15,748 

12,663 

Oflkaloosa, Iowa. 

.6,758 

4,598 

3,204 

Oswego, N. Y. 

.21,842 

21,116 

20,910 

Ottawa, Ill. 

.985 

7,834 

7,736 

Ottawa, Kan. 

.6,248 

4,032 

2,941 

Ottumwa, Iowa. 

.14,001 

9,004 

5,214 

Owensboio, Ky. 

.9.637 

6,231 

3.437 

Owosso, Mich. 

.6,564 

2,501 

2.065 

Paducah, Ky. 

.12,797 

8,036 

6,866 

Palestine, Tex 

.5,838 

2,997 


Palmer, Mass. 

.6,520 

5,504 

3,63L 

Pans. Til 

.5,077 

3,009 


Paris, Tex . 

.8,254 

3,980 


Parkersburg, W. Va. 

.8,408 

6,582 

5,546 

Parsons Kan. 

.6,736 

4,199 


Vassal e N. ,T 

.13,028 

6,532 


Paterson, N. J. 

...'.....78,347 

51,031 

33,579 

Pawtuck»t, li. I. 

.27,633 

19,010 

6,619 

Peabody, Mass. 

.10,158 

9,028 

7.343 

Peek^kili, N, Y. 

.9,676 

6,893 

6,560 

Pekin, Ill. 

.6,347 

5,993 

5.696 

Pensacola, Fla. 

.11,750 

6,845 

3.347 

Peoria, III. 

.41,024 

29,259 

22,849 

Perth Araboy, N. J. 

.9,512 

4,808 

2,861 

Peru, Ill. 

.5,550 

4.632 

3,650 

Peru, Ind. 

.7,028 

5,280 

3,617 

Petersburg, Va. 

.22,680 

21,656 

18.950 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

.1,046,964 

847,170 

674,022 

Philiipsburg, N. J. 

.8,64* 

7,181 

5,932 

Phoenixville, Pa. 

.8,514 

6,662 

5.292 

Pine Bluff, Ark. 


3,203 

2.081 

piqua, 0. 

.9.090 

6,031 

5,967 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

.238,617 

156,339 

86,07 6 



624 


Pittsfield, Mass. 

.17,281 

13,364 

'l-m 

Pittston, Pa. 

.10.302 

7,412 


Plainfield, N. J. 

.11,267 

8,125 


Plattsburg, N. Y. 

.7,010 

5,245 

5 139 

Piatt3mouth, Neb. 

.8,392 

4,175 

%944 

Plymouth, Mass.... 

.7,314 

7,093 

J.238 

Plymouth, Pa. 

.9,344 

6,065 

2,68-1 









































































208 


Pontiac, Mich.6,200 

Portage, Wls.5,143 

Port Chester, N. Y.5,274 

Port Huron, Mich....13,543 

Port Jervis, N. Y.9,327 

Portland, Me.36,425 

Portland, Ore.46,385 

Port Richmond, N. Y.6,290 

Portsmouth, N. H.9,827 

Portsmouth, O.12,394 

Portsmouth, Va.13,208 

Portstown, Pa,.13,285 

Portsvtlle, Pa.14,117 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y.22,208 

Providence, R, I. 132,146 

Provo City. Utah.5,159 

Pueblo, Colo.24,558 

Putnam, Conn.6,512 

Quincy, Mass.16,723 

Quincy. Ill.31,494 

Racine, Wls.21,014 

Rahway, N. ••.7,105 

Raleigh, N. C.12,678 

Reading, Pa.58,061 

Red Wing, Minn.6,294 

Revere, Mass.5,668 

Richmond, Ind.16,243 

Richmond, Va..'.81,388 

Roanoke, Va. 16,159 

Rochester, N. Y.133,896 

Rochester, N. H.7,396 

Rochester, Minn.5,321 

Rockford, Ill.23,584 

Rock Island, Ill.-. .13,634 

Rockland, Me.8,174 

Rockville, Conn.7,772 

Rome, N. Y.14,991 

Rome, Ga.6,957 

Rutland, Va.11,760 

Saco. Me.6,075 

Sacramento, Cal.56,336 

Saginaw, Mich.46,322 

Salem, Mass.30,801 

Salem, N. J.5,516 

Salem, 0.5,780 

Salina, Kan.6,149 

Sait Lake City, Utah.44,843 

San Ant nio, Tex. . .37,573 

Sandnsky. O.18,471 

Ian Diego, Cal.16,159 

Nn Francisco, Cal.298,997 

Jose, Cal. 18,000 

iJjia Barbara, Cal.5,864 

1 ‘W* Cruz, Cal.5,596 

v .Fe, N. M.6,185 

aRosa, Cal.5,220 

ira Springs, N. Y.11,975 

tie Marie, Mich.5,760 

sV 


4,509 
4,346 
3,254 
8,883 
8,618 
33,810 
17.577 
* 3,526 
9.690 
11,321 
11,390 
5,305 
13,253 
20,207 
104,857 
3,432 
3,217 
5,827 
10,570 
27,268 
16,031 
6,455 
9,265 
43,278 

5.876 
2,263 
12,472 
66,600 

669 

89,366 

5,784 

5,103 

13J29 

11.659 

7,599 

5,902 

12,194 

3.877 
12,149 

6,389 

51,420 

10.525 

27,563 

5,056 

4,041 

3.111 

20,768 

20,550 

15,838 

2,637 

2:13,959 

12,567 

3,460 

3,898 

6,635 

3,616 

8.421 

1,947 


4,86T 

3,945 


5,973 

6,377 

31,413 

8,293 


9,211 

10,592 

10,590 

4,125. 

12,384 

20,080 

68,904 


.606 

4,192 

7,442 

24,052 

9,880 

6,258 

7,790 

33,9:10 

4,260 


9.445 

61,038 


62.386 

4,103 

3,953 

11.049 

7,890 

7,074 


11.000 

3,199 

9,834 

5,755 

16,283- 

7,460 

24.117 

4,555 

3.700 

918 

12,854 

12,256 

13.000 

2,300 

149,473 

9,089 


4.765 


7.516 






































































209 


Seneca Falls, N. 


Sioux Falls, 


Somerville, 


Springfield, 


Sunbary, Pa.... 
Superior, Wis.. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Tampa, Fla. 


.. 43,189 

30,709 

28,235 

. .19.902 

13,655 

11,026 

..75,215 

45,850 

35.092 

.42,837 

3.533 

1,107 

..14,068 

9,561 

4.560 

...7,622 

7,529 

6,484 

...6,116 

5,880 

5,890 

...5,337 

4,250 

2,372 

...14.403 

8,181 

2,282 


5,684 

4,231 

...16,359 

7,314 

5,310 

... .5,451 

3,745 


..15,944 

10,147 

2,951 

...7,335 

6,090 

1,439 

...11,979 

8,009 

4,607 


6.578 

4,696 


7,366 

3,401 

...10,177 

2,163 



3,860 


...6,206 

5.586 

4,504 

.. .40,152 

24,933 

14,685 

...21,819 

13,280 

7.206 

..10,302 

4.925 


....7,655 

6,464 

5,208 

....7,076 

3,66-1 


.... 5,616 

4,534 

3,167 

....5,501 

8,062 

5,411 

4,314 

5,544 

3,253 


....8,747 

7,466 

3,952 

... 19,822 

350 


.. .24,963 

19.743 

17,364 

...44,179 

33.340 

26,703 

...21,850 

6,522 

5,565 

...31,895 

20,730 

12,652 

....7,771 

7.193 

7,014 

...15,700 

11,297 

9,714 

....6,975 

6,664 

5.120 

....6,161 

5,014 

5,570 

....7,686 

2,462 

2,161 

....2.950 

2.447 



8087 

3.998 

. .13,, 394 

12,09:1 

8.107 

....7,896 

4.449 

1,810 

...11,260 

9.055 

4,124 

...6,391 

6,333 

4.665 

.451,770 

350.518 

310.864 

...14,424 

10,282 

10 066 


4,890 

4 513 

....7,184 

7.355 

6.313 

.. 133, It 6 

41,473 

20.030 

...11.414 

5.157 

1.486 


4.077 

3,131 

...11,983 

655 


...88,143 

51,792 

43,051 

...36,006 

1.098 

7 

.... 6.054 

5.730 

5,9 


720 







































































210 


Taunton, Mass,. 

Tprre Haute, md_ 

Tnomasville, Ga. 

Thompson, Conn. 

Tiffin, O . v . 

Titusville, Pa. 

Tonawauda, N. Y_ 

Topeka, Kan. 

Toledo, O. 

Trenton, N. J. 

Trenton, Mo.. 

Trinidad. Colo... . 

Troy, N. Y. 

Tu son Ariz. 

Union. N. J.’ 

Union t iwtt, Pa. 

Urbana, O . 

Utica. N. Y.. 

Valiejo, Cal. 

Valpa aiso, in >. 

Van Wert, 0... 

Vicksburg, Miss_‘ 

Vincennes, ind. 

Virginia City, Nev...! 

Waco, Tex.. 

Wakefield, Mass. 

Waltham. Mass. 

Ware, M tss... 

Warren O. 

Washington, D C__ 

Washington, Ind.._ 

Washington, Pa. 

Washington, O .. 

Waterbury, C nn. 

Waterloo, Iowa. 

Watertown, M ss_ 

Watertown, N. Y. 

Waiert wti, V\ i 
W-t-uville, Me....:.;; 

Waukesha His. 

Wausau, Wis. 

Webb City. Mo. 

Webster, Miss. 

Wfl sville, o. 

WeH Cay Pity. Mich.. 
West borough. Mass... 

Westb ook. Me.. 

West Chester, Pa. 

We. tevley, R. I 

Westfield, Mass. 

West Springfield, Mass 

Vest Troy, N. Y. 

'eymouth. Mass. 

teeliug. w. Va. 

•hita, Kan. 

es Barre, Pa. 

unsport. Pa. 

lautic, Conn. 


25,448 

30,217 

.5,514 


...8,073 
.. .7,145 
..31,007 
..81,434 
. .57.458 
...5.039 
...5,523 
. .60,956 
...5 150 
... 1.064 
...6 359 
...6 510 
..44,007 
..6,343 
...5,090 
...5,512 
..13.378 
...8.853 
.8,511 
.. 14.445 
...6,982 
. 18,707 
..7.329 
...5.973 
188,932 
..6,064 
.. 7,063 
..5,742 
. 28.646 
.. 6.674 
.7.073 
. 14 725 
..8.755 
.7,107 
..6.321 
..9,253 
. 5,043 
.7,031 
.5,247 
• 12.981 
..5,195 
. 6.632 
.8.028 
.. 6.813 
.. 9.805 
. .5,077 
.12,967 
. 10.866 
.34.552 
. 23,853 
.37,718 
.27,132 
. .8,648 


21,213 
26,042 
2,555 
5,051 
7,879 
9.046 
3,864 
15,452 
50,137 
29,910 
3,312 
2,226 
56,747 
7,007 
5,849 
2,265 
6,252 
33,914 
5,987 
4,461 
• 4,079 
11,814 
7.680 
10,917 
7,295 
5.547 
11,712 
4,817 
4,428 
147,293 
4,323 
4,292 
3,798 
17,806 
5,630 
5,426 
10,697 
7,883 
4,672 
2,969 
4,277 
1.588 
5,696 
3.377 
6.397 
3,601 
3.981 
7,046 
6,104 
7.587 
4.149 
8,820 
10,570 
30,737 
4.911 
23,399 
18,934 
6,608 


18,629 

16,103 


3,804 

5,648 

8,039 


4,790 

31,584 

22,874 


46,464 


4,640 

2,503 

4.276 

28,804 


2.765 

2,665 

12,443 

5.449 

7,058 

3,003 

4,135 

9,065 

4,259 

3.457 

109,199 

2,901 

3.571 


10,326 

4,337 

4,326 

9,330 

7,550 

4,852 


1,349 


4.763 


5.630 
4.109 
6-519 
2,606 
10,693 
9,010 
19,280 
680 
10,174 
16,030 







































































211 


Wilmington, Del. . 

Wilmington, N. C . 

Va ... . 

.61,431 

.20,076 

.5,196 

e- 4 - 

4 - K, 

'SIRS* 

St® 00 


. 5,184 

2,844 

WiDOOft M’lnn . 

.18,208 

10,208 


.8,018 

2,854 

Woburn, Mass . 

Woonso ket, R. I . 

Wnnstfir O . 

.13,499 

.20,830 

.5,901 

10,931 

16,050 

5,840 

Worcester, Mass . 

. 84,655 

.7,301 

58,291 

7,426 


.32.033 

18 892 


....20,793 

13,940 



15,435 

Ypsilanti, Mich . 

Zanesville. O . 

.6,129 

. .21,009 

4.984 

18,113 


30,841 

13,448 

4,471 


7,192 
443 
8 560 
11,527 
5,419 
41,105 
6.377 
12,733 
11,003 
8,075 
5,471 

io,on 


How TO PETRIFY Wood.— Gum salt, rock alum, whit, vjn*- 
_ ar c halk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mi* 

well together. !f, after the ebullition is over, you throw into th* 

liquid any wood or porus substance, it wilpe n>i. 

How to Construct an ./Eolian Harp. — Make a dox wi« 
♦Kf ton bottomland sides of thin wood, and the ends i /4 inch 
*°ch form “the same length as the width of the wandow m wh,ch 
be placed. The box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, pnd 6 « 
tt IS to be piacea of the box> which acts as a sounding 

7 inches wide. ar holes about two inches in diameter, and an 
h r al dSance apart Glue across the sounding board about 

^ 3 i n s n teelpe°g‘and^n,pkc^ &*'££. 

insert a ste .^ p lve Now for the other end, which you mint 

to the number j. • exactly opposite the brass pin at the 

Xr‘^d thena brasr p m ’indso im,aherna,ely, ,0 the numW 

r !-)• bv this arrangement vou have a steel peg and a as. p 
f Vmr^ite eachother which is done so that the pressure of 

Slstrin^on the instrument shall be uniform. Now string the 

instrument with 12 first violin strings, making a loop at one end r 

LffSc which put over the brass pins, and wind the other en 
each string, P Tune them in unison, but do 

them tight. To increase the current of air, a thin board 
two inches + ve the strings, supported 




















212 


«e&<6 by 2 pi ,Ces of wood. Place the instrument in a partly opened 
window, and to increase the draft open the opposite door. 

How Sound Travels. — In dry air at 82 deg. 1,142 ft. per’ 
second, or about 775 miles per hour; in water, 4,900 ft. per second; 
fen iron, 17,500 ft.; in coppy, 10,378 feet; and in wood from 12 to 
» 6 ,ooo ft. per second. In water, a bell heard at 45,000 ft., could be 
beard in the air out of the water but 656 ft. In a balloon the barking 
of dogs can be heard on the ground at an elevation of 4 miles. 
Divers on the wreck of the Hussar frigate, 100 ft. under water, at 
Hell Gate, near New York, heard the paddle wheels of distant 
steamers hours before they hove in sight. The report of a rifle on 
a still day maybe heard at 5,300 yds.; a military band at 5,200 yds. 
The fire of the English cn landing in Egypt was distinctly heard 
*3° miles. Dr. Jamieson says he heard, during calm weather; 
every word of a sermon at a distance of 2 miles. 

Weights of 1 amous Bells. —The bell of Notre Dame, Mont¬ 
real, Que.. weighs 28,560 lbs.; that of the City Hall, New York, 
22,300 lbs.; of fit. Paul’s, London, 11 , 470 ; “Big Ben,” West¬ 
minster, 30 , 350 ; “Great Tom,” of Oxford, 18 , 000 ; St. Peter’s, 
Rome, 18 , 607 ; Rouen, France, 40 , 000 ; St. Ivan’s, Moscow, 
12 7>®3°» one unhung at Moscow, 440 , 000 , and one in China weighs 
j 2 o,ooo lbs. 

How to Repair Cracked Bells. — The discordant tones of a 
cracked bell being due to the jarring of the rugged, uneven edges 
of the crack against each other, the best remedy that can be 
applied is to cut a thin sht with a toothless saw driven at a very 
high velocity, say 3 or 4,000 revolutions per minute, in such a man¬ 
ner as to cut away the opposing edges of the fracture wherever 
they come in contact This will restore the original tone of the 
bell. 

How to Test Quality op Steel. —Good tool steel, with a 
white heat, will fall to pieces; with bright red heat will crumble 
under the hammer; with middling heat may be drawn to a needle¬ 
point. 

lo test hardening qualities, draw under a low heat to a grad¬ 
ually tapered square point and plunge into cold water; if broken 
point will scratch glass, the quality is good. 

To test tenacity, a hardened piece will be driven into cast-iron 
b y a , ha . rdened hammer —if poor, will be crumbled. Excellence 
will be in proportion to tenacity in hard state. Soft steel of good 
quality gives a curved line fracture and uniform gray texture. 
Tool steel should be dull silver color, uniform, entirely free from 
sparkling qualities. 

Aquafortis, applied to the surface of steel, produces a black 
spot; on iron the metal remains clean. The slightest vein of iron 
or steel can be readily detected bv this method. 

How to Destroy the Effects of Acid on Clothes.— Dampen 
as soon as possible, after exposure to the acid, with spirits am- 
\monia. It will destroy the effect immediately, 
r*, Howto Wash Silverware. —Never use a particle of soap on 
>?ur silverware, as it dulls the lustre, giving the article more the 

^earance of pewter than silver. When it wants cleaning, rub it 

A' 

* 


v 5 tx» a piece of soft leather and prepared chalk, the latter macU 
Into a kind of paste with pure water, for the reason that water not 
pure might contain gritty particles. 

How to Cleanse Brushes. —The best method of cleansing 
watchmakers’ and jewelers’ brushes is to wash them out in a 
strong soda water. When the backs are wood, you must favor th&t 
part as much as possible; for being glued, the water may injure 
them. 

How to Kkev* Fresh Meat a Week or Two in Summer.— 
Farmers or others living at a distance from butchers can keep 
fresh meat very nicely for a week or two, by putting it into sour 
milk, or buttermilk, placing it in a cool cellar. The hone or fat 
need not be removed. Rinse well when used. 

How to Write Inscriptions on Metals. —'fake y 2 lb. of nitric 
acid and i oz. of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it 
l.s ready for use. Cover the pla^re you wish to mark with melted 
beeswax; when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear 
to the metal with a sharp instrument; then apply the mixed acids 
with a leather, carefully tilling each letter. I .et it remain from x tc 
io minutes, according to appearance desired : then throw on water, 
•which stops the process and removes the wax 

Rules for Accidents on Water.— When upset in a boat or 
thrown into the water and unable to swim, draw the breath in well, 
keep the mouth tight shut; do not struggle and throw the arms up, 
but yield quietly- to the water; hold the head well up, and stretch 
out the hands only below the water; to throw the hands or feet up 
will pitch the body below the water, hands or feet up will pitch the 
body head down, and cause the whole person to go immediately 
under vater. Keep the head above, and everything else under 

•water. . . . 

Every one should learn to swim; no animal, aquatic, fowl, or 
reptile, requires to he taught this, lor they doit naturally, few 
persons exist who have not some time or other seen a bullirog per¬ 
form his masterly movements in the water, and it would detract 
from no one’s dignity to take a few lessons from him. In learn¬ 
ing, the beginner might sustain himself by a. plank, a biock o; 
wood, an attachment composed of cork, an inflated bladder, a 
flying kite, or a stout cord attached to a long rod held by an 
assistant on the land, l.earn to swim, cost what it will. 

Trichina is the term applied to a minute, slender and transpar¬ 
ent worm, scarcely i- 20 th ol an inch in length, which has recently 
been discovered to exist naturally in the muscles of swine, and is 
frequently transferred to the human stomach when pOrk is used as 
food. Enough of these filthy parasites have been detected in half 
a pound of pork to engender 30 , 000,000 more, the females being 
very prolific each giving birth to from 60 to 100 young, and dying 
soon after ' The young thread-like worm at first ranges freely 
through the stomach and intestines, remaining for a short time, 
within the lining membrane of the intestines, causing irritation, 
diarrhea, and sometimes death, if present in sufficient numbers. 
As they become stronger, they begin to penetrate the walls of the 
ibutestmes order to effect a lodgment in the voluntary mixscwt 


214 


causing intense muscular pain and severe enduring 
cramps, and sometimes tetanic symptoms. After four 
weeks migration they encyst themselves permanently 
on the muscular fibre, and begin to secrete a delicate sac 
which gradually becomes calcareous. In this torpid 
state they remain during the person’s lifetime. 


THE RELATIVE RANK OF OUR LARGEST CITIES 
(Census of 1890). 

In 1880 there was but one city, New York, which had a 
population in excess of a million. In 1890 there were 
three , New York. Chicago, and Philadelphia. 

In 1870 there were but fourteen cities, each containing 
thore than 100.000 inhabitants. In 1880 this number 
had increased to twenty, and in 1890 to twenty-eight. 

The number and relative rank of cities having a popula¬ 
tion of 100.000 or more at the date of each of these 
censuses are set forth in the following table: 


Cities by Name. 


RANK. 

1890 . 

1880 . 

1870 . 

1.. 

[ New York, N. Y. ... 

New York, N. Y. 

New York, N. Y. 

*2. . 

Chicago, 111. 

Philadelphia. Pa.... 

Philadelphia. Pa. 

3 .. 

Philadelphia, Pa_ 

Brooklyn. N. Y.... 

Brooklyn. N. Y. 

4 . . 

Brooklyn, X. Y. 

Chicago, Ill.. 

St. Louis, Mo. 
Chicago. Ill. 
Baltimore. Md. 
Boston, Mass. 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

5 .. 

St. Louis. Mo. 

Boston, Mass... 

0.. 

Boston. Mass. 


7 .. 

Baltimore. Md. 

Baltimore, Md 

8.. 

San Francisco, Cal.. 

Cincinnati, Ohio_ 

9 .. 

Cincinnati, Ohio.... 

San Francisco. Cal.. 

New Orleans, La. 

10.. 

Cleveland. Ohio. 

New Orleans. La.... 

San Francisco, Cal. 

11.. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Cleveland Ohio 

Buffalo, N. Y. 
Washington, D. C. 

12.. 

New Orleans. La . 

Pittsburg. Pa. 

18 .. 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Newark, N. J. 

14.. 

Washington. D. O... 

Washington. D. C... 

Louisville, Ky. 

Id. . 

Detroit, Mich . 

Newark. N. J. 

16.. 

Milwaukee, Wi.s . 

Louisville, Ky. 


17.. 

Newark. N. J . 

Jersey Citv, N. J. 


18 .. 

Minneapolis. Minn... 

Detroit, Mich. 


19. . 

Jersey City. N J.... 

Milwaukee. Wis. 


-0.. 

Louisville, Kv... 

Providence. R. 1. 


2 1.. 
•v» 

*23!: 

24.. 

25.. 

26.. 
27 

»::i 

Omaha. Neb. 
Rochester. N. Y. 

St. Paul. Minn. 
Kansas City . 1 .' i. 
Providence, K. I. 
Denver, Colo. 
Indianapolis. Ind. 
Allegheny. Pa. 




j 




































215 


THE NEW COPYRIGHT LAW. 

PASSED MARCH 4 , 1891 . 

The author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, 
chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving,, cut, print, or 
photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, 
statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected 
as works of the line arts, and the executors, administrators, or 
assigns of any such person shall, upon complying with t he provi¬ 
sions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, repiinting, 
publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending 
the same; and in the case of dramatic composition, of publicl\ 
performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or 
represented by others? and authors or their assigns shall ha\ e ex¬ 
clusive right to dramatize and translate any of their works for 
which copyright shall have been obtained under the laws of the 
United States. 

The author, iuventor, or designer, if he be still living, or his 
widow or children, if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive 
right continued for the further term of fourteen yeaft, upon re¬ 
cording the title of the work or description of the article so se¬ 
cured a second time, and complying with all other regulations 
in regard to original copyrights, within six.months before the ex¬ 
piration of the first term; and such persons shall, within two 
months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers printed in the 
United States, for the space of fqur weeks. 

No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, on or 
before the day of publication in this or any foreign, country, de¬ 
liver at. the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the 
mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Con¬ 
gress, at Washington, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the 
title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, 
engraving, cut, print, photograph, or chromo, or a description of 
the painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or a model or design for a 
work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright, nor unless 
he shall also, not later than the day of the publication thereof in 
this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian 
of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, or deposit m 
the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of 
Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, two copies r 
‘ such copyright book, map, chart, dramatic or musical compo 
tion, engraving, chromo., cut, print or photograph, or in case r 
painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model, or design for a 
of the fine arts, a photograph of the same: Provided, that 


SH 


216 

case of a book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph, the two copies 
of the same required to be deli vered or deposited as above shall 
be printed from typeset within the limits of the United States, or 
from plates made therefrom, or from negatives, or drawings on 
•stone made within the limits of the United .States, or from 
transfers made therefrom During the existence of such 
copyright the importation into the United states of any book 
chromo, lithograph, or photograph, so copyrighted, or any edition 
or editions thereof, or any plates of the same not made from type 
set, negatives or drawings on stone, made within the limits of the 
United States, shall lx*, and it is hereby prohibited, except in the 
cases specified in paragraphs 512 to 260 inclusive, in section 2 of 
the act entitled •• An act to reduce th6 revenue and equalize the 
duties on imports and for other purposes,” approved Oct. 1, 1890; 
and except in the rase of persons purchasing for use and not for 
sale, who import, subject to the duty thereon, not more than two 
copies of such book at any one time, and except in the case of 
newspapers and magazines not containing, in whole or in part, 
matter copyrighted under the provisions of this tut. unauthorized 
by the author, which are hereby exempted from prohibition of 
importation: Provided, nevertheless, that in the case of foreign 
languages, of which only translations in English are copyrighted, 
the prohibition of importation shall apply only to the translations 
of the same, and the importation of the books in the original lan¬ 
guage shall be permitted. 

The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 

First. For recording the title or description of any copyright 
book or article, fifty cents 

Second. For every copy under seal of such record actually 
given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty 
cents. 

Third. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing 
for the assignment of a copyright, one dollar. 

Fourth. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 

All fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the United 
States: Provided, that the charge for recording tlje title or de¬ 
scription of any article entered for copyright, the production of a 
person not a citizen or resident of the United States, shall be one 
Up, iiollar, to be paid ns above into the Treasury of the United States, 
v to defray the expenses of lists of copyrighted articles as herein* 
^ fter provided for. 

(! ^nd it fs hereby made the duty of the Librarian of Congress to 
\ dsh to the Secretary of the Treasury copies of the entries of 
of all books and other articles wherein the copyright has 



217 


been completed by the deposit of two copies of such boot printed 
from type set within the limits of the United States, in accord¬ 
ance with the provisions of this act and by* the deposit of two 
copies of such other article made or produced in the United 
States ; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to 
prepare and print, at intervals of not more than a week, cata¬ 
logues of such title entries for distribution to the collectors of 
customs of the United States and to the postmasters of all post- 
offices receiving foreign mails, and such weekly lists, as they are 
issued, shall be furnished to all parties desiring them, at a sum 
not exceeding live dollars per annum; and the Secretary anti the 
Postmaster-General are hereby empowered and required to make 
and enforce such rules and regulations as shall prevent the im¬ 
portation into the United States, except upon the cond tions 
above specified, of all articles prohibited by this act. 

The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit i t the 
mail, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 
District of Columbia, a copy of every subsequent edition wherein 
any substantial changes shall he made: Provided, however, that 
the alterations, revisions and addit ions made to books by foreign 
authors, heretofore published, of which new editions shall appear 
subsequently to the taking effect of this act. shall be held and 
deemed capable of being copyrighted as above provided for in this 
act, unless they form a part of the series in course of publication 
at the time this act shall take effect. 

Section 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such 
notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, 
chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or 
photograph, or other article*, lor which he has not obtained a 
copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, re¬ 
coverable one-half for the person who shall sue for such penalty 
and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Every person who, after the recording of the title of any book 
and the depositing of two copies of such book, as provided by this 
act, shall, contrary to the provisions of this net, within the term 
limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copy¬ 
right first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or mor* 
witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, < 
knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, tra 
luted, or imported, sell or expose to sale any copy of such 1 
skall forfeit every’ copy' thereof to such proprietor, and shall 
forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered in a ci 
tisn by such proprietor in any’ court of competent jurisdit 

T# antr narQGM nftpi- Hip recording of the title of any me 


218 


dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photo¬ 
graph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, .drawing,, 
statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and 
executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this act, shall 
within the term limited, contrary to the provisions of this act, 
and without-the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first 
obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, 
engrave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or 
import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design 
with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, dramatized, translated, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article as afore¬ 
said, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the 
same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, either copied or 
printed, and shall further forfeit oiie dollar for every sheet of the 
same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub¬ 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale, and in case of a painting, 
statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of 
the same in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; 
one-half thereof to the proprietor and the other half to tire use of 
the United States. 

yivery person who shall print or publish any manuscript what¬ 
ever without the consent of tlie author or proprietor first ob¬ 
tained, shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damaged 
occasioned b 3 rsueh injury. 

Sec. 11. That for the purpose of this act each volume of a book 
in two or more volumes, when such volumes are published sepa¬ 
rately, and the first one shall not have been issued before this act 
shall take effect, and each number of a periodical, shall be con¬ 
sidered an independent publication, subject to the form of copy¬ 
righting as above. 

Sec. 12. That this act shall go into effect on the first day Of 
July, anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 

Sec. 13. That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject qf 
a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation, per¬ 
mits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of 
copyright on .substantially the same basis as its own citizens, or 
1 when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international 
v* greement which provides for reciprocity i» the granting of copy- 
\u ?ht, by the terms of which agreement the United States of. 
lerica may, at its pleasure, become a party to such agreement,. 
f ; } existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be deter- 

\ '4 by the President of the United States by proclamation. 
\< from time to time as the purposes of this act may. reqvnjt. 


219 


Roman money mentioned in the New Testamem, reducers 
English and American standard: 

jC s. d. far. $ cts. 

A Mite. o o o 0.75 000.343 

A Farthing, about.... 000 1.50 . 000.687 

A Penny, or Denarius o o 7 2. . o 13.75 

A Pound, or Mina.... 3 2 60. ...... 13 75. 

Hote. — The above determinations of Scripture measures- 
weights, &c., are principally by the Rt. Rev. Richard, Bishop of 
.'Peterborough. 

Gunter’s Chain, Land Measurement, &c.—-7.92 inches con™ 
.?tit-jte 1 link; 100links 1 chain, 4 rods or poles, or 66 feet, and 80 
Plains 1 mile. A square chain is 16 square poles, and 10 square 
thains are 1 acre. Four roods are an acre, each containing 1,2x0 
square yards, or 34,785 yards, or 94 yards 28 inches each side. 

Forty poles of 30.25 square yards each is a rood, and a pole It 
yards each way. 

An acre is 4,840 square yards, or 69 yards 1 foot 8 J 4 inches each 
way; and 2 acres, or 9,680 square yds. are 98 yds. 1 ft. 2 ins. each* 
way; and 3 acres are 120^ yards each way. A square mile, or® 
"J. S. section of land, is 640 acres, being 1,060 yards each way; 
half a mile, or 880 yds. each way, is 160 acres; a quarter of a milefe 
or 440 yds. each way, is a park or farm of 40 acres; and a furlong;, 
Or 220 yds. each way, is 10 acres. 

Any length or breadth in yards which multiplied make 4,840 it 
an acre; any which makes 12.10 is a rood, and 30.25 is a pole. 

An English acre is a square of nearly 70 yds. each way; a Scotch 1 
of 77^ yds., and an Irish of 88^ yds. 

Dynamic Power of Various Kinds of Food.— One lb. v of oat 
meal will furnish as much power as 2 lbs. of bread and more than 
*lbs. of lean veal. One lb. butter gives a working force equal to 
that of 9 lbs. of potatoes, 12 lbs. of milk and more than 5 lbs. of 
iean beef. One lb. of lump sugar is equal in force to 2 lbs. .of ham, 
J»r 8 lbs. of cabbage. The habitual use of spirituous liquors is inimi¬ 
cal to health, and inevitably tends to shorten life. A mechanic or 
laboring man of average size requires, according to Moleschott, 
§3 ozs. of dry, solid matter daily, one-fifth nitrogenous. < Food, as 
asually prepared, contains 50 per cent, of water, which would 
Increase the quantity to 46 ozs., or 3 lbs. 14 ozs., with at ’sas&juj 
<8qual weight of water in addition daily. The same authority Indi¬ 
cates as healthy proportions, of albuminous matter 4.587 oz&, 
fatty matter 2.964, carbo-hydrate 14.250, salts 1.058, total 22.859 
ozs., for daily use. This quantity of food will vary greatly in the 
requirements of individuals engaged in sedentary employments, 
OT of persons with weak constitutions or impaired iigestion, as 
also whether employed in the open air or within doors, much also 
depending on the temperature. Preference should be given to the 
food which most readily yields the materials required by nature 
hi the formation of the human frame. Beef contains about 4 lbs. 
of such minerals in every 100 lbs. Dried extract of b*ef contains 
21 lbs. in each 100 lbs. 3 read made from unbolted wheat flour is 
•llso very rich in such elements, much more so than superfine flour.-. 







220 


henc* the common use of Graham bread for dyspep»fa and other 
ailm^ \ts. The analysis of Liebig, Johnston, and others give in 
ioo p. rts, the following proportions of nutritious elements, viz.: 
India \ corn 12.30, barley 14.00, wheat 14.06, oats 19.91. A fish 
diet i; well adapted to sustain intellectual, or brain labor. What 
is req lired may be best known from the fact that a human body 
weigh ng 154 lbs. contains, on a rough estimate, of water 14 gals, 
(consi ting of oxygen hi lbs., of hydrogen 14 lbs.), carbon 21 lbs., 
nitrog n 3 lbs., 8 ozs., calcicum 2 lbs., sodium 2^ ozs., phosphorus 
1 Yi lb* , potassium l / 2 oz., sulphur 2 ozs. 219 grs., fluorine 2 ozs., 
chlorp f 20Z. 47grs., iron 100 grs., magnesium 12 grs., silicon 2 grs. 
After f eath, the human body is by gradual decay slowly resolved 
into tl ese its component parts, which elements are again used in 
the coi iplex and wonderful laboratory of nature, to vivify the 
CountlQ is forms of vegetable life. These in their turn fulfill their 
appoinl ;d law by yielding up their substance for the formation of 
other bi dies. What a suggestive comment on mortal ambition to 
witness the present inhabitants of Egypt engaged in what they 
conside • the lucrative commerce of quarrying out the bones of the 
ancient inhabitants from the catacombs where they have been 
entomb d for thousands of years and transporting them by the 
ship-loj d. to England in order to fertilize the crops which arc 
destiny I to assist in forming the bone and sinew of the British 


nation! 

?ra( ricAL Dietetic Economies. —The following table, com¬ 
piled ft om various authorities, is eminently and practically useful, 
presen ;ng as it does at a glance the available percentage of nutri¬ 
tive < ements contained in the leading staples used as human 


food. 

Raw 'ucumbers. 2 

“ Melons. 3 

Boile } Turnips. 4% 

Milk.. 7 

Cablj ..ge. 7% 

Curr nts. 10 

Whij ped Eggs. 13 

Beetw.14 

Apples. 16 

Peaches. 20 

Boiled Codfish. 21 

Broiled Venison. 22 

Potatoes.22 

Eried Veal..24 

Roa 5 t Pork.24 


Raw Beef. 26 

" Grapes. 27 

Plums.29 

Broiled Mutton. 30 

Oatmeal Porridge.75 

Rye Bread... 79 

Boiled Beans. 87 

Boiled Rice.88 

Barley Bread.88 

Wheat Bread.90 

Baked Corn Bread. 91 

Boiled Barley. 92 

Butter. 92 

Boiled Peas. 93 

Raw Oils. 95 


Roast Poultry. 26 

The figures present a diversity, but the general results are fixed 
and invariable, presenting to the economist the relative amount of 
nutriment supplied by each kind of food. It will be seen that the most 
wholesome and nutritious articles, as oatmeal, flour, peas, beans, 
rice, crushed wheat, corn bread, etc., are vastly superior to beef in 
supplying effective ability to labor, besides being obtainable at about 
one-third the price of the latter. It will be seen that the nutriment 

































221 


supplied by beef is 26 per cent, while the cereals yield from 75 to 
9_5 per cent.; while there is no room for dispute as to the compara¬ 
tive healthiness of the different kinds of diet. The bounding cir¬ 
culation, good digestion and mental activity enjoyed by day, 
together with the sound sleep accorded by night, to the man who 
prefers plain to luxurious living, and vegetable to animal food, are 
certainly well worth striving for. 1 f a fair percentage Jof whole¬ 
some ripe fruit be used with the above noted diet, its value and the 
enjoyment of using it will be greatly enhanced. After all that can 
be said, pro and con, touching a vegetable diet, certain are we that 
the average man who limits himself to a well-selected regimen of 
vegetable food will, accidents aside, go through life with a clear 
mind in a healthy body, will sleep sounder, and come nearer the 
alloted age of three-score and ten, have a better digestion, and 

1 ave fewer headaches than the man who indulges in roast beef with 
*• ie usual variations. 

Age and Growth of Trees.—A n oak tree in 3 years grows 

2 ft. 10% ins. A larch 3 ft. 7% ins., at 70 years it is full grown, 
and a tree of 79 years was 102 ft. high and 12 ft. girth, containing 
253 cubic ft. Another of 80 years was 90 ft. and 17 ft. and 300 
cubic teet. An elm tree in 3 years grows 8 ft. 3 in. A beech, 1 ft. 
8 in. A poplar, 6 ft. A willow, 9 ft. 3 in. An elm is full grown 
In 150 years and it lives 500 or 600. Ash is full grown in 100 and 
oak in 200. The mahogany is full grown in 200 years to a vast 
size. ^A Polish oak 40 ft. round had 600 circles. An oak in 
Dorsetshire in 1755 was 68 ft. round, 2 near Cranborne Lodge a»e 
^8 ft. and 36 ft. There are yews from 10 to 20 ft. diam., whose age 
is from 1,000 to 2,000 years. A lime in the Crisons is 51 ft. round 
and about 600 years old. An elm in the Pays de Vaud is 18 ft. 
diam. and 360 years old. The African baobab is the patriarch of 
living organizations, one specimen by its circles is estimated at 
5,700 years old by Adamson and Humboldt. The trunk is but 12 
or i<; ft. to the branches, and often 75 ft. round. A cypress in 
Mexico is 120 ft. round and is estimated by De Candolle to be 
older than Adamson’s baobab. The cypress of Montezuma is 41 
feet round. Strabo wrote of a cypress in Persia as being 2,500 
years old. The largest tree in Mexico is 127 ft. round and 120 
high, with branches of 30 ft. A chestnut tree on Mount Etna is 
196 ft. round close to the ground and 5 of its branches resemble 
great trees. De Candolle says there are oaks in France 1,500 
years old. The Wallace oak near Paisley is nearly 800 years old. 
The yew trees at Fountain’s Abbey are about 1,200 years old. 
That at Crowhurst, 1,500. That at Fortingal, above 2,000. That 
at Braburn, 2,500 to 3,000. Ivys reach 500 or 600 years A The 
larch the same/ The lime 600 or 700 years. The trunk of a wal¬ 
nut tree 12 ft. in diam., hollowed out, and furnished as a sitting- 
room, was imported from America and exhibited in London. The 
trunk was 80 ft. high, without a branch, and the entire height 150 
ft., the bark 12 ins. thick and the branches from 3 to 4 ft. in diam. 
The California pine is from 150 to 200 ft. high and from 20 to 60 ft. 
in diam. The forests in watered, tropical countries are formed of 
trees from 100 to 200 ft. high, which grow to the water’s edge of 


222 


rivers, presenting a solid and impenetrable barrier of trunks io Ol 
12 ft. in diam. The dragon tree is in girth from 4° to 100 It and 
50 or 60 feet high, and a misosa in South America is described 
whose head is 600ft. round. 

The duration of well seasoned wood, when kept dry, is very 
great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1 100 
years old. Piles driven by the Romans, and used in the formation 
of bridges prior to the Christian era, have been examined 01 late, 
and found to be perfectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2,000 

^ Russian Way of Stopping Holes in Ships. — In that country 
there has lately been invented and successfully applied, a ready 
means for stopping holes made in ships by collision or otherwise. 
It consists of a plaster made of two rectangular sheets of canvas 
sewed together, bordered with a rope, and containing a water¬ 
proof material. A sounding-line has to be passed under the keel, 
and brought up on the other side, then the plaster can be lowered 
to the hole and made fast. Several cases are cited in which this 
Invention has been employed with advantage, and a large number 
of Russian ships are now furnished with such plasters. It is pro¬ 
posed that men be specially trained and ready for the maneuvnng 
of the apparatus. 

How to Raise the Body of a Drowned Person. In a recent 
failure to recover the body of a drowned person in New Jersey, a 
French-Canadian undertook the job, and proceeded as follows? 
Having supplied himself with some glass gallon-jars and a quarf 
tity of unslaked lime he went in a boat to the place where the man 
was seen to go down. One of the jars was filled half full of hme< 
then filled up with water and tightly corked. It was then dropped 
into the water and soon after exploded at the bottom of the river 
with a loud report. After the third trial, each time at a different 
place, the body rose to the surface and was secured. 

How to Get Rid of Rats. —Get a piece of lead pipe and use it 
as a funnel to introduce about ozs - of sulphide of potassium 
into any outside holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwell¬ 
ings. To get rid of mice use tartar emetic mingled with any favor¬ 
ite food, they will eat, sicken, and take their leave. 

Valuable Suggestions to Clerks and Workingmen. Never 
consider time wasted that is spent in learning rudiments. In 
acquiring a knowledge of any art or handicraft the greatest dif- 
ficulty is experienced at the beginning, because our work then 
possesses little or nothing of interest. Our first lessons in drawing 
or music, or with tools, are very simple ; indeed so simple are they 
that we are disposed to undervalue their importance. The tempta¬ 
tion is to skip a few pages and begin further on in the book ''But 
such a course is fatal to success. To learn principles thoroughly 
is to succeed Be content to learn one thing at a time, whether it 
be to push a plane square and true, or draw a straight line. What¬ 
ever you learn, learn it absolutely, without possible question. 
This will enable you to advance steadily, step by step, year after 
year, and some day you will wonder why you have been enabled 




223 


Co distance the geniuses who once seemed r r fa' tc iivai.ce ©it 
you. . 

Set your heart upon what you have in nano. yamaoifc .•enow*'- 
•edge is acquired only by intense devotion. You must give yc 
entire mind to whatever you undertake, otherwise you fail, or _u- 
seed indifferently, which is but little better than failure. 

Learn, therefore, to estimate properly the value of what is called 
leisure time. There is entirely too much of this in the world. Do 
not mistake our meaning. Rest is necessary and play is well in 
tts place, but young men who hope to do something in life mtiis, 
*K>t expect to play one-third of their time. 

While you resolve to acquire a thorough knowledge of your art, 
toe equally as anxious to know something beyond it. A craftsman 
ought to be ashamed of himself who knows nothing but the useot 
’ ’tools. Having the time to acquire it, be careful to properly 
estimate the value of knowledge. Remember ®f what use it wifi 
fee to you in ten thousand instances as you go along in life, and be 
as conscientious in learning rudiments here as elsewhere. Learn 
to spell correctly, to write a good plain 1 ;ilid, and to punctuate 
your sentences. 

Do not dress beyond your means; never spend your last dollar, 
unless for food to keep yourself or some one else from starving. 

* „\l will always feel better to keep a little money in your pocket 
At the earliest possible opportunity save up a few dollars and 
place the amount in a savings bank. It will serve as a magnet to 
attract other money that might be foolishly spent. 

Just as soon as you can command the means, buy a piece of 
ground. 'Do not wait until you have saved enough to pay all 
down, but begin by paying one-third or one-quarter. Do not b® 
afraid to go in debt for land, for it increases in value. 

Save a Little. —Every man who is obliged to work for his Mv- 
tng should make a point to lay up a little money for that “rainy 
jay” which we are all liable to encounter when least expected. 
The best way to do this is to open an account with a savings bank. 
Accumulated money is always safe; it is always ready to use when 
Seeded. Scrape together five dollars, make your deposit, receive 
your bank book, and then resolve to deposit a given sum,, small 
though it be, once a month, or once a week, according to circum¬ 
stances. Nobody knows without trying it, how easy a thing it it 
to save money when an account with a bank has been opened. 
With such an account a man feels a desire to enlarge his deposit 
It gives him lessons in frugality and economy, weans him from 
habits of extravagance, and is. the very best guard in the world 
against intemperance, dissipation and vice. Refer to page 277 sc*r 
■i table showing the time required by money to double itself woda 
.oaned at interest. 

Symbolic Meaning of Colors.— White was the emblem 
ight, religious purity, innocence, faith, joy and life. In the judges 
®t indicates integrity; in the sick, humility; in the woman, chastity. 

Red, the ruby, signifies fire, divine love, heat of the creative 
power, and royalty. White and red roses express love # and wis* 
iiom. The red color of the blood has its origin in the action of th& 
.leart, which corresponds to, or symbolizes love. In a bad seafi^, 
-ssad corresponds to the infernal love of evil, hatred, etc* 


224 


Blue, or ihe sapphire, expresses heaven, the firmament, Srutfe 
from a celestial origin, constancy and fidelity. 

Yellow, or gold, is the symbol of the sun, of the goodness oi 
God, of marriage and faithfulness. In a bad sense yellow signi¬ 
fies inconstancy, jealousy and deceit. 

Green, the emerald, is the color of the spring, of hope, particu¬ 
larly of the hope of immortality and of victory, as the color of fchs 
laurel and palm. 

Violet, the amethyst, signifies love and truth, or passion and 
Suffering. Purple and scarlet signify things good and true from a 
Celestial origin. 

Black corresponds to despair, darkness, ea-rthliness, mourning, 
negation, wickedness and death. 

Durability of a Horse. —A horse will travel 400 yards in 4J4 
minutes at a walk, 400 yds. in 2 minutes at a trot, and 400 yds. in 
I minute at a gallop. The usual work of a horse is taken at 
22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot per minute, for 8 hours per day. A horse 
will carry 250 lbs. 25 miles per day of 8 hours. An average 
draught-horse vill draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles per day on a level road, 
weight of wagoC included. The average weight of a horse is 
1,000 lbs.; his sufwngth is equal to that of 5 men. In a horse mill 
moving at 3 feet per second, track 25 feet diameter, he exerts with 
the machine the power of 4^ horses. The greatest amount a horse 
can pull in a horizontal line is 900 lbs.; but he can only do this 
momentarily, in continued exertion, probably half of this is the 
limit. He attains his growth in 5 years, will live 25, average 16 
years, A horse will live 25 days on water, without solid food, 17 
days without eating or drinking, but only 5 days on solid food, 
without drinking. 

A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road will travel 1.1 miles 
per hour of trip. A 4-horse team will haul from 25 to 36 cubic feel 
oflime stone at each load. The time expended in loading, unload¬ 
ing, etc., including delays, averages 35 minutes per trip. The cost 
of loading and unloading a cart, using a horse cram at the quarry, 
and unloading by hand, when labor is $1.25 per day, and a horse 
75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work done 
Dy an animal is greatest when the velocity with which he moves is 
of the greatest with which he can move when not impeded, and 
the force then exerted .45 of the utmost force the animal can exert 
At a dead pull. 

Comparative Cost of Freight by Water and Rail. — It 
has been proved by actual test that a single tow-boat can trans- 

K rt at one trip from the Ohio to New Orleans 29,000 tons of coal, 
ided in barges. Estimating in this way the boat and its tow, 
worked by a few men, carries as much freight to its destination at 
3,000 cars and 100 locomotives, manned by 600 men, could trans¬ 
port. 

Cost of a Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Car. — D»- 
tailed cost of constructing one first-class Standard Passenger 
at the Altoona shops of the Pennsylvania R. R., the total cof$ 
being $4,423.75. The principal items are asr follows ; 


225 


Lab6r .......$1,263 94 

Proportion of Fuel and 

Stores . 28 61 

2,480 feet Poplar .. 86 80 

3,434 feet Ash. 127 08 

1,100 feet Pine. 20 90 

2,350 feet Yellow Pine. 70 50 

500 feet Oak. 10 00 

450 feet Hickory. 13 50 

700 feet Mich. Pine.. 49 00 

400 feet Cherry. 16 00 

439 feet Maple veneer 24 14 

4 pairs Wheels and 

Axles. 332 85 

2 pairs Passenger 

Car Trucks. 533 62 

13 gallons Varnish.. 52 34 

45 lbs. Glue. 14 33 

*,925 lbs. Iron. 87 75 

792 lbs. Castings .... 16 99 

Screws. 51 88 

Gas Regulator 

and Guage. 25 25 

2 Two-Light Chan¬ 
deliers. 5° 7 2 

9 Gas Tanks . 84 00 


1 Air Brake, complete 131 79 

57 Sash Balances. 44 61 

61 Lights Glasses .... 65 83 

2 Stoves. 77 56 

25 Sets Seat Fixtures. 50 50 

3 Bronze Lamps..... 13 50 

2 Bronze Door Locks 15 20 

Butts and Hinges.. 15 58 

13 Basket Racks. 77 35 

12 Sash Levers. 42 00 

61 Bronze Window 

Lifts. 24 40 

61 Window Fasteners. 16 47 

238 Sheets Tin. 41 44 

273 lbs. Galvanized Iron 25 31 
96 yards Scarlet Plush 228 87 
44 yards Green Plush. 109 99 
61 yards Sheeting .... 10 30 

243 lbs. Hair. 72 95 

12 Springs.. 22 96 

12 Spiral Elliptic 

Springs. 20 29 

1 Head Lining. 80 63 

2 packets Gold Leaf. 14 58 
Various small items 261 44 


$4,423-75 


TABLE, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE 
MONTH TO THE SAME PAY IN ANOTHER._ 


From 

To 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

>> 

Aug. 

| Sept. 
• 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

January. 

3 6 5 

3 1 

59 

90 

120 

151 

181 

212 

243 

273 

3°4 

334 

February. 

334 

365 

28 

59 

89 

120 

15 ° 

l8l 

212 

242 

273 

3°3 

March. 

306 

337 

365 

3 1 

6l 

92 

122 

i 53 

184 

214 

245 

275 

April. 

275 

306 

334 

3 6 5 

30 

61 

9 1 

122 

i 53 

183 

214 

244 

May. 

245 

276 

304 

335 

3&5 

3 1 

61 

9 2 

123 

i 53 

184 

214 

June. 

214 

245 

273 

304 

334 

3 6 5 

3 ° 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

July. 

184 

215 

243 

274 

3°4 

335 

3 6 5 

3 1 

62 

92 

123 

i 53 

August.. 

i 53 

184 

212 

243 

273 

3°4 

334 

365 

3 i 

61 

92 

122 

September. 

122 

i 53 

181 

212 

242 

273 

3°3 

334 

3 6 5 

3 ° 

6l 

91 

October. 

92 

123 

151 

182 

212 

243 

273 

3°4 

335 

3 6 5 

3 i 

61 

November. 

61 

92 

120 

151 

181 

212 

242 

273 

3°4 

334 

3 6 5 

3 ° 

December.. 

3 i 

62 

90 

121 

151 

182 

212 

243 

274 

3°4 

335 

365 


' Explanation.— To find the number of days from January 20 to 

Dec. 20, follow the horizontal line opposite January until you reach 
the column headed by December, when you will find 334, repre¬ 
senting the required number of days, and so on with the other 
months During leap year, if February enters into the calculation, 
add one < ay to the result. 









































































226 


£?©st of Articles by die Piece, from i to i Dozen, 


22 COSt 

$1 oo 

$1 25 

$1 50 

$1 

75 

0* 

00 

$2 25 

$2 50 

21 COSt 

92 

1 15 

138 

1 

60 

I 

83 

2 06 

2 29 

20 COSt 

83 

1 04 

1 25 

X 

46 

I 

67 

i 88 

2 08 

9 cost 

7 e 

94 

1 13 

I 

29 

I 

50 

1 69 

1 88 

3 cost 

67 

83 

1 00 

I 

17 

I 

33 

1 50 

1 67 

7 cost 

58 

73 

88 

I 

02 

I 

17 

1 3 i 

1 46 

6 cost 

50 

63 

75 


83 

I 

OO 

1 13 

1 25 

5 cost 

42 

52 

63 


73 


83 

94 

1 o< 

4 cost 

33 

4* 

5° 


56 


67 

75 

83 

3 cost 

25 

3* 

38 


44 


5 ° 

56 

63 

2 cost 

17 

21 

25 


29 


33 

38 

42 

I cost 

3% 

10% 

12 % 


14% 


16% 

18% 



22 cost 

$2 75 

$3 

00 

$3 25 

$3 

50 

$3 75 

$4 00 

$4 25 

21 COSt 

2 52 

2 

75 

2 98 

3 

21 

3 44 

3 67 

3 89 

20 COSt 

2 29 

2 

50 

2 73 

2 

92 

3 13 

3 33 

3 54 

9 cost 

2 06 

2 

25 

2 44 

2 

63 

2 81 

3 00 

3 i? 

8 cost 

183 

2 

00 

2 17 

2 

33 

2 56 

2 67 

2 83 

7 cost 

I 60 

I 

75 

1 90 

2 

04 / 

2 19 

2 33 

2 48 

6 cost 

138 

I 

50 

1 63 

I 

75 

1 88 

2 00 

2 13 

5 cost 

115 

I 

25 

1 36 

I 

46 

1 56 

1 67 

x 77 

4 cost 

92 

I 

OO 

1 09 

I 

17 

1 25 

1 33 

1 42 

3 cost 

69 


75 

82 


88 

94 

1 00 

1 c 6 

2 cost 

46 


50 

55 


58 

63 

67 

71 

x cost 

23 


25 

28 


29% 

3 'V\ 

33% 

35M 


E 2 COSt 

$4 50 

$4 75 

$5 00 [ 

$5 25 

$5 50 

$5 75 

$6 00 

xx cost 

4 13 

4 23 

4 58 | 

4 81 

5 04 

5 27 

5 50 

?o cost 

3 75 

3 96 

4 17 

4 38 

4 58 

4 79 

5 0© 

9 cost 

3 38 

3 56 

3 75 

3 94 

4 13 

4 31 

4 50 

8 cost 

3 00 

3 17 

3 33 

3 50 

3 6 7 

3 83 

4 oc 

7 cost 

2 63 

2 77 

2 92 

3 °6 

3 21 

3 35 

3 5C 

6 GOSt 

2 25 

2 34 

2 50 

2 63 

2 75 

2 87 

30c 

5 e«st 

1 88 

1 98 

2 08 

2 19 

2 29 

2 40 

2 50 

4 cost 

1 50 

1 58 

1 67 

1 75 

183 

1 92 

2 00 

3 cost 

* 13 

1 19 

1 25 

1 3i 

138 

1 44 

z 50 

2 cost 

75 

79 

83 

88 

92 

96 

x 00 

s cost 

37% 

39% 

41% 

43% 

46 

48 

50 

22 COSt 

$6 25 

$6 50 

$6 75 

$7 00 

$7 25 

$7 50 

$7 76 

21 COSt 

5 73 

5 96 

6 19 

6 42 

6 65 

6 88 

7 n 

20 COSt 

5 25 

5 42 

5 63 

583 

6 04 

6 25 

6 46 

9 cost 

4 69 

4 88 

5 06 

5 25 

5 44 

5 63 

5 8x 

8 cost 

4 17 

4 33 

4 50 

4 67 

4 93 

5 00 

s 17 

7 cost 

3 65 

3 79 

3 94 

4 08 

4 23 

4 38 

4 5* 

6 cost 

3 13 

3 25 

3 38 

3 50 

3 63 

3 75 

388 

5 cost 

2 60 

2 71 

2 81 

2 92 

3 °2 

3 13 

3 *3 

4 cost 

2 08 

2 17 

2 25' 

2 33 

2 42 

2 50 

2 58 

3 cost 

1 56 

1 63 

1 69 

1 75' 

1 81 

1 88 

1 94 

2 cost 

x 94 

1 08 

1 13 

1 17 >' 

1 21 

1 25 

1 29 

cost 

52% 

54% 

. 56% 

58% l 60% 

62% 

64% 










































VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS. 

As Adopted by the United States Treasury Department, April 1, 1892. 


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tc ft 

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SC 

d 


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ft 

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73 . 

0 L* ^ 

72 0 0 

“ ft ft 

ft ^ *“• 73 

a < 0 


2 ^ * 
r-> •—* 

•—1 *> •'1 
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1—1 —* d 
0 O Li 


© 52/3 d 
, r +-> 
2 2 ~co 
ft ^ 


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Li 73 0 0 


© PP P5W O 



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^ t ^ 

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O 

© 

ft ft 

0 0 

Q 

d 

fH 

Li 

0 

^ O 

O 

©aw 

w 

W 

© ! 





















































VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS—CONTINUED. 


QQ 


O 

o 


^ ft 

£ ^ 
m c 
« o 

p 

■< 

^ P 


£ 

P 

>« 

P? 

H 

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ft £ 
■*-' _> 

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sg 


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© 


O- 


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l> 


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> r-> O 
C 

x*P 


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gg*? 
o O I 
O O 


O £ o •■ ~y* 

ies •>-< lO rH 


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® 'ft £ G 'ft ^ 


<r _H Q Tft OC ^ 

x O 0 O co 


r g *• 

N? 5 ^ 

>U I 

I . 

r. O ft t> CO 

^ M ft - ft 
CO ft >£? k 

00 .sft p 

c® •§- 

^ “ CO 

w d « 

. G -g d G 
30 oft c 
o c 

o | o^o 

ft >-■ rH H 

1*111 
G G g "ft 'ft 
oco'S'S o 
O OOC 



a> 

> 


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co 
ft 


CO 


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cc ft 


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^ X C 

•--"i • &§ 

xj 5 r £ cm © 

2 ** h ft ^ CM 
ft O ft v. ft ^ 

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r-C - °$rH M 
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l i id 


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> 'W S_ W ^ 

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kOO OCO 


-ft -ft ^ 


o o 
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CD rH Gw Ci rH 

G^ft^ GCt> 


cm ca^x 
Ocm" oh id 


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o CM CD o t> to ri o^ rH 


CM rH ftD X CC r#< 

CD O H 




6C 

d 


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4^ C3 
“ £ 

l-g 

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(PQ 


ft 


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G ft 
ft ft 


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d 

r a 

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rH 

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p 


<x> ft — 

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x x x H 


>> G 
ft N 
44 ft 
ft P 
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d 

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G 


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d 

P 

P 

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G 


ft 

ft 

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G 

ft 

P 


G 

P 

d 


o 

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P 

P 

O 

ft 

£ 

ft 

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P. 

ft 

ft 

X 

K 






































































229 

Sold and Silver Produced in the United 

States. 

The following estimate of the gold and silver produced 
m the United States, since the discovery of gold m 
California, is compiled from the official reports of the 
Director of the United States Mint: 


Year. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

1&10. 

$40,000,000 

$50,000 

1850. 

50,000,000 

55,000,000 

60,000,000 

50,000 

1851. 

50,000 

1852. 

50,000 

18C2. 

65,000,000 

50,000 

.. 

60,000,000 

50,000 

l 855 . 

55,000,000 

55,000,000 

50,000 

. . 

1856. 

50,000 

18H7. 

55,000,000 

50,000 

1858..- 

i8c#». 

50,000,000 

50,000,000 

;oo,ooo 

100,000 

j 86 o . 

46,000,000 

150,000 

1861 . 

43,000,000 

2,000,000 

^62 . 

39,200,000 

4,500,000 

*862 . 

40,000,000 

8,500,000 

186/j ........ 

46,100,000 

11,000,000 

1865. 

53,225,000 

11,250,000 

1866. 

53,500,000 

10,000,000 

1867 . 

51,725,000 

13*50°, 000 

1868 . 

48,000,000 

12,000,000 

1869 . 

49,500,000 

12,000,000 

16,000,000 

1870. 

50,000,000 

1871 ... 

43 , 5 00 , 000 

23,000,000 

1872 .. 

36,000,000 

28,750,000 

1872 .. . 

36,000,000 

35,750,ooo 

187,4 . 

33 , 49 °, 9 ° 2 

37 » 3 2 4*594 

1875.. 

1876 . 

33*467,856 

39,429,166 

31,727*560 

38,783,016 

1877...-. 

46,897,390 

39 * 793 * 573 . 


TotaL 


$40,050,000 

50,050,000 

55,050,000 

60,050,000 

65,050,000 

60,050,000 

55,050,000 

55,050,000 

55,050,000 

50,500,000 

50,100,000 

46,150,000 

45,000,000 

43,700,000 

48,500,000 

57,100,000 

64,475,000 

63,500,000 

65,225,000 

60,000,000 

61,500,000 

66,000,000 

66,500,000 

64,750,000 

71,750,000 

70,815,496 

65,195,416 

78,712,182 

86,690,963 











































230 

GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED—(Continued) 


YEAR. 

GOED. 

SIEVER. 

TOTAE. 

1878 . 

51 , 206,360 

38 , 899,858 

36 , 000,000 

34 , 700,000 

32 , 500,000 

30 , 000,000 

30 , 800,000 

31 , 800,000 

35 , 000,000 

33 , 000,000 

33 , 167,500 

32 , 967,000 

45 , 281,385 

40 , 812,132 

38 , 450,000 

43 , 000,000 

46 , 800,000 

46 , 200,000 

48 , 800,000 

61 , 600,000 

51 , 000,000 

53 , 357,000 

59 , 206,700 

64 , 768,730 

96 , 487,745 

79 , 711,990 

74 , 450,000 

77 , 700,000 

79 , 300,000 

76 , 200,000 

79 , 600,000 

83 , 400,000 

86 ,000,000 

86 , 357,000 

92 , 374,200 

97 , 735,730 

1879 . 

1880 . 

1881 . 

1882 . 

1883 . 

1884 . 

1885 . 

1886 . 

1887 . 

1888 . 

1889 . 


T’t’ltol 890 
Grand total 

1 , 737 , 676,032 

823 , 304,720 


2 , 560 , 980,752 


Force Exerted by Dynamite. 

Nitro-glycerine and dynamite do not, when ex¬ 
ploded, exert as much force as is popularly be¬ 
lieved. To speak precisely, the power developed 
by the explosion of a ton of djmamite is equal to 
45,675 foot-tons. One ton of nitro-glycerine simi¬ 
larly exploded will exert a power of 54,452 foot-tons; 
and one ton of blasting gelatine, similarly ex¬ 
ploded, 71,050 foot-tons. These figures, although 
large, are not enormous, and need not excite ter¬ 
ror. Seventy-one thousand tons of ordinary build¬ 
ing stone, if arranged in the form of a cube, would 
measure only ninety feet on the side, and if it were 
possible to concentrate the whole force of a ton of 
blasting gelatine at the moment of explosion on 
such a mass, the only effect would be to lift it to a 
height of a foot. The foregoing figures are de¬ 
rived from experiments made at Ardeer with an in¬ 
strument that gives accurate results in measuring 
the force of explosives. 























231 


Lumber and Log Measurement at Bight. 

Showing net proceeds (fractions of feet omitted) of 
logs in I inch boards, deducting saw kerf and slabs. If 
the required dimension is not in the table, unite two 
or three suitable numbers together. The length will be 
found in the left hand column and the diameter in inches 
on the head of the other columns. 


Length, 

Feet 

Diam. 

10 

| Diam. 

II 

Diam. 

12 

§ 2 
3 

Diam. 

14 

§ ? 
5 

Diam. 

1 16 

1 

3 

§00 

3 

xo . . „. .. . 

23 

31 

40 

50 

62 

75 

90 

105 

122 

II....... 

25 

34 

44 

55 

69 

83 

99 

n6 

135 

12. 

27 

37 

48 

61 

75 

91 

108 

126 

147 

* 3 -.. 

29 

40 

52 

66 

81 

98 

11 7 

137 

159 

14 ...... • 

32 

43 

56 

7 i 

88 

106 

126 

148 

171 

15 ....... 

34 

46 

60 

76 

94 

113 

135 

158 

184 

l6 ....... 

3 6 

49 

64 

81 

100 

121 

i 44 

169 

196 

17 .. ..... 

38 

52 

68 

86 

106 

128 

153 

179 

208 

l8 . 

41 

55 

7 f 

9 \ 

112 

136 

162 

190 

220 

19 . 

43 

58 

76 

96 

119 

143 

171 

201 

232 

20. 

46 

61 

80 

101 

125 

151 

180 

211 

244 

21 .. 

48 

64 

84 

106 

131 

158 

189 

222 

257 

22. 

50 

67 

88 

hi 

137 

166 

198 

232 

269 

23 . 

52 

70 

92 

116 

144 

174 

207 

243 

281 

24 .. 

54 

74 

96 

122 

150 

181 

216 

254 

294 

25 . 

56 

77 

100 

127 

156 

189 

225 

264 

308 

26 ....... 

59 

80 

104 

132 

163 

196 

234 

274 

318 

27 . 

61 

83 

108 

137 

169 

204 

243 

285 

330 

28. 

29 . 

30 . 

P 

65 

68 

86 

89 

92 

112 

116 

120 

142 

147 

152 

175 

182 

188 

212 

219 

220 

252 

261 

270 

296 

306 

316 

342 

31 . 

70 

95 

124 

157 

193 

234 

279 

327 

380 

32 . 

72 

98 

128 

162 

200 

242 

288 

338 

392 

33 ' .. 

74 

101 

132 

169 

206 

249 

297 

348 

404 

34 • .. 

77 

104 

136 

172 

212 

256 

306 

358 

416 

35 ....... 

79 

107 

140 

1 77 

219 

265 

3 i 5 

369 

428 

a 6 .1 

8,1 

IIO 1 

144 

182 

224 

272 

324 

380 

44© 






















































*32 

LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT— (Coat'edf 


Length, 

O' 

C3 m 

• rl 

§ 0 

.2 N 

i- 

.2 

§ N 
.2 N 

.2 N 

.2 N 

S vn 
.2 N 

| VO 
.2 N 

.2 e* 

Feet. 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

a 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

SO •••••?* 

140 

160 

180 

202 

225 

250 

275 

302 

330 

II . 

154 

176 

198 

223 

248 

2 75 

302 

333 

363 

12 ....... 

169 

192 

217 

243 

271 

3°° 

33i 

3 6 3 

397 

s 3. 

183 

208 

235 

263 

293 

325 

358 

393 

430 

*4 . 

19 7 

22^ 

253 

283 

313 

359 

386 

433 

463 

*5 . 

211 

240 

271 

303 

336 

375 

4i3 

453 

496 

n6 ....... 

225 

256 

289 

324 

359 

400 

441 

484 

530 

27 . - 

239 

272 

307 

344 

383 

425 

468 

5i4 

5^3 

i& ....... 

253 

288 

325 

3 6 4 

406 

450 

496 

544 

596 

*9*. 

267 

3°4 

343 

3 S 4 

429 

475 

523 

574 

630 

20 * • © • 9 • • 

280 

320 

361 

404 

452 

500 

550 

6°5, 

56i 

21 «•••••• 

293 

33 6 

379 

425 

473 

525 

579 

635 

693 

22 ....... 

3°9 

352 

397 

445 

496 

55o 

605 

665 

726 

23 ... 

323 

3 68 

4i5 

465 

519 

575 

632 

695 

760 

24....... 

338 

3 S 4 

433 

486 

541 

600 

662 

726 

794 

25 . 

35i 

400 

45i 

506 

562 

625 

689 

756 

827 

26 ....... 

366 

416 

370 

526 

586 

650 

716 

786 

860 

27 . 

380 

432 

488 

54^ 

606 

675 

744 

826 

893 

28 . ... .. . 

394 

448 

506 

566 

626 

700 

772 

866 

926 

29 ....... 

408 

464 

524 

586 

649 

725 

799 

886 

959 

3® . . e 0 e • ® 

422 

480 

542 

606 

672 

75o 

826 

906 

992 

31 ....... 

43 6 

496 

560 

627 

6 95 

775 

8.S4 

937 

1026 

32. 

450 

512 

57* 

648 

718 

800 

882 

968 

1060 

33 ... 

464 

528 

596 

668 

742 

825 

909 

998 

1093 

34. 

478 

544 

614 

688 

766 

850 

936 

1028 

1126 

35 ..•* 0• • 

492 

560 

632 

708 

789 

875 

964 

1058 

ri 59 

^ 0 • 0 « 0 « «! 

506 

576 

650 

728 

812 

900 

992 

1088 

1192 


THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES 
(Census of 1890). 


Population.62,622,250 

Enrolled Pupils.12,697,196 

Average Daily Attendance. 8,144,938 

Average Length of School Term. 134 days. 

Salaries of Superintendents and Teachers.$91,683,338 

Total Expenditures for Public Schools.$140,277,484 

Percentage of Population Enrolled.20.27 

Expended Per Capita of Population.$2.24 



















































233 

LUMBER AND LOG MEASUREMENT—(Cont’ed). 


Length, 

§ 00 
.3 N 

§ On 

.3 N 

i 0 

3 CO 

a « 

.3 ^ 

§ « 
.3 ^ 

§ PO 

.3 

1 * 
.3 co 

a u-i 

.3 CO 

.3 cu 

Feet. 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

Q 

io. 

36° 

39 1 

422 

45 6 

490 

526 

562 

601 

640 

ii . 

39 6 

430 

465 

502 

539 

578 

619 

661 

704 

12. 

43 2 

469 

507 

547 

588 

631 

675 

721 

768 

13 . 

468 

508 

549 

59 2 

627 

684 

73i 

781 

832 

14 . 

504 

547 

561 

638 

686 

736 

781 

841 

896 

IS. 

540 

586 

633 

683 

735 

789 

844 

901 

960 

16 „.. 

576 

625 

676 

7 2 9 

784 

842 

900 

961 

1024 

17.. 

612 

664 

71S 

774 

833 

895 

95 6 

1021 

1088 

18. 

648 

703 

761 

820 

882 

946 

1012 

1081 

1152 

19. 

684 

742 

803 

865 

93i 

<*99 

1069 

1141 

1216 

20. 

720 

782 

845 

912 

980 

1052 

1125 

1202 

1280 

21. 

75 6 

820 

887 

957 

1029 

1103 

1181 

1261 

1344 

22. 

792 

860 

93° 

1004 

1078 

1156 

1238 

1322 

1408 

• • • * # • • 

828 

898 

972 

1049 

1127 

1209 

1295 

1381 

1472 

24 .it, • • • 

864 

93 S 

1014 

1094 

1176 

1262 

1350 

1442 

1536 

25. 

900 

977 

1056 

ii39 

1225 

i3 r 5 

1406 

1501 

1600 

26. 

93 6 

1016 

1098 

1184 

1274 

1368 

1462 

1562 

1664 

27. 

972 

i°55 

1140 

1230 

i3 2 3 

1420 

1518 

1622 

1728 

28 . 

4008 

1094 

1182 

1276 

I37 2 

1472 

1574 

1682 

1792 

29. 

1044 

1133 

1224 

1321 

1421 

1525 

1631 

1742 

1856 

30. 

1080 

1172 

1266 

1366 

1470 

1578 

1688 

1802 

1920 

31 . 

1116 

1211 

1309 

1412 

1519 

1631 

1744 

1862 

1984 

32 . 

1152 

1250 

i35 2 

1458 

1568 

1684 

1800 

1922 

2048 

33. 

1188 

1289 

1394 

1503 

1617 

1737 

1856 

1982 

2112 

34 . 

1224 

1328 

I43 6 

1548 

1666 

1790 

1912 

2042 

2176 

35 . 

1260 

1367 

1479 

1594 

I7i5 

1841 

1968 

2102 

2240 

36 .. 

1296 

1406 

>5? z 

1640 

1764J 

1892 

2024 

2162 

2 3°4 


Enormous Increase in Steel Production in the United States. 

The total production of steel, in the form of ingots 
and direct castings, aggregates 4.466,926 tons of 2,000 
pounds, an increase of 290 per cent over the production 
of the census year 1880, at which time steel was made in 
fourteen states in the Union, as against nineteen states 
engaged in that industry at the present time. The pro¬ 
duction of Bessemer steel rails has shown a remarkable 
growth, increasing from 741.475 tons in 1880 to 2,036,6o4 
tons in 1890. 


















































m 


LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

Square timber and scantling brought down to I inch 
"board measure. Example: To find the number of feet 
|n a beam 6xio and 24 feet in length, consult’the table, 
and opposite 24 and under 6x10 you will find 120, the 
correct number of feet. 


DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 


rccu 

2x4 

2X5 

2x6 

2x7 

2x8 

3 X 3 

3 X 4 

3 X 5 

3x6 

6 ...... 

4 - 

5 . 

6. 

7 ” 

8. 

5-6 

6. 

7.6 

9. 

7 ...... 

4-8 

5.10 

7. 

8.2 

9-4 

5-3 

7 - 

8.9 

IO.C 

8 ...... 

5 4 

6.8 

8 

9-4 

10 8 

6. 

8, 

10. 

12. 

9 ...... 

6. 

7-6 

9 

10.6 

12. 

6.9 

9 - 

11 *3 

13.^ 

10 ...... 

6.8 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13-5 

7.6 

10. 

12.6 

! 5 . 

SI ...... 

7-4 

9.2 

11. 

12.10 

14.8 

8-3 

ii. 

13.9 

16.6 

!2 ...... 

8. 

10. 

12, 

14. 

16. 

9. 

12. 

15 * 

18. 

13 ...... 

8.8 

10.10 

13 

15-2 

17.4 

9-9 

13. 

16.3 

19.6 

Hd. ccncf-ce 

94 

11.8 

H. 

16.4 

18.8 

10.6 

14. 

17.6 

21. 

IS ...... 

10, 

12.6 

i 5 « 

17.6 

20. 

11 -3 

15. 

18,9 

22.6 

16...... 

10.8 

134 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

12. 

16. 

20 0 

24. 

17 ...... 

11.4 

14.2 

17. 

19.10 

22.8 

12.9 

17. 

21.3 

25.6 

18 ..... 

12. 

15 . 

18. 

21. 

24. 

13.6 

18. 

22.6 

2 7 . 

19 ...... 

12.8 

15.10 

19. 

22.2 

25.4 

14.3 

19. 

23.9 

28.6 

20 ...... 

13.4 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

15. 

20. 

25. 

3 <>. 

21 ...... 

H- 

17.6 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

i |*9 

21 „ 

26.3 

31 ^ 

22 ...... 

14.8 

18.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

16.6 

22. 

27.6 

33 . 

23 ..... . 

15.4 

19.2 

23« 

26.10 

30.8 

l l -3 

23. 

28.9 

34.6 

24 ...... 

16. 

20, 

,24. 

28. 

32 . 

18. 

24 ' 

30- 

36 - 

25 ...... 

16.8 

20.10 

25. 

29.2 

33-4 

18.9 

25 . 

3 i .3 

37.6 

39 ...... 

20. 

25 - 

30. 

35 . 

40. 

22.6 

30 . 

37-6 

45 * 

34 •«•••• 

22.8 

28.4 

34 ' 

39-3 

45-4 

25.6 

34 = 

42.6 

5 1 * 

40 C 0 ... 9 

26.8 

33-4 

40. 

46.8 

53-4 

3 °. 

40. 

5 0 « 

60. 

42 ...... 

28. 

35 - 

42. 

49 - 

56 . 

31.6 

42 e 

52.6 

g}- 

44 

! 

2C 4 

36.8 

44. 

Si -4 

58.1 

33 - 

44 = 

55 . 

66 . 






















235 


LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— 


Feet. 


DIMENSIONS EACH 

WAY 

* 

IN INCHES. 


3 X 7 

3x8 

4 X 4 

4 X 5 

4x6 

4 X 7 

4x8 

4x9 

5 X 5 


10.6 

12. 

8. 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

l8. 

12.6 


12.3 

14. 

9-4 

11.8 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

147 

8. < 9 O 

14. 

l6. 

10. 

13-4 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

24. 

16.8 

C • • 

15-9 

l8 

12. 

15. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

18.9 

IO. . . . 

17.6 

20. 

13.4 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

3<>° 

20. ss 

SI. . . . 

19-3 

22. 

14.8 

18.4 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 


22. un 

12. .. 9. 

21. 

24 0 

16. 

20. 

24. 

28. 

32 ’o 

3 6 ' 

25- 

13.... 

22.9 

26. 

17.4 

21.8 

26. 

3°-4 

34.8 

39. 

27.1 

34.9.9 

24.6 

28. 

18.8 

23 >4 

28. 

32.3 

37.4 

42 c 

29.2 

35.... 

26.3 

3°- 

20.0 

25. 

30 

35- 

40 

45- 

3i = 3 

h6.... 

28. 

3 2 » 

21.4 

26.8 

32. 

37-4 

42.8 

48,, 

33-4 

17-• *• 

29.9 

34* 

22,8 

28.4 

34^ 

39 8 

45-4 

5 1 - 

35-‘ 

18.. # , 

31.6 

3 6 - 

24. 

30* 

3 6 = 

42. 

48. 

54. 

37 A 

19..9. 

33-3 

38. 

24.4 

31-8 

38. 

44 4 

5°.8 

57. 

39 • \ 

20 .... 

35. 

40. 

26.8 

33-4 

40. 

46,8 

53<4 

6o„ 

41J 

an ..,. 

36.9 

42. 

28. 

35- 

42. 

49. 

5 6 - 

63. 

43 •! 

22 ..... 

38.6 

44. 

29.4 

36.8 

44. 

5i-4 

58.8 

66. 

45.1 

23.... 

4°°3 

4t. 

30 s 

38-4 

46. 

53-8 

61.4 

69. 

47-1. 

24. * • 

42, 

48. 

32 0 

40 . 

48. 

56. 

6 4-_ 

72. 

5° 

25. 9 9 . 

43-9 

50. 

33 4 

41.8 

5°' 

58.4 

66.8 

75 

2^ £L 

30. . . 9 

52.6 

60. 

40. 

5°« 

60 . 

70. 

80 c 

90. 

:02.0 

24, . . . 

59.6 

68 . 

45*4 

SS .8 

68. 

79-4 

90.8 

102. 

TO.Se 

40« OOO 

42..•c 

44* • »• 

7°' 
73 6 
77« 

80. 

84. 

88. 

53- 

5 6 - 

58.8 

66.8 

7 °v 

73- 6 

So. 

84. 

88. 

93-4 

98 

402.8 

106.8 

112. 

H7.4 

1 

120,, 

1-26. 

138- 

1^6 


i. „ 

1 


1 


» 




First American Coins.—The first coins minted in North 
America were produced in Mexico in 1535, and the 
coinage of the colonies that afterward became the United 
States used the Mexican dollar as the standard of value. 

Cholera Remedies.—There are said to be 1,142 patent 
remedies for cholera in the list at the United States 
Patent Office. 



































236 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE— (Continued; 


Feet 


DIMENSIONS EACH WAY IN INCHES. 



5x6 

5 X 7 

5 x8 

6x6 

6x7 

6x8 

6x9 

6x10 

§. 

i 5 - 

17.6 

20. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

30., 

7 . 

17.6 

20.5 

23 4 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

3 1 - 6 

35 - 

8. 

20. 

23 -4 

26,8 

24. 

28. 

32 - 

3 6 - 

40, 


22.6 

26.3 

30 - 

27. 

3 1 -6 

3 °- 

40.6 

45. 

0*'. 0 » • • 

2 5 . 

29.2 

33-4 

30 - 

35 - 

40. 

45 - 

50. 

-1 . 

27.6 

32,1 

36,8 

33 - 

38.6 

44 - 

49.6 

55 - 

E2.o... 

3 °' 

35 - 

40. 

3 6 - 

42 - 

48. 

54 - 

60. 

23 -“*. 

32.6 

37 -ii 

43-4 

39 - 

45 6 

52 - 

58.6 

65. 


35 - 

40,10 

46.8 

42. 

49 - 

56. 

63. 

7 ^ 

15 •• •• 

37-6 

43-9 

50 - 

45 - 

52,6 

60. 

67,6 

75 ' 

16..•,. 

40. 

46.8 

53-4 

48. 

5 6 « 

64. 

72. 

80. 

17.... 

42.6 

49-7 

56.8 

5 i. 

59 - 6 

68. 

76.6 

85. 

e8. ... 

45 - 

52.6 

60. 

54 - 

63. 

72. 

81. 

90. 

19..... 

47.6 

55-5 

63-4 

57 - 

66,6 

76. 

85-6 

95 - 

20. 

5 o. 

58.4 

66.8 

60. 

70. 

80. 

90. 

100. 

2S. 

52.6 

61.3 

70. 

63. 

73-6 

84 - 

94.6 

105. 

52 ...0. 

55 - 

64.2 

73-4 

66. 

77 » 

88. 

99 - 

no. 

33 . 

57-6 

67.1 

76.8 

69. 

80.6 

92. 

103.6 

115. 

4. 

60. 

70. 

80. 

72. 

84 - 

96. 

108. 

120. 

15..... 

62.6 

72.11 

83-4 

75 - 

87.6 

100. 

112.6 

125. 

JO--*- 

75 - 

87.6 

100. 

90. 

105. 

120. 

135 . 

150. 

14 * - 

85. 

99-2 

II 3-4 

102. 

119. 

136. 

153 - 

170. 

P . 

100. 

116.8 

133-4 

120. 

140. 

160. 

180. 

200. 

& . 

105. 

122.6 

140. 

126. 

147 . 

168. 

189. 

210. 

4 *....- 

no. 

128.4 

146.8 

132. 

154 - 

176. 

198. 

220. 


The Farmers of America.— In I860 the farms of the 

United States were valued at $9,854,000,000, now they 
are worth $200,958,000,000; in 1860 the live stock was 
valued at $246,000,000, now it is worth $550,000,000; 
in 1860 the farmers owned household furniture to the 
amount of $1,089,000,000, now they own $2,418,000,000 
worth; in 1860 the farm implements in use aggregated 
$6,645,000,000, now the total is $13,110,000,000. 























237 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, 

ONE IN<1h board measure. 

For Plank, double or treble the product, as may b# 
required. If a board or plank is longer or wider than 
the dimensions here given, add two suitable numbers 
together. The left-hand column contains the length m 
feet; the width in inches heads each column. 

















235 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT, 
( Continued .) 



13 in W 

14 in W 

15 in W 

16 in W 

17 in W 

18 in W 

19 in W 

£3 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft 

In., 

8... 

8 

8 

9 

4 

IO 

O 

IO 

8 

II 

4 

12 

O 

12 

8 

9... 

9 

9 

10 

6 

8 

II 

3 

12 

0 

12 

9 

13 

6 

14 

3 

10... 

10 

10 

11 

12 

6 

13 

4 

14 

2 

15 

0 

15 

1C 

11... 

II 

11 

12 

10 

13 

9 

14 

8 

15 

7 

l6 

6 

17 

5 

12... 

13 

0 

14 

0 

15 

0 

l6 

0 

17 

0 

18 

0 

19 

c 

13-* 

14 

1 

15 

2 

l6 

3 

17 

4 

18 

5 

19 

6 

20 

7 

!•>... 

15 

2 

16 

4 

17 

6 

18 

8 

19 

10 

21 

0 

22 

2 

1^... 

16 

3 

17 

6 

18 

9 

20 

0 

21 

3 

22 

6 

23 


l6... 

17 

4 

18 

8 

20 

'0 

21 

4 

22 

8 

24 

0 

25 

4 

17 ... 

18 

5 

19 

10 

21 

3 

22 

8 

24 

1 

25 

6 

26 

EE 

l8. .. 

19 

6 

21 

0 

22 

6 

24 

0 

25 

6 

27 

0 

28 

6 

19 ... 

20 

7 

22 

2 

23 

9 

25 

4 

26 

11 

28 

6 

30 , 

E 

20. , . 

21 

8 

23 

4 

25 

0 

26 

8 

28 

4 

30 

0 

31 

8 

21... 

22 

9 

24 

6 

26 

3 

28 

0 

29 

9 

31 

6 

33 

3 

22... 

23 

10 

25 

8 

2 7 

6 

29 

4 

31 

2 

33 

0 

34 

10 

23 ... 

24 

11 

26 

10 

28 

9 

30 

8 

32 

7 

34 

6 

3 6 

5 

24 ... 

26 

0 

28 

0 

30 

0 

32 

0 

34 

0 

36 

0 

38 

0 

25 ... 

27 

1 

29 

2 

31 

3 

33 

4 

35 

5 

37 

6 

39 

7 

26. .. 

28 

2 

30 

4 

32 

6 

34 

8 

36 

10 

39 

0 

4 i 

2 

27 ... 

29 

3 

3 i 

6 

33 

9 

3 6 

0 

38 

3 

40 

6 

42 

9 

28. .. 

30 

4 

32 

8 

35 

0 

37 

4 

39 

8 

42 

0 

44 

4 

29 ... 

3 i 

5 

33 

10 

3 6 

3 

38 

8 

4 i 

1 

43 

6 

45 

IE 

30 ... 

32 

6 

35 

0 

37 

6 

40 

0 

42 

6 

45 

0 

47 

6 

31 ... 

33 

7 

3 6 

2 

38 

9 

41 

6 

44 

0 

46 

6 

49 

0 

32 ... 

34 

8 

37 

4 

40 

0 

42 

6 

45 

6 

48 

0 

5 ° 

6 

33 -•• 

3 i 

9 

38 

6 

4 i 

3 

44 

0 

46 

6 

49 

6 

52 

0 

34 ... 

36 

10 

39 

8 

42 

6 

45 

6 

48 

0 

5 i 

0 

54 

0 

35 ... 

37 

11 

40 

10 

43 

9 

46 

6 

49 

6 

52 

6 

55 

6 

3 6 . .. 

— 

39 

0 

42 

0 

45 

0 

48 

0 

5 i 

0 

54 

0 

57 

0 


Value of Alaska to the United States. 


Alaska cost the United States $7,000,000, and the fur seal com¬ 
pany has already paid our government over $8,000,000 ior the 
privileges it enjoys of taking seals from the territorial waters. 



















239 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 


( Continued.) 




20 in W 

21 in W 

22 in W 

23 in W 

24 in W 

25 in W 

£ EET LONG. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. in. 

8.. 


13 

4 

14 

0 

14 

8 

15 

4 

l6 

0 

16 8 

9 - • 


IS 

0 

15 

9 

l6 

6 

17 

3 

l8 

\ 

0 

18 9 

10.. 


16 

8 

17 

6 

18 

4 

19 

2 

20 

0 

20 10 

11.. 


18 

4 

19 

3 

20 

2 

21 

1 

22 

0 

22 11 

12. . 


20 

0 

21 

0 

22 

0 

2.3 

0 

24 

0 

25 0 

13. . 


21 

8 

22 

9 

23 

10 

24 II 

26 

0 

27 1 

14. . 


23 

4 

24 

6 

25 

8 

26 IO 

28 

0 

29 2 

i 5 - • 


25 

0 

26 

3 

27 

6 

28 

9 

30 

0 

31 3 

16.. 


26 

8 

28 

0 

29 

4 

30 

8 

32 

0 

33 4 

17. 


28 

4 

29 

9 

31 

2 

32 

7 

34 

0 

35 I 

18.. 


30 

0 

3 i 

6 

33 

0 

34 

6 


0 

37 6 

19.. 


3 1 

8 

33 

3 

34 

10 

36 

5 

38 

0 

39 7 

20.. 


33 

4 

35 

0 

36 

8 

38 

4 

40 

0 

41 8 

21.. 


35 

0 

36 

9 

38 

6 

40 

3 

42 

0 

43 9 

22.. 


3 6 

8 

38 

6 

40 

4 

42 

2 

44 

0 

45 10 

23.. 


38 

4 

40 

3 

42 

2 

44 

1 

46 

0 

47 11 

24.. 

25.. 


40 

0 

42 

0 

44 

0 

46 

0 

48 

0 

50 0 


41 

8 

43 

9 

45 

10 

47 

11 

50 

0 

52 1 

20.. 


43 

4 

45 

6 

47 

8 

49 

10 

52 

0 

54 2 

27.. 


45 

0 

47 

3 

49 

6 

51 

9 

54 

0 

5 o 3 

28.. 


46 

8 

49 

0 

5 i 

4 

53 

8 

56 

0 

58 4 

29.. 


48 

4 

50 

9 

53 

2 

55 

7 

58 

0 

60 5 

30.. 

31-• 

32.. 
33 -- 
34 -• 
35 - 

36.. 


5 ° 

0 

5 i 

6 

55 

0 

57 

6 

60 

0 

62 6 


51 

6 

54 

0 

57 

0 

59 

6 

62 

0 

64 6 


53 

6 

56 

0 

58 

6 

61 

6 

64 

0 

66 6 


55 

0 

57 

6 

60 

6 

63 

0 

66 

0 

68 4 


56 

6 

59 

6 

62 

6 

*5 

0 

68 

0 

70 6 


58 

6 

61 

0 

64 

0 

67 

0 

70 

0 

73 0 


60 

0 

63 

0 

66 

0 

69 

0 

72 

0 

75 0 


The Highest Railroad in the United States. 


The highest railroad in the United States is the Denver & Rio 
-Grande, Marshall Pass, 10,853 feet. 











































240 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

Square Timber and Scantling — Measurement at Sight. 
Dimensions in inches head each column, and the length 
will be found in the left-hand column. If the required- 
dimensions cannot be found in the table, add two lengths 
or breadths together, or take part of some length or 
breadth, as the case may require. 





Dimensions 

Each 

Wav 

IN 

Inches. 



W 

N 

6.11 

6.12 

7 - 

7 

7-8 

7-9 

7.10 

7-1 

I 

7.12 

8.8 

6 

33 - 

36 . 

24. 

6 

28. 

31.6 

35 - 


38 . 

6 

42. 

32 . 

7 

38.6 

42. 

28. 

7 

32.8 

36.9 

40. 

IO 

41 . 

n 

49 - 

37-4 

8 

44 - 

48. 

32. 

8 

37-4 

42 . 

46. 

8 

55 - 

4 

56 . 

42.8 

9 

49-6 

54 - 

36. 

9 

42. 

47-3 

52 . 

6 

57 - 

9 

6 3 - 

48 . 

IO 

55 - 

60. 

40. 

10 

46.8 

52.6 

58 . 

4 

64. 

2 

70. 

53*4 

ii 

60.6 

66. 

40. 

11 

5 i .4 

57-9 

64. 

2 

70 . 

7 

77 - 

5 8.8 

£2 

66a 

72. 

49 - 


56 . 

63. 

70 . 


77 - 


84. 

64. 

*3 

71.6 

78 . 

53 - 

1 

60.8 

68.3 

75 - 

10 

83 . 

5 

9 i- 

69.4 

14 

77 (r 

84. 

57 - 

2 

65.4 

73 - 6 

81. 

8 

89. 

10 

98 . 

74-8 

*5 

82.6 

90. 

61. 

3 

70. 

78.9 

87. 

6 

96. 

3 

105. 

80. 

16 

88. 

96. 

64. 

4 

74.8 

84. 

93 - 

4 

102. 

8 

112. 

85.4 

17 

93-6 

102. 

69. 

S 

79-4 

89-3 

99 - 

2 

IO9. 

1 

119. 

90.8 

18 

"• 

108. 

73 - 

6 

84. 

94-6 

105. 


115 - 

6 

126. 

96. 

19 

104.6 

114. 

77 - 

7 

88.8 

99-9 

no. 

10 

121 . 

n 

l 33 - 

101.4 

20 

no. 

120. 

81. 

8 

93-4 

105 - 

116. 

8 

128. 

4 

140. 

106.8 

21 

115.6 

126. 

3 5 - 

9 

98. 

no.3 

122. 

6 

134 . 

9 

H 7 - 

112. 

22 

121. 

132. 

89. 

10 

102.8 

115.6 

128. 

5 

141 . 

2 

154 . 

" 7-4 

23 

126.6 

138. 

93 - 

11 

107.4 

120.9 

134 . 

2 

H 7 - 

7 

161. 

122.8 

24 

132. 

144 . 

98. 


112. 

126. 

140. 


154 . 


168. 

128. 

26 

143 - 

156. 

106 

.2 

121.4 

136.6 

151. 

8 

166. 

10 

182. 

138.8 

28 

154 . 

168. 

114 

• 4 

130.8 

147 - 

163. 


179 . 

8 

196. 

148.8 

30 

i 6 5 - 

180. 

122 

.6 

140. 

157.6 

175 . 


192. 

6 

210 

16a 

32 

176. 

192. 

128 

.8 

149.4 

168. 

186. 

8 

205. 

4 

224.j 

r 7 ** 
















2 4 I 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE. 

( Continued .) 


Dimensions Each Way in Inchs«. 


Feet. 



8.9 

8.10 

8.11 

8.rii 

9-9 

9.10 

9.11 

9.12 

% . 

3 6 - 

40. 

44 - 

48. 

40.6 

45 - 

49.6 

54 . 

7 . 

42. 

46.8 

51.4 

5 6 - 

47-3 

52.6 

57.9 

63- 

8 . 

48. 

53-4 

58.8 

64. 

54 - 

60. 

66 . 

72. 

9 . 

54 - 

60. 

66. 

72. 

60.9 

67.6 

74-3 

81. 

IO. .. 

60. 

66.8 

73-4 

80. 

67.6 

75 - 

82.0 

90, 

ii . 

66. 

73-4 

80.8 

88. 

74-3 

82.6 

90.9 

99. 

12. 

72. 

80. 

88. 

96. 

81. 

9 ° 

99 - 

108. 

13. 

78 . 

86.8 

95-4 

104. 

87.9 

97.6 

io 7-3 

ll 7 

14 . 

84. 

93-4 

102.8 

112. 

94.6 

105 - 

115.6 

126. 

15 .. 

90. 

100. 

no. 

120. 

101.3 

112.6 

123.9 

435 

16. 

96. 

106.8 

117.4 

128. 

108. 

120. 

I 3 2 ; 

144 

17 --- 

102. 

XI 3-4 

124.8 

136. 

114.9 

127.6 

140.3 

153 

l8. 

108. 

120. 

132. 

J 44 - 

121.6 

* 35 - 

148.6 

162 

19 . 

114. 

126.8 

139-4 

! 5 2 - 

128.3 

142.6 

156.9 

171 

20. 

120. 

133-4 

146.8 

160. 

135 . 

* 5 °- 

165. 

18c 

21. 

126. 

140. 

154 . 

168. 

141.9 

• 57-6 

1 73 • 3 

189 

22. 

132. 

146.8 

161 .4 

176. 

148.6 

l6 5 • 

181.6 

1980 

23 . 

138. 

153-4 

168.8 

184. 

155-3 

172.6 

189.9 

207. 

24 . 

144. 

160. 

176. 

192. 

162. 

l80. 

198. 

216. 

26. 

156. 

173-4 

190.8 

208. 

175-6 

195-2 

214.6 

234 - 

28. 

168. 

186.8 

205.4 

224. 

189. 

210. 

231 -x 

252. 

OQ . 

180. 

200. 

220. 

240. 

202.6 

225. 

247.6 

270. 


192. 

213.8 

234.8 

256. 

216. 

240. 

264. 

288. 


Strength of Ice of Various Thicknesses 


Ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on. 

Ice four inches thick will bear horses and riders. 

Ice six inches thick will bear teams with modern 


loads. . 

Ice eight inches thick will bear teams with very heavy 

loads 

Ice ten irnJhes thick will sustain a pressure of 1,000 
pounds per square foot. 























242 

LUMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE, 

( Continued .) 


Dimensions Each Way in Inches. 


jr jus i 

10.10 

10.11 

10.12 

II . II 

11.12 

12.12 

12.13 

12.14 

6... 

50. 

55 - 

60. 

60.6 

66. 

72. 

78 . 

84 • 

7 - • • 

58.4 

64. 2 

70. 

70.7 

77 - 

84. 

91. 

98, 

8... 

66.8 

73 - 4 

80. 

80.8 

88. 

96. 

104. 

112. 


75 - 

86. 6 

90. 

90.9 

99. 

108. 

117. 

126. 

so... 

83.4 

91. 8 

100. 

100.10 

no. 

120. 

130. 

140, 

ii. .. 

91.8 

100.10 

110. 

no. 11 

121. 

132 

143 - 

154 . 

12. . . 

100. 

no. 

120. 

121. 

132. 

144 - 

156. 

168, 

13 - • - 

108.4 

119. 2 

130. 

131-1 

143 - 

156. 

169. 

182, 

14... 

116.8 

128. 4 

140. 

141.2 

154 - 

168. 

182. 

196, 

* 5 -.. 

125. 

137. 6 

150. 

I 5 I -3 

165. 

180. 

195 - 

210. 

16... 

133-4 

146. 8 

160. 

161.4 

J 7 6 - 

192. 

208. 

224. 

17... 

141.8 

155 - 10 

170. 

I 7 I -5 

187 

204. 

221. 

238. 

Io. . . 

150. 

165. 

180. 

181.6 

198 

216. 

234. 

252. 

19 . 

158.4 

174. 2 

190. 

i 9 i -7 

209. 

228. 

247. 

266. 

20. . . 

166.8 

183. 4 

200. 

201.8 

220. 

240. 

260. 

280. 

21. . . 

175 - 

192. 6 

210. 

211.9 

231. 

252. 

273 - 

294. 

22. . . 

183.4 

2 CI . 8 

220. 

221 . 10 

242. 

264. 

286. 

308, 

23. . . 

191.8 

210 .IO 

230. 

231.11 

253 - 

276. 

299. 

322. 

24. . . 

200. 

220 . 

240. 

242. 

264.. 

288. 

312. 

336 . 

z6. . . 

216.8 

238. 4 

260. 

262.2 

2S6. 

312. 

338 . 

364. 

28. .. 

233-8 

256- 8 

280 ., 

282.4 

308. 

33 6 - 

3 6 4 - 

392 . 

3 °. .. 

250. 

275. 6 

300. 

302.6 

330 . 

370 - 

390 - 

420. 

32... 

266.8 

293 - 4 

320. 

322.8 

352 . 

384. 

416. 

448. 


A Waterproof Blacking 1 which will give a fine polish 
without rubbing, and will not injure the leather: 18 
parts bees wax, 6 parts spermaceti, G6 parts oil of tur¬ 
pentine, 5 parts asphalt varnish, 1 part powdered borax, 
5 parts Frankfort black, 2 parts Prussian blue, 1 part 
nitro-benzol. Melt the wax, add the powdered borax, 
and stir'until a kind of jelly has been formed. In another 
pan melt the spermaceti, add the asphalt varnish, previ¬ 
ously mixed with the oil of turpentine, stir well, and 
add to the wax. Lastly add the color, previously rubbed 
smooth with a little of the mass. 



















X 

243 ^-1 

^ Timber Measurement Table, 

Showing the cubical contents (fractions of feet omitted) 
of round logs, masts, spars, etc. Length of log is 
shown [in left-hand column. Diameter is shown at 
the head of column. If the desired dimensions are 
not shown, double some numbers. 


L. ft. 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

8... 

9 •• 

10.. . 

11.. . 

12.. . 
13 ••• 

14.. . 

17.. . 

18.. . 

19.. . 

20.. . 

21.. . 

22.. . 

23.. . 

24.. . 

25.. . 

26.. . 

27.. . 

28.. . 

29.. . 

3 °.-- 

31.. . 

32.. 

33 - •• 

34 - .. 

35 .. . 

36.. . 

4 

5 

5 

6 
6 
7 

7 

8 

9 
9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

14 

15 

15 

16 

16 

17 

17 

18 

19 
19 

2 C 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

13 

13 

14 

15 

16 

16 

1 7 

17 

18 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

22 

, 22 
1 ' 23 

1 24 

6 

7 

8 
8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

1 5 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 
1 24 

2 l 

’ 20 

27 

; 28 

. 28 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

29 

1 3 ° 

31 
’ 32 
! 33 

8 

9 

10 

12 

13 

14 

\i 

\l 

19 

21 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

3 2 

33 

34 

’ 3 I 

3 6 
: 37 
; 39 

10 

11 

12 

13 

\i 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

27 

28 

30 

31 

32 

33 

35 

36 

37 

38 

40 

41 

42 

43 
1 44 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29 

3 1 

32 

34 

35 

36 

38 

39 

4 1 

42 

43 
’ 45 

46 

- 4 § 

i 49 
■ 5 C 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

20 

22 

23 
25 

27 

28 

30 

3 1 

33 

35 

30 

38 

39 

4 1 

42 

44 

45 

47 

48 

: 50 
' 52 
i 53 
> 55 
>1 57 

14 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

2 5 

26 
28 

30 

32 

33 
35 
37 
39 

41 

42 

44 

46 

48 

49 
5 i 
53 
55 

57 

5 8 

60 

62 

64 

16 

18 

20 

22 

1 % 

28 

30 

32 

33 
35 
37 
39 
4 i 
43 
45 
47 
49 
5 i 
53 
55 
57 
59 
61 

P 

65 
• 67 
69 
-1 7 i 

































244 


,IMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE—(Continued)o 


L. Ft. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

8. 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

3 f 

34 

9 . 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

3 i 

33 

36 

38 

10. 

22 

24 

26 

29 

3 i 

34 

37 

40 

43 

11. 

24 

26 

29 

32 

35 

37 

41 

43 

47 

12. 

26 

29 

32 

34 

38 

4 i 

44 

47 

5 J 

13 . 

28 

3 i 

34 

37 

41 

44 

48 

5 i 


14 ....... 

3 i 

34 

37 

40 

44 

48 

52 

55 

60 

15 . 

33 

3 ^> 

40 

43 

47 

5 i 

55 

59 

64 

16. 

35 

3 * 

42 

46 

5 o 

55 

59 

63 

68 

17. 

37 

41 

45 

49 

53 

58 

63 

68 

73 

18. 

39 

43 

48 

52 

57 

61 

66 

72 

77 

19. 

4 i 

45 

5 o 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

81 

20. 

44 

48 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

l 9 

85 

21 ....... 

46 

5 o 

55 

61 

66 

7 i 

77 

83 

90 

22. 

48 

53 

58 

64 

69 

75 

81 

87 

94 

23 ... 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

78 

85 

91 

98 

24. 

52 

5 *S 

63 

69 

75 

82 

88 

95 

102 

25. 

54 

60 

66 

72 

79 

85 

92 

99 

107 

26. 

57 

63 

69 

75 

82 

89 

96 

103 

in 

27. 

59 

65 

7 i 

78 

85 

92 

99 

107 

ii 5 

28. 

61 

67 

74 

81 

88 

95 

103 

in 

120 

29. 

63 

70 

77 

84 

9 i 

99 

107 

115 

124 

30 . 

65 

72 

79 

86 

94 

102 

no 

119 

128 

3 1 . 

68 

75 

82 

89 

98 

106 

114 

123 

132 

32 . 

70 

77 

85 

92 

100 

109 

ir8 

127 

137 

33 . 

72 

79 

87 

95 

104 

112 

121 

130 

Hi 

34 . 

74 

82 

90 

98 

107 

116 

!25 

135 

H 5 

35 . 

76 

84 

93 

101 

no 

119 

I29 

139 

149 

36 . 

79 

86 

95 

104 

JI 3 

123 

133 

J 43 

154 


Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean. 


The greatest depth which has been ascertained by 
sounding is 25,720 feet, or 4,620 fathoms. The average 
depth between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south if 
almost three miles. 





















































245 

TIMBER MEASUREMENT TABLE—(Continued). 


L. Ft. 

29 

30 

3i 

3 2 

33 

34 

35 

3 6 

37 

8 . 

37 

39 

4 2 

45 

48 

50 

53 

57 

60 

9. 

41 

44 

47 

50 

53 

57 

60 

64 

67 

10. 

46 

49 

5 2 

56 

59 

63 

67 

7i 

75 

11 . 

5° 

53 

57 

61 

65 

6 9 

73 

77 

82 

12. 

55 

58 

62 

67 

7i 

76 

80 

85 

90 

13. 

60 

63 

68 

7 2 

77 

82 

87 

92 

97 

14. 

64 

68 

73 

78 

83 

88 

94 

99 

105 

15. 

69 

73 

78 

84 

89 

95 

100 

106 

112 

16. 

73 

78 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

113 

114 

17. 

78 

83 

89 

95 

101 

107 

114 

121 

127 

18. 

82 

88 

94 

100 

106 

114 

120 

128 

134 

19. 

87 

93 

99 

106 

112 

120 

127 

135 

142 

20. 

9 1 

98 

105 

112 

118 

126 

134 

142 

149 

21. 

96 

103 

hi 

117 

124 

I3 2 

140 

i49i 

>5 7 

22. 

101 

109 

116 

123 

130 

139 

147 

•s 6 

164 

. 

Io 5 

113 

121 

128 

136 

145 

154 

163 

172 


hi 

nS 

127 

134 

143 

.!5I 

160 

170 

179 


116 

123 

131 

139 

149 

158 

167 

178 

187 

26. 

120 

128 

137 

145 

154 

164 

174 

185 

194 

27. 

I2 5 

J 33 

142 

151 

160 

170 

180 

192 

202 

28. 

129 

136 

147 

156 

166 

177 

187 

198 

209 

20. 

134 

J 43 

153 

162 

172 

183 

194 

206 

217 

y 

OO . 

138 

148 

158 

168 

177 

189 

200 

213 

224 

J 

'll . 

143 

152 

163 

173 

182 

195 

207 

220 

232 

J 

02. 

148 

157 

169 

178 

188 

202 

214 

227 

239 

0 . 

152 

162 

174 

184 

194 

208 

220 

' 234 

247 

33 . 

'lA. . 

157 

167 

179 

190 

200 

214 

. 227 

241 

SJ 


161 

172 

182 

196 

1 205 

22C 

• 2 34 

. 248 

201 

P . 

166 

1 i77 

190 

201 

212 

: 227 

240 

> 255 

269 


The following shows weight required to tear asunder 
bars one inch square of the following material s 
.Oak, 5*4 tons; Fir, 5* tons; Catst Iron, 7# tons, 
Wrought Iron, 10 tons; Wrought Copper, 15 tons, Fag- 
lish Bar Iron, 25 tons; American Iron, yj'A tons > 
tcred Steel, 59^ tons. 




























































• 246 

'fjtil §*s Reduced to Running Board Measure, Logf 
Reduced to One Inch Board Measure. 


If the log is longer than is contained in the table, take any two 
lengths. 

The first column on the left gives the length of the log in feet. 
The figures under D denote the diameters of the logs in inches. 
Fractional parts of inches are not given. 

The diameter of timber is usually taken 20 feet from the butt 
All logs short of 20 feet, take the diameter at the top or small end. 

To find the number of feet of boards which alogjwill produce 
when sawed, take the length of feet in the first column on the left 
hand, and the diameter at the top of the page in inches. 

Suppose a log i2feet|long and 24 inches in diameter. In the 
left hand column is the length, and opposite 12 under 24 is 300, 
the number of feet of boards in a log of that length and diameter. 


*» bi 

U 

D. 

12 

D. 

*3 

D. 

*4 

D. 

15 

D. 

16 

D. 

*7 

D. 

18 

D. 

19 

D. 

20 

D 

21 

D. 

22 

D. 

23 

B 

24 

IO.. 

54 

66 

76 

93 

104 

107 

*37 

*54 

179 

194 

210 

237 

256 


59 

72 

83 

102 

114 

*3* 

15* 

169 

196 

213 

231 

261 

27c 

*2.. 

64 

f 

90 

hi 

124 

*43 

164 

184 

213 

232 

252 

285 

30c 

* 3 .. 

69 

84 

97 

120 

*34 

*54 

177 

199 

231 

251 

273 

3° 8 

327 

K 4 . 

74 

90 

104 

I2Q\ 

144 

166 

191 

214 

249 

270 

293 

332 

35c 

£5 : 

79 

96 

hi 

138 

*54 

177 

204 

229 

266 

289 

3*4 

355 

376 

so*. 

84 

102 

118 

146 

164 

189 

217 

244 

284 

3°8 

335 

379 

401 

*2- 

89 

108 

126 

*55 

173 

200 

231 

259 

301 

327 

356 

402 

426 


94 

114 

*33 

164 

183 

212 

244 

2 74 

3*9 

346 

377 

426 

45* 


99 

121 

140 

*73 

*93 

223 

257 

289 

336 

365 

398 

449 

477 

*0., 

104 

127 

*47 

182 

203 

236 

271 

3°4 

354 

384 

419 

473 

501 

n.. 

109 

*33 

*54 

191 

213 

247 

284 

3*9 

37* 

403 

440 

497 

527 

aa.» 

**4 

*39 

161 

200 

223 

259 

297 

334 

389 

422 

461 

520 

55 » 

* 3 - 

119 

*45 

168 

209 

233 

270 

3** 

349 

407 

441 

481 

542 

568 

* 4 - 

124 

* 5 * 

176 

218 

243 

282 

325 

364 

424 

460 

502 

56« 

613 

*5 • 

129 

157 

*83 

227 

253 

293 

337 

379 

442 

479 

523 

59* 

628 

30 .. 

134 

163 

190 

236 

263 

3°5 

350 

394 

459 

498 

544 

615 

653 


*39 

169 

*97 

245 

273 

3*6 

363 

409 

477 

517 

565 

6.39 

678 

38 .. 

144 

*75 

204 

254 

283 

328 

376 

424 

494 

536 

586 

663 

7°3 

39 .. 

149 

181 

211 

263 

293 

339 

389 

439 

5*2 

555 

607 

6§7 

728 

y>.. 

*54 

187 

218 

272 

3°3 

35* 

402 

454 

529 

574 

628 

711 

753 

31.. 

*59 

*93 

225 

281 

3*3 

362 

4*5 

469 

547 

593 

649 

735 

778 


If we’re right we can’t be hurt by the truth, and if we ain’t right 
We Ought to be hurt righteously. 

You show me a man who keeps the Sabbath day holy and Pit 
^,*ow you a man that’s a Christian all the week. 





























247 

logs reduced to running board measure, btc.— Continued,. 


Feet 

Long. 

D. 

25 

D. 

26 

D. 

27 

D. 

28 

D. 

29 

D. 

3 ° 

D. 

31 

D. 

32 

D. 

33 

D. 

34 

D. 

35 

D. 

36 

xo... 

283 

3°9 

339 

359 

377 

407 

440 

456 

486 

496 

543 

573 

IX... 

3 11 

340 

374 

39 6 

4 i 5 

447 

484 

502 

535 

546 

598 

6ge 

12.. . 

340 

37 i 

408 

432 

453 

489 

528 

548 

584 

596 

653 

688 

13... 

369 

4°4 

442 

469 

49 1 

53 ° 

572 

594 

633 

646 

708 

746 

14... 

397 

435 

476 

505 

529 

57 i 

618 

640 

682 

696 

762 

803 

15... 

426 

465 

5 ii 

54 i 

567 

612 

662 

686 

73 * 

746 

817 

861 

16... 

455 

496 

545 

578 

605 

653 

706 

732 

780 

796 

872 

919 

17... 

483 

527 

579 

614 

643 

694 

75 * 

778 

829 

846 

927 

976 

18... 

512 

558 

613 

650 

681 

735 

795 

824 

878 

896 

981 

1034 

19... 

54 i 

59 ° 

647 

688 

719 

776 

839 

870 

927 

946 

1036 

109a 

20... 

569 

621 

681 

724 

757 

817 

884 

916 

976 

996 

1091 

1148 

21.. . 

598 

65* 

716 

760 

796 

859 

928 

962 

1025 

1046 

1146 

1206 

22.. . 

627 

684 

750 

796 

834 

900 

972 

1008 

1074 

1096 

1200 

1264 

B3... 

655 

7 i 5 

784 

833 

872 

941 

1017 

io 54 

1123 

1146 

1255 

1318 

24... 

684 

746 

818 

889 

910 

982 

1061 

1100 

1172 

1196 

1310 

x 37 6 

® 5 « • • 

7 I 3 

777 

853 

906 

948 

1023 

1105 

1146 

1221 

2246 

i 3 6 5 

1434 

26... 

742 

808 

887 

942 

986 

1064 

1149 

1192 

1270 

1296 

1420 

1492 

27... 

771 

839 

921 

970 

1024 

1105 

1*93 

1238 

* 3*9 

1346 

1475 

1550 

28... 

800 

870 

955 

1015 

1062 

1146 

1237 

1284 

1368 

* 39<3 

1530 

1608 

*9... 

829 

901 

989 i°52 

1100 

1187 

1281 

1330 

r 4 i7 

1446 

1585 

1666 

30... 

858 

932 

1023 

1088 

1138 

1228 

1325 

1376 

1466 

1496 

1640 

1724 

31... 

887 

963 

1057(1125 

1176 

1269 

1369 

1422 

1515 

1546 

1695 

1782 


Stock Brokers’ Technicalities. 


A Bull is one who operates to depress the value of stocks, that 
he may buy for a rise. . 

A Bear is one who sells stocks for future delivery, which he doe* 
not own at the time of sale. 

A Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or borrow the stock to 


deliver in fulfillment of their contracts. 

Overloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and pay for the stock 

they have purchased. , , . , 

Short is when a person or party sells stocks when they have 
none, and expect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. 

Long is when a person or party has a plentiful supply of stocks. 
A Pool or Ring is a combination formed to control prices. 

A broker is said to carry stocks for his customer when he has 
bought and is holding it for his account. 

A Wash is a pretended sale by special agreement between buyer 
and seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation reported. 

A Put and Call is when a person gives so much per cent, tor tne 
option of buying or selling so much stock on a certain day, at # 
yrice fixed the day the option is given. 






















248 

Board and Plank Measurement at Sight, 


This table gives the Sq. Ft. and In. in Board from 6 to 25 inches 
wide, and from 8 to 36 feet long. If a board be longer than 36 ft* 
unite two numbers. Thus, if a board is 40 ft. long and 16 in. wide* 
add 30 and 10 and you have 53 ft. 4 in. For 2 in. plank double 
the product 


Feet 

Long. 

6 in. 
W. 

7 in. 

W. 

8 in. 

W. 

9 in. 

W. 

iodn. 

W. 

11 in. 

W. 

12 in. 

W. 

[13 in. 

W. 

14 in. 

w. 

l'& n - 

ft. 

in. 

ft. in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft 

in. 

8. 

4 

O 

4 

8 

5 

4 

6 

O 

6 

8 

7 

4 

8 

O 

8 

8 

9 

4 

10 

0 

9 . 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

0 

6 

9 

7 

6 

8 

3 

9 

O 

9 

9 

10 

6 

11 

3 

10. 

5 

0 

5 

10 

6 

8 

7 

6 

8 

4 

9 

2 

10 

0 10 

10 

11 

8 

12 

6 

XI. 

5 

6 

6 

5 

7 

4 

8 

3 

9 

2 

10 

1 

11 

Oil 

11 

12 

10 

12 

9 

X2. 

6 

0 

7 

O 

8 

O 

9 

O 

jl° 

0 

11 

0 

12 

0 13 

0 

14 

0 

15 

0 

13. 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

'10 

10 

11 

11 

13 

0 14 

1 

15 

2 

16 

3 

*4. 

7 

0 

8 

2 

9 

4 

10 

6 

11 

8 

12 

10 14 

°*s 

2 

16 

4 

17 

0 

*5. 

7 

6 

8 

9 

10 

0 

11 

3 

12 

6 

13 

9 r 5 

O 

16 

3 

17 

6 

18 

9 

16. 

8 

0 

9 

4 

10 

8 

12 

0 

*3 

4 

H 

8 16 

O 

17 

4 

18 

8 

20 

0 

17 . 

8 

6 

9 

11 11 

4 

12 

9 

14 

2 

15 

7 *7 

O 

18 

5 

19 

10 

21 

3 

18. 

9 

0 

10 

6 

12 

0 

*3 

6 

15 

0 

16 

6 18 

O 

*9 

6 

21 

0 

22 

6 

19..**.. 

9 

6 

11 

1 12 

8 

14 

3 

15 

10 

17 

5 r 9 

O 

20 

7|22 

a 

23 

9 

20.., _.. 

10 

0 

11 

8 

13 

4 

15 

0 

16 

8 

18 

4 

20 

O 

21 

82 3 

4. 

25 

0 

21. 

10 

6 

12 

3*4 

0 

15 

9*7 

6 

19 

3 21 

O 

22 

9| 2 4 

6^26 

3 

22. 

11 

0 

12 

10 14 

8 

16 

618 

4 

20 

2 23 

O 

23 

10 25 

8 

27 

6 

23. 

11 

6 

13 

5 *5 

4 

17 

3 x 9 

2 

21 

I 23 

O 

24 

11 

26 

10 

28 

9 

24 . 

12 

0 

H 

0 

16 

0 

18 

0 20 

0 

22 

O 24 

O 

26 

0 

28 

0 

30 

0 

25 . 

12 

6 

14 

7 

16 

8 

18 

9 

20 

10 22 

II 25 

O 

27 

1 

29 

2 

3 i 

3 

26. 

13 

0 

15 

217 

4 

*9 

6 

21 

823 

IO 26 

O 

28 

2 

3 ° 

4 

32 

6 

27. 

13 

6 

15 

9 

18 

0 

20 

3 

22 

624 

927 

O 

29 

3 

3 i 

6 

33 

9 

28. 

14 

0 

16 

4 

18 

8 

21 

0 

23 

425 

828 

O 

30 

4 

32 

8 

35 

0 

29. 

14 

6 

16 

1119 

4 

21 

9 

24 

2 

26 

729 

O 

3 i 

5 

33 

10 

36 

3 

30. 

15 

0 

17 

6 20 

0 

22 

6 

25 

027 

630 

O 

32 

6 

35 

0 

37 

6 

31. 

15 

6 

18 

1 20 

8 

2 3 

3 

25 

io |28 

531 

O 

33 

7 

36 

2 

38 

9 

32. 

16 

0 

18 

821 

4 

24 

0 

26 

8 29 

432 

O 

34 

8 

37 

4 

40 

0 

33 . 

16 

6 

*9 

3 22 

0 

24 

9 

27 

630 

333 

O 

35 

9 

3 8 

6 

41 

3 

34 . 

17 

0 

19 

10 22 

8 

25 

6 

28 

43 1 

2 34 

O 

36 

10 

39 

8 

42 

6 

35 . 

17 

6 

20 

5 2 3 

4 

26 

3 

29 

2 

32 

* 35 

O 

37 

11 

40 

10 

43 

9 

36 . 

18 

0 

1 

°j 2 4 

0 

27 

0 

3 ° 

°| 33 

oj36 

O 

39 

0 

42 

0 

45 

0 


The infidelity that hurts is the infidelity of the mr u who makes 
out that he’s on God’s side, and then won’t live up. 

Find me a man preparing himself to hear the gospel and I can 
show you a man that is going to be benefited by the gospeL 






















































249 


BOARD AND PLANK MEASUREMENT. — Continued. 


Feet 

Long. 

16 in. 

W. 


18 in. 

W. 

19 m. 
W. 

20 in. 

W. 

21 in. 

W. 

22 in. 

W. 

23 in. 

W. 

24 in. 

W. 

25 in. 

W. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

ft. in. 

8. 

10 

8 

IX 

4 

12 

O 

12 

8 

13 

4 

14 

0 

14 

8 

15 

4 

16 

0 

16 

8 

9. 

12 

O 

12 

9 

13 

6 

14 

3 

15 

0 

15 

9 

16 

6 

17 

3 

18 

0 

18 

9 

10. 

13 

4 

14 

2 

15 

0 

13 

IO 

16 

8 

17 

6 

18 

4 

19 

2 

20 

0 

20 

10 

11 . 

14 

8 

15 

7 

16 

6 

17 

5 

18 

4 

i9 

3 20 

2 

21 

1 

22 

0 

22 

11 

12. 

16 

O 

17 

O 

18 

O 

19 

O 

20 

0 

21 

022 

0 

23 

0 

24 

0 

25 

0 

13. 

17 

4 

18 

5 

19 

6 

20 

7 

21 

8 

22 

9 2 3 

10 

24 

11 

2 q 

0 

27 

1 

14. 

18 

8 

19 

10 

21 

0 22 

2 

23 

4 

24 

6 

25 

8 

26 

10 

28 

0 

29 

2 

*5. 

20 

0 

21 

3 22 

6 

23 

9 

25 

0 

26 

3 

27 

6 

28 

. 9 

30 

0 

3i 

3 

16. 

21 

4 

22 

8 

24 

0 

25 

4 

26 

8 

28 

0 

29 

4 

30 

8 

32 

0 

33 

4 

17. 

22 

8 

- 4 

1 

25 

6 

26 

11 

28 

4 

29 

9 

3i 

2 

32 

7 

34 

0 

35 

5 

18. 

24 

0 

25 

6 

27 

0 

28 

6 

30 

0 

3i 

6 

33 

0 

34 

6 

36 

0 

37 

6 

19 . 

25 

4 

26 

11 

28 

6 

30 

1 

3i 

8 

33 

3 

34 

10 

36 

5 

38 

0 

39 

7 

20.#.... 

26 

8 

28 

4 

30 

0 

31 

8 

33 

4 

35 

0 

36 

8 

38 

4 

40 

0 

4i 

8 

21. 

28 

0 

29 

9 

3i 

6 

33 

3 

35 

0 

3 o 

9 

38 

6 

40 

3 

42 

0 

43 

9 

22. 

29 

4 

31 

2 

33 

0 

34 

10 

36 

8 

38 

6 

40 

4 

42 

2 

44 

0 

45 

IO 

23 . 

30 

8 

32 

7 

34 

6 

36 

5 

38 

4 

40 

3 

42 

2 

34 

1 

46 

0 

47 

II 

24. 

33 

0 

34 

0 

36 

0 

38 

0 

40 

0 

42 

0 

44 

0 

46 

4 

48 

0 

50 

0 

25 . 

34 

4 

35 

5 

37 

6 

39 

7 

4i 

8 

43 

9 

45 

10 

47 

11 

50 

0 

52 

X 

16. 

35 

8 

36 

10 

39 

0 

4i 

2 

43 

4 

45 

6 

47 

8 

49 

10 

52 

0 

54 

• 

27. 

36 

0 

38 

340 

6 

42 

9 

45 

0 

47 

3 

49 

6 

5i 

9 

54 

0 

56 

3 

28. 

37 

4 

39 

8:42 

0 

44 

4 

46 

8 

49 

0 

5i 

4 

53 

8 

56 

0 

58 

4 

*9 . 

38 

8 

41 

143 

6 

45 

11 

48 

4 

50 

9 

53 

2 

55 

7 

58 

0 

60 


30. 

40 

0 

42 

6,45 

0 

47 

6 

5° 

0 

5i 

6 

55 

0 

57 

6 

60 

0 

62 

6 


Famous Destructive Fires. 


New York, Dec., 1835 — over five hundred buildings 
and $20,000,000 worth of property destroyed; Sept. 6, 
1839 — $10,000,000 worth of property destroyed. Pitts¬ 
burg, April 10, 1845—one thousand buildings burnt; loss, 
$6,000,000. St. Louis, May 4, 1851 —a large portion of 
the city burned; loss, $11,000,000. Portland, Me., July 
4, 1866 —almost entirely destroyed; loss, $15,000,000. 
Chicago, III, Oct. 8-9, 1871 — over 2,000 acres burnt 
over; estimated loss, $195,000,000; July 14,1874, another 
..great fire destroyed $4,000,000 worth of property. Bos¬ 
ton, Mass., Nov. 9, 1872— nearly 450 buildings destroyed; 
loss, over $73,000,000. St. John, N. B., June 21, 1877 
'-Uoss, $12,500,000. 

















































2 5 ° 

WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT AT SIGHT. 


fhe Cord of Wood or Bark is 8 feet long, 4 feet high, 
and 4 feet wide- as established by law in most of the 
States and the Dominion of Canada. If the Wood is 
8 feet long, double the product. “ Fractions of feet 
are omitted in the Table. Price will be found heading 
the columns, number of feet in the left-hand column. 


Ft. 

$1 50 

$1 75 

$2 00 

$2 2s!$2- 50 

$2 75 

$3 00 

$3 25 

$3 50 

1 


01 


01 


01 


02 


02 


02 

02 


02 

02 

2 


02 


02 


03 


03 


04 


04 

05 


05 

°5 

3 


03 


04 


04 


05 


06 


06 

07 


07 

08 

4 


05 


06 


06 


07 


08 


09 

09 


10 

10 

5 


06 


07 


08 


09 


10 


11 

12 


13 

*3 

6 


07 


08 


09 


II 


12 


13 

14 


15 

16 

7 


08 


10 


11 


12 


14 


i 5 

16 


17 

19 

8 


09 


11 


12 


14 


16 


18 

19 


20 

21 

16 


19 


22 


25 


28 


3 i 


35 

37 


40 

43 

24 


28 


33 


37 


42 


47 


52 

5 6 


61 

o 5 

32 


38 


44 


5 ° 


56 


63 


69 

75 


81 

87 

40 


47 


55 


63 


70 


78 


86 

94 

1 

02 

I 09 

48 


56 


66 


75 


84 


94 

1 

03 

1 12 

1 

22 

I 31 

56 


61 


77 


88 


98 

1 

09 

1 

20 

1 13 

1 

42 

I 53 

64 


75 


88 

1 

00 

I 

13 

1 

25 

1 

38 

1 5o 

1 

62 

1 

72 


84 


98 

1 

13 

I 

27 

1 

4 i 

1 

55 

1 69 

1 

83 

1 96 

80 


94 

1 

09 

1 

25 

I 

41 

1 

5 6 

1 

72 

1 88 

2 

03 

2 18 

84 


98 

1 

i 5 

1 

3 1 

I 

48 

1 

64 

1 

81 

1 97 

2 

13 

2 29 

88 

1 

03 

1 

20 

1 

38 

I 

55 

1 

72 

1 

89 

2 06 

2 

23 

2 40 

92 

1 

08 

1 

26 

1 

44 

I 

62 

1 

80 

1 

98 

2 15 

2 

33 

2 51 

96 

1 

13 

! 1 

3 i 

1 

50 

I 

69 

1 

88 

2 

06 

2 25 

2 

44 

2 62 

104 

1 

22 

1 

42 

1 

63 

I 83 

2 

03 

2 

23 

2 44 

2 

64 

2 84 

112 

1 

3 i 

1 1 

53 

1 1 

75 

I 

97 

2 

19 

2 

41 

2 62 

2 

84 

3 06 

120 

1 

4 i 

! 1 

64 

I 1 

88 

2 

11 

l 2 

34 

2 

58 

2 8l 

3 

05 

3 28 

128 

i 

50: 1 

75 

I 2 

00 

2 

25I 2 50 

2 

75 

3 00 

3 

25 

3 50 






















251 

WOOD AND *5AKK MEASUREMENT AT S!GIfi> 

( Continued .) 


rt 

$4 00 

$4 50 

$5 00 

$5 50 

$6 00 

La 

P— 

$7 00 

$7 50 $8 00 

i 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

05 

06 

2 

06 

07 

07 

08 

09 

IO 

10 

11 

12 

3 

09 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

4 

12 

H 

i 5 

17 

18 

20 

21 

23 

25 

5 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

3 * 

S 

18 

21 

23 

25 

28 

30 

3 2 

35 

37 

7 

2T 

24 

27 

30 

32 

35 

38 

4 J 

43 

% 

24 

28 

3 i 

34 

37 

40 

43 

„. 4 6 

- 50 

x6 

49 

56 

62 

68 

74 

81 

87 

O93 

f 10 

*4 

75 

84 

93 

1 03 

1 12 

1 22 

1 3 i 

1 41 

1 

32 

1 00 

1 12 

1 25 

1 37 

1 

1 62 

i 75 

1 87 

2 GO 

40 

1 25 

1 40 

1 56 

1 72 

1 87 

2 03 

2 19 

2 34 

2 50 

48 

1 5 ° 

1 68 

1 87 

2 06 

2 25 

2 44 

2 62 

2 81 

3 oc> 

$6 

1 75 

1 96 

2 18 

2 40 

2 62 

2 84 

3 06 

3 28 

3 5 ° 

64 

2 00 

2 25 

2 50 

2 75 

3 00 

3 2 5 

3 50 

3 

4 00 

72 

2 25 

2 53 

2 81 

3 09 

3 37 

3 65 

3 93 

4 28 

4 50 

80 

2 50 

2 81 

3 i 3 

3 43 

3 74 

4 06 

4 37 

4 68 

5 00 

84 

2 62 

2 95 

3 28 

3 60 

3 94 

4 26 

4 59 

4 9 2 

5 25 

88 

2 75 

3 °9 

3 43 

3 78 

4 12 

4 47 

4 81 

5 * 6 

5 50 

92 

2 87 

3 23 

3 59 

3 95 

4 30 

4 67 

5 03 

5 40 

V s 

96 

3 00 

3 37 

3 75 

4 12 

4 49 

4 87 

5 25 

5 62 

6 00 

104 

3 25 

3 65 

4 05 

4 47 

4 87 

5 28 

5 6 9 

6 09 

6 50 

112 

3 5 ° 

3 93 

4 38 

■. 4 80 

• 5 24 

5 69 

6 12 

6 5 6 

7 00 

I 2 C 

3 75 

4 21 

468 

' 5 . l S 

5 62 

6 09 

1 6 56 7 03 

7 5 c 

128 

4 00 

4 50 

5 QO 

» 5 5 c 

» 6 00 

• 6 50 

> 7 001 7 5c 

> 8 00 


The Wedding Anniversary. 

Fifth year.. Wooden Wedding 

Fifteenth year..Crystal Wedding 

Twentieth year..China Wedding 

Twenty-fifth year.Silver Wedding 

Thirtieth year.<-.f e ? r 

Fortieth year..• - R “ b y bedding 

Fiftieth year . T.•- ..Golden Weddmg 

Seventy-hfth year..Diamond Weddmg 







































252 

“fable ^op Engineers and Machinists. 


8izk and Strength ov Cast Iron Columns. Iron i in. Thick. 


Diameter in 
inches. 




Height in 

Feet. 




4 

6 

8 

IO 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

Load in Cwt. 

2 . 

72 

60 

49 

40 

32 

26 

22 

18 

*5 

*3 

11 

2# . 

119 

105 

9 1 

77 

65 

55 

47 

40 

• 34 

29 

*5 

3 . 

178 

143 

145 

128 

hi 

97 

84 

73 

64 

56 

49 

3% . 

247 

232 

214 

19L 

172 

156 

135 

119 

106 

94 

83 

4 . 

3*6 

318 

288 

266 

242 

220 

198 

178 

160 

144 


. 

418 

400 

379 

354 

327 

301 

275 

251 

229 

208 

i8& 

5 . 

522 

501 

479 

452 

427 

394 

365 

337 

310 

285 

262 

6 . 

607 

592 

573 

55 ° 

525 

497 

469 

440 

4 i 3 

386 

360 

7 . 

1032 

1013 

989 

959 

924 

887 

848 

808 

7 6 5 

725 

686 

8 . 

1333 

I 3 i 5 

1289 

1259 

1224 

1185 

1142 

1097 

1052 

1005 

959 

9 . 

1716 

2697 

1672 

1640 

1603 

1561 

1515 

1461 

1461 

I 3 6 4 

1311 

IO . 

2119 

2100 

2077 

2045 

2007 

1964 

1916 

1865 

1811 

1755 

1697 

ii . 

2570 

2550 

2520 

2490 

2450 

2410 

2358 

2305 

2248 

2189 

2127 

12 . 

3 ° 5 ° 

3 ° 4 ° 

3020 

2970 

2930 

2900 

2830 

2780 

2730 

2670 

2600 


WEIGHTS OF CORDWOOD. 




Lbs. 

Carbon. 

cord of 

Hickory... . 


100 

« 

Hard Maple.’. 


58 

<( 



64 

« 

Ash. 


79 

tt 

Birch. . 


49 

<i 

Pitch Pine . 


43 

« 

Canada Pine.. 


42 

«> 

Yellow Oak.. 

.... 2,920 

61 

u 

White Oak.. 


81 

u 

Lombardy Poplar.. 


41 

« 

Red Oak 


70 




























































r 


READY RECKONER TABLE, 

For computing Wages, Rent, Board, etc. The sum will few 
found heading the columns, and the days and weeks on the cx» 
treme left-hand column. If the desired sum is not in the tablq, 
double or treble two or three suitable numbers. 


Time. 

$2.50 

$2.75 

$3.00 

$ 3-25 

$ 3 - 5 ° 

$ 3-75 

$4.00 

$ 4-25 

$ 4.50 

$ 4-75 


1 

•36 

•39 

•43 

•44 

•50 

•53 

•57 

.61 

.64 

.68 


.2 

.72 

.78 

.86 

•93 

I .OO 

1.07 

1.14 

1.21 

1.28 

1.36 


E ' 3 

1.08 

1.17 

1.29 

i -39 

1.50 

1.61 

1.7 1 

1.82 

i -93 

2.03 


Q 4 

1.44 

1.56 

*• 7 * 

1.86 

2 .OO 

2.14 

2.28 

2-43 

2-57 

2.71 


w s 

1.80 

*•95 

2.14 

2.32 

2.50 

2.68 

2.86 

3-03 

3 - 21 - 

3-39 


6 

2.15 

2-34 

2-57 

2.78 

3.00 

3.21 

3-43 

3-64 

3-86 

4.07 

_ i 

. ... 

2.50 

2-75 

3.00 

3-25 

3-50 

3-75 

4.00 

4-25 

4 - 5 ° 

4-75 

eA 2 


5-09 

5 - 5 ° 

6 00 

' 6.50 

7.00 

7-50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

S 3 

... . 

7 - 5 ° 

8.25 

9.00 

9-75 

10.50 

11.25 

12.00 

12.75 

13-50 

14.25 

£4 

.... 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00 

19.00 

5 


12 - 5 ° 

13-75 

15.00 

16.25 

17-50 

18.75 

20.00 

21.25 

22.50 

23-75 

Time. 

$5.00 

$ 5-25 

$ 5 - 5 ° 

$ 5-75 

$6.00 

$6.25 

$6.50 

$ 6-75 

$7.00 

$8.00 


1 

• 7 i 

•75 

•79 

.82 

.86 

.89 

•93 

.96 

I .OO 

1.14 


.2 

i -43 

1.50 

1.58 

1.64 

1.72 

1.78 

1.86 

1.92 

2.00 

2.28 


>?3 

2.14 

2.25 

2-37 

2.46 

2.23 

2.67 

2.79 

2.88 

3.00 

3-53 


Q 4 

2.86 

3.00 

3- I 5 

3.28 

3-44 

3-56 

3-72 

3-84 

4.00 

4.26 



3-57 

3-75 

3-94 

4.10 

4 - 3 ° 

4-45 

4-65 

4.80 

5.00 

5 - 7 * 


6 

4.28 

4 - 5 ° 

4-73 

4.92 

5-i6 

5-34 

5-58 

5-76 

6.00 

6.86- 

i 

.... 

5.00 

5-25 

5-50 

5-75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6-75 

7.00 

8.00 

M 2 

.... 

10.00 

10.50 

11.00 

ii. 5 ° 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13-50 

14.00 

16.00 


.... 

15.00 

15-75 

16.50 

17-25 

18.00 

18.75 

19.50 

20.25 

21.00 

24.00 

£4 

.... 

20.00 

21.00 

22.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

32.00 

5 

.... 

25.00 

26.25 

27.50 

28.75 

30.00 

31-25 

32.50 

33-50 

35 -oo 

40.00 


WEIGHT OF LEAD PIPE—DIFFERENT SIZES. 


Caliber. 

AAA 
Weight 
per foot. 

AA 

Weight 
per foot. 

A 

Weight 
per foot. 

B 

Weight 
per foot. 

C 

Weight 
per foot. 

D 

Weight 
per foot. 

D Light 

Weight 
per foot. 

E 

Weight 
per foot. 

E Light 

Weight 
per toot 

In. 

H 

It. oz. 
1 8 

lb. oz. 
1 5 

lb. oz. 
1 2 

lb. oz. 
1 0 

lb. oz. 
0 13 

lb. oz. 
0 10 

lb. oz. 

lb. oz. 
0 8 

lb. oz. 

l A 

3 0 

2 0 

1 12 

1 4 

1 0 

0 13 


0 11 

0 9 

X 

3 8 

2 12 

2 8 

2 0 

1 12 

1 8 

* 4 

i 0 

1 12 

X 

l 

4 8 

6 0 

6 12 

9 0 

3 8 

4 12 

5 12 

8 0 

3 0 

4 0 

4 12 

6 4 

2 4 

3 4 

3 12 

5 0 

2 0 

2 8 

3 0 

4 4 

1 12 

2 0 

2 8 

3 8 

1 8 

1 4 

1 6 

2 0 
*3 4 

i 0 1 

•••••• 

a * 

10 12 

9 0 

7 0 

6 0 

5 4 

4 0 
























































WEIGHT OF IRON PER FOOT 


254 


Flat, 

Weight* 

i/*Ov>©weo Mh*o ro\0 

N ^ N 0 O' d VC 0 fOHOO to W 0 d VO H IOO to NM 

h w ro to ei roro^^to to vo t^oo oo o m in «+vo N(J>4 
mhhh hmhhmm 

Size. 

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 

to to VO HMMHMMCJCJWWfOfO^^IO to VO M H 

Flat. 

Weight. 

M ro ^VO 00 Q rOvO PO Q 00 ^ Q VO d "*vO 00 0 « »0 0\W 

<?\ ro n h tooaovo mo o rovo oo hvo m\o n nn n rn 
Ci ro ro ^ xh to to VO CO O N « N « fOfOt t»o too t>00 

Size. 

\MN«N«NMN^\N\«N«N4^v^Vio\po\oo\po\oo\oo\co\co\co\»\po\eovj» 
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>* isSSKR ^ :*:$$* ^ 

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Weight. 

ro 

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CO 0\0 H N ^O 00 o N to t^ f Os MrOC^MOW^tO t^OO 

Size. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK 

Squarb. 

Weight. 

oo oo ro 

Q vo ro 0 to ro M 0 0 0 0 0 m ro to ^ 0 0 0 vjO'O 

d ^*00 rooo to ro N n ro to 00 d ts ro 0 00 OO d 0 to d <2> 

w h w ro ^ tovo t^oo G m ro »ovo 0 to 6 « ion 

f<MMMMcidrororor»> 

Size. 

*x*$r*s xx&k 

HHMHHHM.^netMNN (nmrow 

Round. 

Weight. 

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m rO'O O ^ O vo ro 0 Oco Os 0 d ^*oo N NroNto tovo 

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V 

£ 

CO 

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RELATIVE STRENGTH OF BODIES TO RESIST TORSION. 


256 


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Q 

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257 





























25$ 




































SPORTING MATTERS 


BASE-BALL RECORD FOR FIFTEEN YEARS. 
Summary for 1892 —National League. 



WON. 

LOST. 

PKR CENT. 

Boston . 

102 

48 

.080 

CilPiVpln.mi. 

93 

T>6 

.624 

Brooklyn .,. 

95 

59 

.616 

Ptljla/lplphia. 

87 

00 

.574 

-1'Vipr‘inna.ti. 

82 

09 

.542 

Pittsburg. 

80 

73 

.529 

niiipa.po . 

70 

76 

.479 

Nf>w York. 

71 

80 

.409 

r.rmisvillp . 

03 

89 

.414 

"Wasbinp’tnn. 

58 

93 

.384 

St T.onis . 

57 

94 

.378 

Baltimore. 

46 

101 

.313 


Winners of the National League Games for Fifteen Years. 


YEAR. 


WON. 

LOST. 

1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 
1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1 892 

Pnfst/in . 

41 

19 

ProviOfmpp. 

59 

25 

Clhir.a.po ... 

07 

17 

Chicago ..T... 

56 

28 

Chipa.fo . 

55 

29 

Hnstnn .. 

03 

35 

Provi 0 eti <■*.« . 

84 

28 

nViipa.PT> . 

87 

25 

nhipa.PTi ...... . 

90 

34 

Ttptrni t. . 

79 

45 

Maw Vrvrlr . 

84 

47 

"Waw Ynrlr . 

83 

43 

Brooklvn . 

86 

43 

Boston.... 

Boston ... 

87 

102 

51 

48 





THE MONARCHS OF THE TURF IN 1892. 


TROTTING. 

Sunol . 2 : 08 %, 

Nancy Hanks. 2:04 


' PACING. 

Hal Pointer, Aug. 18..2 : 05 %, 
Mascot, Sept, 29. 2:04 



























































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270 


WALKING. 


distance. 

NAME. 

PLACE. 

DATE. 

TIME. 

1 mile. 

W. Perkins. 

London, Eng. 

June 1, ’74 

6:23 

2 

It 

J. W. Roby. 

ft if 

Aug. 20, ’83 

13:14 

3 

it 

t( ft 

ft fi 

ii ii ii 

20:211 

4 

it 

ft tt 

it It 

if if if 

27:38 

5 

tt 

ft ft 

(i f 1 

it if ii 

35:10 

6 

tt 

ft ft 

il II 

f f ii f 

43:01 

7 

II 

II If 

if if 

it it ft 

51:04 

8 

II 

John Meagher 

New York City 

Nov. 29, ’82 

58:37 

9 

I* 

J. W. Roby 

London, Eng. 

Dec. 3, ’83 

1:07:14 

10 

If 

(f if 

if ii 

if ii if 

1:14:45 

20 

If 

W. Perkins 

ft it 

July 1, ’77 

2:39:57 

50 

It 

J. Hibbard 

if il 

May 14, ’88 

7:54:16 


Greatest Distance Walked in an Hour.— 8 m. 302 yds., 
by John Meagher, N. Y. City, Nov. 29, ’82. Two Hours.— 15 
m. 824 yds., by W. Perkins, London, Eng., July 16, ’77. Threb 
Hours.— 22 m. 456*4 yds. by H. Thatcher, London, Eng. Feb. 
20, ’82. Four Hours. —27 in. 440 yds., by W. Franks, London, 
Eng., Aug. 28, ’82. Twenty-Four Hours.— 127 m. 1,210 yds., 
by W. Howes, London, Eng., Feb. 23, ’78. 

Greatest Distance Walked in 72 Hours, (12 Hours each; 
Day).—363 miles, by C. Faber, Pittsburg, Pa., June 28, July 3, 
’80; also, 363 miles, by J. Scott, London, Eng., May 14, ’88. 

Greatest Distance Walked Without a Rest.— 121 miles, 
385 yds., by C. A. Harriman, Truckee, Cal., April 6-7,1883. 

ROWING. 

Performances by amateurs are designated by an*. 

iy 2 miles—*7:41, eightoars, straightaway, Atalanta Boat club, 
Pullman, Ill., Aug. 9, 1889. [The Cornell University crew 
rowed the distance in 7:03, at Philadelphia, July 4, 1889, but 
with current very strong.] 8:01%, four oars, straightaway, 
Fairmount Rowing association, Albany, N. Y., July 21, 1886. 
[The Watkins crew rowed the distance in 7:46%, at Detroit, 
Mich., Aug. 15, 1887, but the current was very strong.] *7:59, 
double scull, straightaway, J. Buckley and W. O’Connell, 
Portland, B. C., Lachine, Can., Aug. 21, 1882. *8:36, single 
scull, straightaway. Joseph Laing, Lachine, Can., Aug. 19, 1882. 
*8:36*4, four oars, turn, still water, Modoc. Boat club, SaltLake, 
Utah, Aug. 30, 1888. *8:41, pair-oared shell, straightaway, J. 
H. Clegg and F. D. Standish, Excelsior, B. C., Lachine, Can.. 
Aug. 19, 1882. 

2 miles—*9:43%, eight oars, straightaway, Columbia College 
crew, New London, Conn., June 26,1884. *12:16, double-scull, 
turn, F. E. Yates and C. E. Courtney, Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 8. 
1876. *12:20%, pair-oar, stiaightaway. J. H. Riley and J. A. 
Kennedy, Greenwood lake, N. Y., Oct. 9,1876. *13:21%, single 
scull, turn, J. H. Riley, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1876. 

2% miles—*12:57, eight oars, straightaway, Yale University 
crew, New London, Conn., June 29, 1888. 

















271 


AUSTRALIAN BALLOT SYSTEM. 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR VOTERS 
In Conformity with the Illinois State Laws.* 


When entering the voting place, give your name, and 
IX required, your residence, to the Judges of Election. 

If your name be found on the Register, you will be 
permitted to enter the enclosed space inside the guard 
rail. Then, if your vote be not challenged, one of the 
Judges will hand you a Ballot, on the back of which he 
must write his initials. If your name be not on the 
Register, or has been erased, you cannot vote. 

If your vote be challenged you will not receive a Ballot 
until you have established your right to vote, either 
under oath to the Judges of Election, or by affidavit. 

When you have received a ballot retire at once, alone, 
into one of the voting booths, and prepare your ballot 
Xor the ballot box by marking it as the law prescribes. 

At the top of each column you will find the name of 
each party ticket or list of canidates, as Democratic, 
Republican. Prohibition, etc. The names of all the can¬ 
didates of each party and each group of petitioners are 
to be found in that column directly beneath the name of 
the party, and nowhei'e else. 

At the left of the party name, or heading of the different 

tickets, will be a circle half-inch in diameter, thus: 

At the left of each name on the ballo t will be a square 
quarter-inch on each side, thus: □ To prepare your 
ballot for voting, you must mark it with a cross, thus: 
X, either in the circle at the top of the ticket, or in the 
square before the name of each candidate for whom you 
wish to vote; you can make this cross either with a pen 
or pencil. 

Do not mark your ballot in any way, except as directed 
below, and do not erase any names. 

The law of most states using the Australian ballot 
system, permits four methods of marking the ballots for 
voting, as follows: 

1. To vote for all condidates of a party, that is to vote 
a straight party ticket, mark a cross in the circle at 

the head of the ticket of your choice, thus: A ballot 

so marked will be counted for all the candidates in the 
column under the circle so marked. (f 


* Similar laws, differing only in unimportant details, are in use 
in a majority of the States of the Union. 







070 

‘2. To split or scratch a ballot make a cross in the 
circle at the head of the ticket of your choice, and then 
make a cross in the square before the name or names of 
any candidates for whom you want to vote on any other 
ticket or tickets. A ballot so marked will be counted for 
all of the candidates on the ticket under the circle 
marked, except for the offices for which the names of 
candidates are marked on the other ticket or tickets on 
the ballot, and the latter will be counted for the candi¬ 
dates marked in the square on tho^e tickets. But voters 
are cautioned against marking a ballot by this method 
when there is more than one candidate to be elected 
to the same office on the same ballot, as in case of 
Presidential Electors, Congressman-at-Large, etc. The 
law says: “If the voter marks more names than there 
are persons to be elected to an office, his ballot shall not 
be counted for such office.” Therefore, if you wish to 
split your ticket on Presidential Electors, Congressmen- 
at-Large, etc., you should do so by placing a cross (X) 
opposite the names of all those you wish to vote for. but 
you must be careful not to make a cross (X) opposite the 
names of more than the number of men to be elected for 
each office. When there is but one candidate to be 
elected to the same office on the same ballot, the danger 
of confusion above pointed out does not arise. A safe 
•way to “ split ” a ticket, however, is to mark the name of 
each candidate for whom you want to vote in the squares 
and leave the circle blank. 

3. Another method of marking a ballot, that is, to 
vote for some of the candidates on one ticket and re¬ 
maining candidates on another ticket, leave all the 
circles blank and mark a cross in the square to the left 
of each candidate of your choice. A ballot so marked 
will be counted only for the candidate marked. But be 
careful not to mark more names than there are persons 
to be elected to office, or your ballot will not be counted 
lor such office. 

4. If the voter desires to vote for a candidate not on 
the ticket of his choice, he may write in the name of the- 
candidate of his choice in the blank space on the ticket, 
making a cross (X) before the name written in. 

Where the word ballot is used in this instruction the 
entire sheet given to the voter by the Judge of Election 
Is meant. 

Where the word ticket is used, only a single party 
group of candidates is meant. 

In voting on any proposition submitted to vote, and 
printed on the ballot, make a cross (X), mark in the 
column opposite the headings “ Yes ” or “ No,” and your 




"ballot will be counted ‘ for,” if you mark opposite “Yes ” 
and “against,” if you mark opposite “No.'' 

Before leaving the voting booth fold your ballot so as 
to conceal the marks, and to expose the official endorse¬ 
ment on the back. 

Leave the booth and hand your ballot to the judge in 
charge of the ballot box, who, without numbering it, 
must deposit it in the box. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a voting booth with 
another voter. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a booth more than 
five minutes, if others are waiting to vote. 

You will not be allowed to remain in the enclosed 
space more than ten minutes, and you must quit it as 
soon as you have voted. 

You will not be allowed to re-enter the enclosed space, 
after you have voted, during the election. 

You will not be allowed to take a ballot from the 
polling place. 

You wih not be allowed to vote any ballot except the 
one you received from the judges. 

If you spoil a ballot in preparing it, you must return it 
and ask for another in the place of it. Do not vote a torn 
or mutilated ballot. 

If a voter will declare upon oath that he cannot read 
the English language, or that by reason of physical dis¬ 
ability he is unable to mark his ballot, upon request he 
will be assisted by two of the election officers, appointed 
for that purpose, of opposite political parties. These 
officers will mark the ballot as directed by the voter. 

Intoxication will not be regarded as a physical dis¬ 
ability, and if a voter is intoxicated, he will receive no 
assistance in marking his ballot. 

The polls will be opened at 6 o'clock in the morning 
and closed at 4 o’clock in the evening. Between these 
hours voters are entitled to absent themselves from their 
place of employment for the period of two hours for t he 
purpose of voting. They will not be liable to any penalty 
for their absence, nor shall any deduction be made from 
their wages or salary on that account: but they must * 
ask for leave of absence before the day of election, and 
their employer may specify the hours during which they 
may be absent. 

These are the prescriptions of the law as practiced 
in Illinois. For details and slight changes in other 
states, consult the Election Commissioners in your ’ 
district. . 


COST OF ROYALTY IN ENGLAND. 

Pounds Reduced to Dollars. 

The Queen—Privy Purse.$ 300,000 


Household Expenses and Sundries 1,625,000 

-$1,025,000 

Prince of Wales. 200,000 

Princess of Wales. 50,000 

Children of the Prince of Wales (in trust). 180,000 

Queen’s Children—German Empress Frederick 40,000 

Duke of Edinburgh. 125,000 

Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.. 30,000 

Princess Louise (Lome). 30,000 

Duke of Connaught. 125,000 

Princess Beatrice (Battenberg)... 30,000 

Duchess of Albany (daughter-in-law). 30,000 

Queen’s Cousins—Duke of Cambridge. 60.000 

Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 15.000 

Duchess of Teck. 25,000 

Other Royal Pensions, together. 125,305 


Total.$2,990,305 


RULES FOR SPELLING. 

Words ending in e drop that letter before the termina¬ 
tion able , as in move, moveable; unless ending in ce or ge. 
When it is retained, as in change, changeable, etc. 


Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant, with a 
single vowel before it, double the consonants in deriva¬ 
tives: as, ship, shipping, etc. But if ending in a conso¬ 
nant with a double vowel before it, they do not double 
the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant 
preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last 
syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as com¬ 
mit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined. 


All words of one syllable ending in l, with a single 
Towel before it, have double ll at the close; as mill, sell. 


All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double 
vowel before it, have only one l at the close; as mail, 


The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill, retain the 
Double ll of their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill,, 
Will and full also retain the ll when the accent falls on 
these words; as dullness, skillful, willful, fullness. 



















275 

Words of more than one syllable ending in / have only 
one l at the close; as delightful, faithful; unless the 
accent falls on the last syllable; as befall, etc. 

"Words ending in /, double the letter in the termina¬ 
tion ly. 

Participles ending in ing, from verbs ending in e, lose 
the final e; as have, having; make, making, etc.: but 
verbs ending in ee retain both; as see, seeing. The 
word dye, to color, however, must retain the e before ing. 

All verbsending in ly, and nouns ending in ment , retain 
the e final of the primitives; as brave, bravely; refine, 
refinement; except words ending i-n dge; as acknowledge, 
ackn o wledgmen t. 

Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their 
plural by adding s; as money, moneys; but if y is pre- 
ceded by a consonant, it is changed to ies in the plural; 
as bounty, bounties. 

Compound words whose primitives ending, change the 
** into i; as beauty, beautiful. 


THE USE OF CAPITALS. 

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital. 

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, 
should begin with a capital. 

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a 
capital. 

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital. 

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and 
divisions are printed in capitals. 

7. The pronoun I and the exclamation O are always 
capitals. 

8. The days of the week and the months of the year 
begin with capitals. 

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter. 

10. Names of religious denominations begin with 
capitals. 

11 preparing accounts, each item should begin 

with a capital. 

12. Any word of very special importance may begin 
with a capital. 



276 


Savings Bank Compound Interest Table. 


Showing the amount of $1, from 1 year to 15 years, with 
Compound Interest added semi-annually, at different rates 



Ten 

Per cent. 

Nine 

Per cent. 

Eight 

Per cent. 

Seven 

Per cent 

Six 

Per cent. 

Five 

Per cent 

j Four 

Per cent. 

1 Three 

Percent 

*5 

years. 

$4.32 

$ 3-74 

$3.24 

$2.80 

$2.42 

$2.09 

$1.80 

$1.56 

14 

* 

3.62 

3-42 

2-99 

2.62 

2.28 

1.99 

*•73 

i- 5 * 

13 


3-55 

3 -i 4 

2-77 

2.44 

2. is 

1.90 

1.67 

*•47 

12 

U 

3.22 

2.87 

2.56 

2.28 

2.03 

1.80 

1.60 

1.4a 

XI 


2.92 

2.63 

2.36 

2.13 

1.91 

1.72 

i -54 

1.38 

xo 

U 

2.65 

2.41 

2.19 

X.98 

1.80 

1-63 

1.48 

i -34 

9% 

u 

2.52 

230 

2.10 

1.92 

1 -75 

i -59 

i -45 

*- 3 * 

9 

U 

2.40 

2.20 

2.02 

1.85 

1.70 

1 -55 

1.42 

1.30 

2* 

U 

2.29 

2.11 

1.94 

1.79 

1.65 

1.52 

i -39 

1.28 

8 

U 

2.18 

2.02 

1.87 

i -73 

1.60 

1.48 

i -37 

1.26 

7 A 

U 

2.07 

1 -93 

1.80 

1.67 

i -55 

1.44 

i -34 

*•24 

7 , 

U 

1.97 

1.85 

1 -73 

1.61 

i- 5 i 

1.41 

131 

1 • 23 

6% 

U 

1.88 

1.77 

1.66 

1.56 

1.46 

i -37 

1.29 

1.21 . 

6 ( 

U 

1.79 

1.69 

1.60 

1 Si 

1.42 

i -34 

1.26 

1.19 

5% 

U 

*•71 

1.62 

i -53 

1-45 

1.38 

1 - 3 i 

1.24 

1-i 7 

A A 

U 

1.62 

1 -55 

1.48 

1.41 

i -34 

1.28 

1.21 

1.16, 


U 

1 -55 

1.48 

1.42 

1.36 

1.30 

1.24 

1.19 

1 -14 


U 

1.47 

1.42 

1.36 

*• 3 * 

1.26 

1.21 

*•*7 

1.12 

»A 


1.40 

1.36 

*• 3 * 

1.27 

1.22 

x.18 

1.14 

1.10 


U 

*•34 

1.30 

1.26 

1.22 

1.19 

i-iS 

1.12 

i.og 


U 

1.27 

1.24 

1.21 

1.18 

1.15 

i-i 3 

1.10 

1.07 

• 

U 

1.21 

1.19 

1.16 

1.14 

x.12 

1.10 

1.08 

1.06 

*M 

« 

*•*5 

1.14 

1.12 

1.10 

1.09 

1.07 

1.06 

1.04 

X 

U 

1.10 

1.09 

1.08 

1.07 

1.06 

1.05 

1.04 

1.03 

A 


1.05 

1.04 

1.04 

1.03 

1.03 

1.02 

1.02 

1.ox 


ONE DOLLAR LOANED 100 YEARS at Compound Interest 
would amount to the following sum 

34 per cent.$2,351,799,404.00 ‘ 

18 “ 15,145,207.00 

IS “ 1,174,405.00 


.84,675.00 


10 per cent. 

6 


.$13,809.00 

.340.09 

.19-25 

.2.73 


Safe Business Rules. 

Business men, in business hours, attend only to busi¬ 
ness matters. Social calls are best adapted to the social 
circle. Make your business known in few words, without 
loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most 


























277 


carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be 
esteemed. Leave “ tricks of trade ” to those whose edu¬ 
cation was never completed. Treat all with respect, 
confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to say no, 
and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. 
Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day. 
Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is 
valueless. Have a place for every thing, and everything 
in its place. To preserve long friendship, keep a short 
credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to 
preserve it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short 
accounts. Trust no man’s appearances; they are often 
deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining 
credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are gen- 
ally plain men. Be well satisfied before you give a credit 
that those t#» whom you give it are safe men to be trusted. 


Time which Money Doubles at 
I nterest. 


Rate per cent . 
10. 


I:: 

3 % 

1 % 


Simple Interest . 

.. io years. 

..ii years 40 days. 

.. 12^ years. 

.. 14 years 104 days. 
.. 16 years 8 months. 
. .20 years. 

. .22 years 81 days. 

.. 25 years. 

.. 28 years 208 days. 
• *33 years 4 months. 
.. 40 years. 

.. 50 years. 


Compound Interest . 

7 years 100 days. 

8 years 16 days. 

9 years 2 days. 

10 years 89 days. 

11 years 327 days. 
15 years 75 days. 
15 years 273 days. 
17 years 246 days. 
20 years 54 days. 
23 years 164 days. 
28 years 26 days. 
35 years 1 day. 


Legal Brevities. 

A note dated on Sunday is void. A note obtained by 
fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost 
or stolen, it does not release the maker, he must pay it. 
An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not 
served with notice of its dishonor within 24 hours of its 
non-payment. ^ A note by a minor is void. Notes bear 
interest only when so stated. Principals are responsible 
for their agents. Each individual in partnership is re¬ 
sponsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firn> 
















278 


1 


Ignorance of the law excuses no one. It i9 a fraud 
to conceal a fraud. It is illegal to compound a 
felony. The law compels no one to do impossibili¬ 
ties. An agreement without consideration is void. 
Signatures in lead pencil are good in law. A receipt 
for money is not legally conclusive. The acta of 
one partner bind all the others. Contracts made 
oh Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract with 
a minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic 
is void. Written contracts concerning land must 
£e under seal 


NUMBER OF^ VESSELS BUILT. 

The following table gives the number and tonnage of vessels 
built in the world, in 1888 and 1889: 

The figures for the United States do not include the tonnage 
built on the lakes, which are as follows: For 1888, 59 vessels 
■with a tonnage of 100,950, and for 1889, 50 vessels with a ton¬ 
nage of 124,750 were built. This puts lake shipbuilding next to 
that of the United Kingdom, almost doubling the tonnage of the 
German Empire turned out during the past two years. The 
(number of boats built in Germany during 1888 and 1889 wae, 
116, and on the lakes 115, the same number, but having nearly 
80,000 more tons, showing that lake boats were on an average 
one-third larger. Of the 2,429,152 tons shown above, 2,064,800 
tons were steel, 181,846 iron, 178,824 wood and 3,681 composite. 


Countries. 


United Kingdom. 

Germany. 

United States. .. 

France. 

British colonies.. 

Denmark. 

Norway. 

Netherlands. 

Italy. 

Sweden.. 

Oreece. 

Austria. 

Russia. 

Other countries.. 


Totals. 


1888. 

No- 

Ton. 

Vessels. 

NAGE. 

484 

776,993 

37 

39,994 

73 

38,198 

14 

10,721 

68 

17,106 

5 

5,721 

19 

11,433 

3 

5,156 

8 

1,798 

15 

4,088 

15 

3,086 

5 

5,038 

7 

1,713 

12 

5,478 

765 

926,523 


1889. 


No. 

Vessels, 


656 

79 

115 

23 

75 

20 

32 

10 

21 

25 

17 

6 

7 

5 


1,090 


Ton¬ 

nage. 


1,180,349 

101,984 

84,832 

42,921 

27,368 

01,526 

14,640 

11,033 

7,863 

7,084 

.4,319 

1,853 

1,830 

1,531 


1,502,629 






























279 

TAX ON COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS. 

The following is a list of places and amount of taxation 
on commercial travelers: Alabama, $15 50 per year; 
Arizona, $200 .per year; Beaufort, S. C., $10 per visit; 
Bennettsville, S. C.,$i per visit; Batesburg, S. C., 7 $ 
cents per day; Charleston, S. C., $10 per month; Cum¬ 
berland, Md., $1 per day; Delaware, $25 per year; Dead- 
wood, D. T., $5 per week; Darlington, S. C., $ 1 ; East 
St. Louis, $2 per day; Elkton, Md., per cent, on stock 
carried; Florida, $25 per year; Hartwell, Ga .,$5 per 
trip; Johnston, S. C., 50 cents per day; Lewistown, 
Idaho, $5 per trip; Montana, $100 per year for each 
county; Memphis, Tenn., $10 per week or $25 per month; 
Mobile, Ala., $3 per day or $7 a week; Natchez, Miss., 
25 cents per day; New Orleans, La., $50 per year; New¬ 
port, Ky., $1 per month; North Carolina, $100 per year; 
Nevada, $100 per year; Orangeburg, S. C., $2 per day; 
St. Matthews, S. C., $1 per day; San Francisco, Cal., 
$25 per quarter; Texas, $35 a year; Tucson, Arizona, 
$50 per quarter; Tombstone, Arizona, $10 per day; Vir¬ 
ginia, $75 per year; Wilmington, N. C., $3 per day; 
Washington, D. C., $200 per year; Walhalla, S. C., $1 
per day. 

Durability of Different Woods. 

Experiments have been made by driving sticks, made 
of different woods, each two feet long and one and one- 
half inches square, into the ground, only one-half an inch 
projecting outward. It was found that in five years, all 
those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and 
nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Laich, 
hard pine and teak wood were decayed on the outside 
only; while acacia, with the exception of being also 
slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. 
Hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably 
good condition; but only Virginia cedar was found as 
good as when put in the ground. This is of some im¬ 
portance to builders, showing what, wood should be 
avoided, and what others used by preference in under¬ 
ground work. 

The duration of wood, when kept dry, is very great, as 


280 

beams still exist which are known t* be 1,100 years 
old. Piles driven by the Romans prior to the Christ¬ 
ian era, have been examined of late, and found per¬ 
fectly sound, after an immersion of nearly 2,000 years 
The wood of some tools will last longer than the 
metals; as in spades, hoes and plows. In other tools 
the wood is first gone; as in wagons, wheel-barrows 
and machines. Such wood should be painted or 
oiled; the paint not ®nly looks well, but preserves 
the wood; petroleum oil is as good as any other; 

Hardwood stumps decay in five or six years; 
spruce stumps decay in about the same time; hem¬ 
lock stumps in eight to nine years; cedar, eight to 
nine }^ears; pine stumps, never. 

Cedar, oak, yellow pine and chestnut are the 
most durable w r oods in dry places 


The States and the Union.—thirteen original states. 



States. 

Ratified the 
Constitution. 


States. 

Ratified the 
Constitution. 

1 

Delaware, 

1787, Dec. 7. 

8 

S. Carolina, 

1788, May 23. 

2 

Pennsylv’a, 
New Jersey 

1787, Dec. 12. 

9 

New Ham. 

1788, June 21. 

3 

1787, Dec. 18. 

10 

Virginia, 

1788, June 25 

4 

Georgia, 

1788, Jan. 2. 

11 

New York, 

1788, July 26. 

5 

Conn. 

1788, Jan. 9. 

12 

N. Carolina 

1789, Nov. 21 

6 

n 

i 

Mass. 

Maryland, 

1788, Feb. 6. 

1788, April 28. 

13 

R. Island, 

1790, May 29. 


states admitted to the union. 


States. 

Admitted. 


States. 

Admitted. 

l 

Vermont, 

1791, March!. 

17 

Wisconsin, 

1848, May 29. 

2 

Kentucky, 

1792, June 1. 

18 

California, 

1850, Sept. 9. 

3 

Tennessee, 

1796, June 1. 

19 

Minnesota, 

1858, May 11. 

4 

Ohio. 

1802, Nov. 29. 

20 

Oregon, 

1859, Feb. 14. 

5 

Louisiana, 

1812, April 30. 

21 

Kansas, 

1861, Jan. 29. 

6 

Indiana, 

1816, Dec. 11. 

22 

W. Virginia 

1863, June 19. . 

7 

Mississippi 

1817, Dec. 10. 

23 

Nevada, 

1864, Oct. 31. 

8 

Illinois, 

1818, Dec. 3. 

24 

Nebraska, 

1867, March 1. 

9 

Alabama, 

1819, Dec-14. 

25 Colorado, 

1876, Aug. 1. 

10 

Maine, 

1820, March 15. 

26 

N. Dakota, 

1889, Nov. 3. 

11 

Missouri, 

1821, Aug. 10. 

27 

S. Dakota, 

1889, Nov. 3. 

12 

Arkansas, 

1836, June 15. 

28 

Montana, 

1889, Nov. 8. 

13 

Michigan, 

1937, Jan. 26. 

29 

iWashing’n, 

1889, Nov. 11. 

14 

Florida, 

1845, March 3. 

30 

Idaho, 

1890, July 3. 

15 

16 

Texas, 

llowa, 

1845, Dec. 29. 

1846, Dec. 28. 

31 

Wyoming. 

1890, July 8. 


































RATES OF POSTAGE. 


Letters. —Prepaid by stamps, 2 cents each ounce or 
fraction thereof to all parts of the United States and Can- 
ada; forwarded to another postoffice without charge on 
request of the person addressed; if not called for, returned 
to the writer free, if indorsed with that request. If the 
stamp is omitted, the letter is forwarded to the Dead 
Letter Office, and returned to the writer. For Regis¬ 
tering letters the charge is 10 cents additional. Drop 
letters at letter-carrier offices, 2 cents per ounce or frac¬ 
tion thereof; at other offices, 1 cent per ounce or fraction 
thereof. On insufficiently prepaid matter mailed in Can¬ 
ada, 3 cents per y 2 ounce or fraction thereof. Stamped 
Postal Cards, furnished only by Government, 1 cent each. 
If anything except a printed address slip is pasted on a 
Postal Card, or anything but the address written on the 
face, letter postage is charged, Postage on all newspaper! 
and periodicals sent from newspaper offices to any part 
of the United States, to regular subscribers, must bepaic 
in advance at the office of mailing. 

Second-Class Matter. —Periodicals issued at regular 
intervals — at least four times a year — and having a 
regular list of subscribers, with supplement, sample cop¬ 
ies, 1 cent a pound; periodicals, other. than weekly, if 
delivered by letter-carrier, 1 cent each; if over 2 ounces, 
2 cents each. When sent by other than publishers, for 4 
ounces or less, 1 cent. 

Third- Class Matter (not exceeding 4 pounds). —Printed 
matter, books, proof-sheets, corrected or uncorrected, 
unsealed circulars, inclosed so as to admit of easy inspec¬ 
ts 1 without cutting cords or wrapper, 1 cent for each 2 
01 ices. 

fourth-Class Matter .—Not exceeding 4 pounds, em¬ 
bracing merchandise and samples, excluding liquids, 
poisons, greasy, inflammable or explosive articles, live 
animals, insects, etc., 1 cent an ounce. Postage to Can¬ 
ada and British North American States, 2 cents per 
ounce; must be prepaid; otherwise, 6 cents. 


dumber of Tears Seeds Retain Their Vitality. 

Vegetables. Years. 

Artichojce.*..5 to 6 

Asparagus. 2 to 3 

Beans. 2 to 3 

Beets. 3 to 4 

Broccoli. 5 to 6 

Cucumber. 8 to ia 

Cauliflower. 5 to 6 

Cress. 3 to 4 

Carrots . .. 2 to 3 

Celery. 2 to 3 

Corn (on cob). 2 to 3 

Endive.5 to ^ 

Egg Plant. 1 to 2 

Leek. 2 to 3 

Lettuce. 3 to 4 

Melon.8 to 10 

Mustard. 3 to 4 

Okra. 3 to 4 

Onion. 2 to 3 

Pea. 5 to 6 

Pumpkin. 8 to 10 

Parsley. 2 to 3 

Parsnip. 2 to 4 

Pepper. 2 to 3 

Rhubarb. 3 to 4 

Squash. 8 to 10 

Spinach. 3 to 4 

Turn'o. 3 to 6 

Tomato. 2 to 3 


HOW TO MIX PAINTS FOR TINTS. 

Red and Black makes. Brown 

Lake and White makes.Rose 

White and Brown makes.Chestnut 

White, Blue and Lake makes..Purple 

Blue and Lead Color makes.. .Pearl 







































28 3 


White and Carmine makes...Pinfc 

Indigo and Lamp-Black makes.Silver GraJ 

White and Lamp-Black makes..... .Lead Color 

Black and Venetian Red makes.Chocolate 

White and Green makes......Bright Green 

Purple and White makes...French White 

Light Green and Black makes..Dark Green 

White and Green makes.Pea Green 

White and Emerald Green makes.Brilliant Green 

Red and Yellow makes.Orange 

White and Yellow makes.. .. .Straw Color 

White, Blue and Black makes.Pearl Gray 

White, Lake and Vermillion makes.Flesh Color 

Umber, White and Venetian Red makes.Drab 


Red, Blue, Black and Red makes....Olive 


Yellow, White and a little Venetian Red makes.. ..Buff 


DEGREES OF HEAT AND COLD REQUIRED 
TO FREEZE, MELT AND BOIL THE FOL¬ 
LOWING SUBSTANCES. 


Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the follow¬ 
ing articles Melt. 


Cast Iron. 

Glass. 

Copper. 

Gold.. 

Brass. 

Silver. 

Antimony. 

Zinc. 

Lead ... 

Bismuth.* 

Tin.. 

Gatta Percha... 

Lard. 

Ice..... 


3> 5oo 
2,400 
2,160 

**983 


1,900 

1,850 

950 

780 

590 

476 


420 



35 

































2S4 


Degrees of Cold ABOVE ZERO at which the following 
articles Freeze. 


Turpentine (Spirits). . . 

Strong Wine. 

Milk..... 

Water.. 

Degrees of Heat ABOVE ZERO at which the 

articles BoiL 

Blood Heat.... 

Alcohol. 

Water. 

Petroleum.. 

Linseed Oil.. 

Quicksilver. 


. IS 

. 20 

.29 

.32 

following 

. 9* 

.... 175 

__ 210 

.... 305 

. 6 oo- 

. 630 


Tables of Weights and Measures. 


CUBIC MEASURE. 

1,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard, 
128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton 
(shipping), 2 , 150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel, 
268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot 
four-fifths of a bushel. 


SURVEYOR’S MEASURE. 

7.92 inches I link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, ic 
square chains or 160 square rods 1 acre, 640 acres 1 
square mile. 

LONG MEASURE—DISTANCE. 


3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 1 foot, 3 feet 1 yard, $}/ 
yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile 
DRY MEASURE. 


2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 „ ^ecks 

make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron. 

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 

4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints i » 5 *«rt, 4 quarts make 
1 gallon, 31 gallon vroike f barrel, 2 barrels make 
I hogshead. 














285 

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT. 

20 grains make i scruple, 3 scruples make 1 drachm, 8 
drachms make 1 ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

2* grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweight make x 
ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only 
are weighed. The ounce and pound in this are 
same as in Apothecaries’ weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

6 drachms make 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 pound, 25 
pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 100 weight, 
2,000 pounds make 1 ton. 

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 degree, 30 
degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make i quadrant, 4 
quadrants or 360 degrees make 1 circle. 

TIME MEASURE. 

60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 hour, 24 
hours make 1 day,. 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks 
make 1 lunar month, 28 , 29 , 30 , or 31 days make 1 
calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months 
make 1 year, 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 49 
seconds make 1 solar year. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 square 
yard, 30 X square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods I 
rood, 4 roods 1 acre. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

2% inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3 inches .1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches 1 span, 18 
inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2 l /z feet s 
military pace. 


286 


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287 


POLITICAL INFORMATION.^ 

Result of the Electoral College proceedings by States froml 
1789 tp and including 1885. 


1789, Washington and Adams— Washington had the votes 
of all the states, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con¬ 
necticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary land,Vir¬ 
ginia, South Carolina and Georgia; total, 69 votes. 

Adams had all of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 5 of the 
7 of Connecticut, 1 of the 6 of New Jersey, 8 of the 10 of Penn* 
sylvania, 5 of the 10 of Virginia; total, 34. 

1793, Washington and Adams —Washington had the votes 
of all the states, viz., New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey^ 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky,North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia; total, 132. 

Adams carried all these states with the exception of New 
York, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina and Georgia; total, 
*T7 votes* 

1797, Adams and Jefferson— Adams had the votes of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ver- 
mont, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, 1 of the 15 of Penn¬ 
sylvania, 1 of the 20 of Virginia, 1 of the 12 of North Carolina, 
and 7 of the 11 of Maryland; total 71. . 

Thomas Jefferson had 14 of the 15 votes of Pennsylvania, 4 of 
the 11 of Maryland, 20 of the 21 of Virgiuia, Kentucky, 11 of the 
12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia and South Carolina; 


1801, Jefferson and Burr— Had the votes of the states of 
New York, 8 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, 5 of the 10 of Maryland, 
Virginia, Kentucky, 8 of the 12 of North Carolina, Tennessee, 
South Carolina and Georgia; total, 73. House decided Jeffer¬ 
son President, and Burr Vice-President. 

Adams and Pinckney —Had the votes of the states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ver¬ 
mont, New Jersey, 7 of the 15 of Pennsylvania, Delaware, 5 of 
the 10 of Maryland, and 4 of the 12 of North Carolina, total, 65. 

1805, Jefferson and Clinton— Had the votes of states of 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Islaud, Vermont,New 
York New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North 
Carolia, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky and 

Pinckney and King —Had the votes of states Connecticut, 
Delaware, and 2 of the 11 of Maryland; total, 14. 

1809, Madison and Clinton— Had the votes of the states of 
Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 9 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, 11 of the 14 of North Carolina South Car¬ 
olina Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total, 122. 

Pinckney and King— Had the votes of the states °* 
York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,Connecticut, Delaware, 2 
of the 11 of Maryland and 3 of the 14 of North Carolina, total,47. 

1813, Madison and Gerry— Carried Vermont, Pennsylvania, 


288 


♦ of the ii of Maryland, Vu 0 fnia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana; total 128. 

Clinton and lNGERSOLL-~-^.id the votes of the states of New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, F h ode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Delawareans the n*of Maryland; total 89. 

1817, Monxoe and Tompkins —Had the votes of the states o* 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, New York, New Jersey. 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro* 
Una, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana and Indi* 
ana; total 183. 

King and Howard —Had the votes of the states of Massa¬ 
chusetts, Connecticut and Delaware; total 34. 

1821, Monroe and Tompkins —Had the votes of every state 
lathe Union; total 231. 

Adams and Stockton —Adams had 1 vote of the 8 of New 
Hampshire, and Stoi;kton 8 of the 15 of Massachusetts. 

1825, Adams and Calhoun —Had the votes of the states o 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti¬ 
cut, Vermont, 26 of the 36 of New York, 1 of the 3 of Delaware, 3 
of the 11 of Maryland, 2 of the 5 of Louisiana, and 1 of the 3 of 
Illinois; total 84 for Adams. Calhoun for Vice-President carried 
several states that Adams did not carry, and had a total of 182 
votes. 

Crawford —Had 5 of the 36 votes of New York, 2 of the 3 of 
Delaware, and 1 of the 11 of Maryland, Virginia and Georgia; 
total 41. 

Jackson —Had 1 of the 36 votes of New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 7 of the 11 of Maryland, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee, 3 of the 5 of Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois and Alabama; total 99 . 

Clay —Had 4 of the 36 votes of New York, Kentucky, Ohio 
and Missouri; total 37. 

No choice by the electoral college, it devolving upon House of 
Representatives. A choice was reached on first ballot as follows: 
Adams—Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, 
Ohio, Rhode Island and Vermont; 13 states. Jackson—Alabama, 
Indiana, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and 
Tennessee; 7 states. Crawford—Delaware, Georgia, North Caro¬ 
lina and Virginia; 4 states. 

1829— Jackson and Calhoun —Had 1 of the votes of the 9 of 
Maine, 20 of the 36 of New York, Pennsylvania, 5 of the 11 of 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Ala¬ 
bama and Missouri; total 178. 

Adams and Rush —Had 8 of the 9 votes of Maine, New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
16 of the 36 of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and 6 of the 11 
of Maryland; total 83. 

1833, Jackson and Van Buren —Had the votes of Maine, 
New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 3 of the 
8 of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, 


389 

Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama and MU* 
souri; total 219. 

Clay and Sergeant —Had tht> votes of the states of Massa¬ 
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, 5 of the S of 
'Maryland, and Kentucky; total 49. 

1837, Van Buren and Johnson —Had the votes of the states 
of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Missis¬ 
sippi, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total 
* 70 . 

Harrison and Granger —Had the votes of the states of Ver¬ 
mont, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio and 
Indiana; total 73. 

1841, Harrison and Tyler —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary¬ 
land, North Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana and Michigan; total 234. 

Van Buren —Had the votes of the states of New Hampshire, 
Virginia, South Carolina, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri and Arkan¬ 
sas ; total 60 

1845, Polk and Dallas —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South 
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Ala¬ 
bama, Missouri, Arkansas and Michigan; total 170. 

Clay and Frelinghuysen— Had the votes of the states 01 
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, Delaware, 
Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio; total 
*05. 

1849, Taylor and Fillmore —Had the votes of the states of 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, New York, 
■New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Florida; total 163. 

Cass and Butler —Had the votes of the states of Maine, New 
Hampshire, Virginia, South Carolina, Ohio, Mississippi, Indiana, 
Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Texas, Iowa 
and Wisconsin; total 127. 

1853, Pierce and King —Had the votes of the states of Maine. 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 
Tersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro¬ 
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi, Indi¬ 
ana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, 
Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California; total 254. 

Scott and Graham —Had the votes of the states of Massa¬ 
chusetts, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee; total 42. 

O1857, Buchanan and Breckinridge —Had the votes of the 
States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Lou¬ 
isiana, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Missouri, Ark¬ 
ansas, Florida, Texa^ and California; total 174. 

Fremont.anD Dayton —Had the votes of the states of Marne, 
New Hampsftire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut^ 


Fillmore and Donelson —Had the votes of the state of 
Maryland; total 8. , 

> 1861, Lincoln and Hamlin —Had the votes of the states of 

Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti¬ 
cut, Vermont, New York, 4 of the 7 of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, 
Minnesota and Oregon; total 180. 

Breckinridge and Lane —Had the votes of the states or 
Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas; 
total 72. , 

Douglas and Johnson —Had the votes of the states of Mis¬ 
souri, and 3 of the 7 of New Jersey; total 12. # , t 

Bell and Everett —Had the votes of the states of Virginia, 
Kentucky and Tennessee; total 39. 

1865, Lincoln and Johnson— Had the votes of the states or 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti¬ 
cut, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Indi¬ 
ana, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, California, 
Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia and Nebraska; total 
312. 

McClellan and Pendleton —Had the votes of the states of 
New Jersey, Delaware and Kentucky; total 21. 

Eleven states did not vote, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 

1869, Grant and Colfax —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ala¬ 
bama, Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, 
Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; total 214. 

Seymour and Blair —Had the votes of the states of New 
York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Kentucky and Oregon; total 80. 

Three states did not vote, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Vir¬ 


ginia. 


1873, Grant and Wilson —Had the votes of the states of 
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Ohio, Indi¬ 
ana, Illinois, Mississippi, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska- 
and Nevada; total 286. 

Greeley and Brown —Had the votes of the states of Mary¬ 
land, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Texas; 
total 63. 

Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Greeley, and tho 
votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for Grant, were re¬ 
jected. 

1877, Hayes and Wheeler —Had the votes of the states of 


291 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, 
Nevada, Nebraska and Colorado; total 185. T 

Tilden and Hendricks— Had votes of Connecticut, New York, 
New Tersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Missouri, 
Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas and West Virginia; total 184. 

1881. Garfield and Arthur —Had votes of Maine, New 
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, IMichigan, Iowa, 
Wisconsin, 1 of the 6 of California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, 

Nebraska and Colorado; total 214. 4 

Hancock and English— Had votes of New Jersey, Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, 
MissisTp’pt Florida! Texas, 5 of the 6 of California, West Virginia 

an i884 ebr CLEVELAND and Hendricks—H ad votes of Alabama, 
Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Ken¬ 
tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New J^sey, 
New York North Carolina, South Carolina, lennessee, lexas, 

mm*. 

Towa Kansas Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Nebraska, Nev’ada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 
Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin; total 166. ., 

1888. Harrison and Morton— Had votes cf California, Colo¬ 
rado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, 
Michigan Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 
York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wis- 

C °Cleveland and Thurman— Had votes of Alabama, Arkansas, 
Connecticut Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky Louisiana, 
M°a^d“ MisSsippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Nor.hCarphna. 
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, W. Va., total 168. 
VOTE BY STATES. 

ALABAMA-1824, Dem, maj. 5,280; 1828, Dem. maj. 15,200; 1836, 

Dm maj. 3 . 43 C W, D<™. PX,' 

.a. 8 Dem. maj. 881; 1852, Dem. maj. 11,843. l8 5 6 , item. maj. 

18^187; i860, Dem. maj. 7 , 355 : 1868, Rep. maj. 4,278; 1872, Rep. 
maj. 10,828; 1876, Dem. maj. 33,772: 1880, Dem. maj. 29,867, 1884, 
T)em dIui*. 1B88, Dem. plur. 60,113* # 

Arkansas —1836, Dem. maj. 1,162; 1840, Deni. maj. 889; 1844, 
n™. maj. 4,oaa; 3 ,848, Dem. maj. ,, 7 «; 1^a. Dem maj. 4 , 7 j; 
i8s6 Dem. maj. 11,123; i860, Dem. maj. 3 . 4 11 . 1 > 

■soil* 1872 Rep. maj. 3,446; 1876, Dem. maj. 19,113; 1880. Dem. 
maj 14 749*; 1884, Dem. plur. 22,208; 1888, Dem. plur. 27,210. 
cXuroBNlA-V Dem. maj. 5 ,.■!>: 8 ?» em R. P „ maY'S^ 

,8,0, Rep. plur. 657; ^ “Caj'ICs' , 8 to! I>S pte! 

1872, Rep. maj. 12,234; l8 7 6 »K e p. maj. 2,730, ioou, ^ e 

78; 1884, Rep. plur. 13,128; 1888, Rep. plur. 7,080. 


292 

Colorado— 1880, Rep maj. 1,368; 1884, R«P *»aj. 8,567; 1888, 

Rep plur. 13,224. . . 

Connecticut— 1824, Loose Constructionist majority 

J tfog; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) 9,381; 1833, 

oose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 1836, Dem. majority 

*68; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority £,*31; 1844, Whig (Rep.) ma J?£ 

fey 1,048; 1848, Whig (Rep.) plurality 3,268; 1852, Dem. pl ur ^»ty 
*,892; 1856, Rep. majority 5,105; i860, Rep. majority 10,238 1864, 

Rep. majority 2,406; 1868, Rep. majority 3,043; 1872,.Rep- 

Ity 4,348; 1876, Dem majority 1,712; l8 8o, Rep. majority 1,788, 

1884, Dem plurality 1,274; 1888, Dem plurality 336. # 

Delaware —1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.J majority 4 * 

1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 166; 1836, Whig (Kep.J 
majority 583; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 1,083; 1844, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 282; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 443; 1852, Dem. plural¬ 
ity 25; 1856, Dem. majority 1,521; i860, Dem. plurality 3,493* 
1864, Dem. majority 612; 1868, Dem. majority 3 * 357 : 1872, Kep. 
majority 422; 1876, Dem. majority 2,629; 1880, Dem. majority 
1.023; 1884, Dem plurality 423; 1888, Dem plurality 3 , 44 r* 

Florida— 1848', Whig (Rep.) majority 1,269; 1852, Dem. 

majority 1,443: 1856, Dem majority 1,525; i860, Dem. majority 
2,739; 1872, Rep. majority 2,336; 1876, Rep. majority 926, 1880, 
Dem maj. 4,310; 1884, Dem plur. 3,738; 1888, Dem plur. x2 £> 2 - 

', Georgia —1836, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,804; 1840, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 8,328; 1844, Dem majority 2,071; 1848, Whig 
(Rep) majority 2,742: 1852, Dem majority 18,045; 1856, Dem 
majority 14,350; i860, Dem plurality 9,003; 1868, Dem majority 
45,588; 1872, Dem maj. 9,806; 1876, Dem maj. 79,642; 1880, Dem 
maj. 4,199; 1884, Dem plur. 46,961; 1888, Dem plur. 60,029. 


Illinois —1824, Dem plurality 359; 1828, Dem majority 5,182; 
1832, Dem majority 8,718; 1836, Dem majority 3,114; 1840, Dem 
majority 1,790; 1844, Dem majority 8,822; 1848, Dem plurality 

^ ,253; 1852, Dem majority 5,697; 1856, Dem plurality 9,159; i860, 
Lep majority 5,629; 1864, Rep majority 30,766; 1868, Rep major¬ 
ity 51 ,160; 1872,.Rep majority 53,948;. 1876, Rep majority 1,971; 
1880, R. maj. 14,358; 1884, R. plur. 25,122; 1888, R. plur. 22,042. 


Indiana —1824, Dem plurality 2,028; 1828, Dem majority 
5,185; 1832, Dem majority 16,080; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 
§,801; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 13,607; 1844, Dem major*/ 
£08; 1848, Dem plurality 4,838; 1852, Dem majority 7,510; 1856, 
J)em majority 1,909; i860, Rep majority 5,923; 1864, Rep majority 
#0,189; 1868, Rep majority 9,568; 1872, Rep majority 21,09?; 1876, 
Dem plurality 5,515; 1880, Rep plurality 6,641; 1884, Dei>* plural¬ 
ity 6,527; 1888, Rep plurality 2,348. 

, V)wa- 1848, Dem plurality 1,009; 1*52. Dem majority 303; 
1850, Rep plurality 7,784; i860, Rep majority 12,487;' 1864, Rep 
majority 39 , 479 ! 1868, Rep majority 46,359; l8 72 , Rep majority 
58,149; 1876, Rep majority 50,191; 1880, Rep majority 45,732; 
1884, Rep plurality 19,796; 1888, Rep plurality .'^,721. 

Kansas— 1864, Rep majority 12,750; i$ 6 S, Rep majority 


293 

*7>°58; 1872, Rep. raaj. 33,482; 1876, Rep. maj. 32,511; 1880, Rep. 
maj. 42,021; 1884, Rep. plur. 64,274; 1888, Rep. plur. 79,961. 

Kentucky —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
10,320; 1828, Dem majority 7,912; 1832, Loose Constructionist 
fRep) majority 7,149; 1836, Whig (Rep) majority 5,520; 1840, 
Whig (Rep) majority 25,873; 1844, Whig (Rep) majority 9,267; 
1848, Whig (Rep) majority 17,4^1; 1852, Whig (Rep) majority 
a, 997; 1856; Dem majority 6,912; i860, Constitutional Union 

plurality 12,915; 1864, Dem majority 36,515; 1868, Dem majority 
-76,324; 1872, Dem maj. 8,855; 1876, Dem maj. 59,772; 1880, Dem 
anaj. 31,951; 1884, Dem plur. 34,839; 1888, Dem plur. 38,666. 

Louisiana —1828, Dem. majority 508; 1832, Dem. majority 
1,521; 1836, Dem. majority 270; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,680; 
1844, Dem. majority 699; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 2,847; 1852, 
Dem. majority 1,392; 1856, Dem. majority 1,455; i860, Dem. 
plurality 2,477; 1868, Dem. majority 46,962; 1872, Rep. majority 
14.634; 1876, Rep. majority 4,499; 1880, Dem. majority 33,419; 
1884, Dem plur. 16,250; 1888, Dem plur. 54,760. 

Maine —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 4,540; 
1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 6,848; 1840, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 217; 1844, Dem. majority 6,505; 1848, Dem. plu¬ 
rality 4.755; 1852, Dem. majority 1,036; 1856, Rep. majority 24,974; 
i860. Rep, majority 27,704; 1864, Rep. majority 17,592; 1868, 
Rep. majority 28,033; 1872, Rep. majority 32,355; 1876, Rep. ma¬ 
jority 15,814; 1880, Rep. majority 4,460; 1884, Rep. plurality 
30.069; 1888, Rep plur. 23,252. 

Maryland —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) plurality 109? 
*828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 1,181; 1832, Loose 
Constructionist (Rep.) majority 4; 1836, Whig (Rep.) majority 
3,685; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 4,776; 1844, Whig (Rep.) ma¬ 
jority 3,308; 1848, Whig (Rep.) majority 3,049; 1852, Dem. major¬ 
ity 4,900; 1856, Know-Nothing majority 8,064; i860, Dem. plurality 
722; 1864, Rep. majority 7,414; 1868, Deir.. majority 31,919; 1872, 
Dem. majority 908; 1876, Dem. majority 19,756; 1880, Dem. ma¬ 
jority 15,191; 1884, Dem plur. 11,305; 1888, Dem. plur, 6,182. 

Massachusetts —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 
34,071; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 22,817; 1832, 
Loose Constructionist (Rep.) majority 18,458; 1836, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 7,592; 1840, Whig (Rep.) majority 19,305; 1844, Whig 
(Rep.) majority 2,712; 1848, Whig (Rep.) plurality 23,014; 1852, 
Whig (Rep.) plurality 8,114; 1856, Rep. majority 49,324; i860. 
Rep. majority 43,981; 1864, Rep. majority 77,997; 1858, Rep. ma¬ 
jority 77,069; 1872, Rep. majority 74,212; 1876, Rep. majority 
40,423; 1880, Rep maj. 49,097; 1884, Rep plur. 24,372; 1888, Rep 
plur., 31,457. 

__ Michigan— 1836, Dem. majority 3,360; 1840, Whig (Rep.) 
majority 1,514; 1844, Dem. plurality 3,423; 1848, Dem. plurality 
6,747; 1852, Dem. majority 746; 1856, Rep. majority 17,966; 
i860, Rep. majority 22,213; 1864, Rep. majority 16,917; 1868, 
Rep, majority 31,481; 1872, Rep. majority 55,968; 1876, Rep. 


294 

majority 15,542; 1880, Rep. majority 19,095; 1884, Rep. plural** 

3,308; 1888, Rep plurality 22,903. t # 

Minnesota —1860, Rep. majority 9,339; 1864, Rep. majority« 
7,685; 1868, Rep. majority 15,470; 1872, Rep. majority 20,694; 
1876, Rep. majority 21,780; 1880, Rep. majority 40,588; 1884, Rep. 
plurality 38,738; 1888, Rep plurality 36,695. 

Mississippi —1824, Dem. majority 1,421; 1828, Dem. major¬ 
ity 5,182; 1832, Dem majority 5,919; 1836, Dem majority 291; 1840, 
Whig (Rep) majority 2,523; 1844, Dem majority 5,920; 1848, Dem 
majority 615; 1852, Dem majority 9,328; 1856, Dem majority 
11,251; i860, Dem majority 12,474; 1872, Rep majority 34,887; 
1876, Dem majority 59,568; 1880, Dem majority 35,099; 1884, Dem 
plurality 33,001; 1888, Dem plurality 55,375* 

Missouri —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 103; 
1828, Dem majority 4,810; 1832, Dem majority 5,192; 1836, Derrs 
majority 2,658; 1840, Dem majority 6,788; 1844, Dem majority 
10,118; 1848, Dem majority 7,406; 1852, Dem majority 8,369; 1856, 
Dem majority 9,640; i860, Dem plurality 429; 1864, Rep majority 
41,072; 1868, Rep majority 21,232; 1872, Dem majority 29,809; 
1876, Dem majority 54,389; 1880, Dem majority 19,997; 1884, Dem 
plurality 33,059; 1888, Dem plurality 25,701. 

Nebraska —1868, Rep majority 4,290; 1872, Rep majority 
10,517; 1876, Rep majority 10,326; 1880, Rep majority ^2,603; 
1884, Rep plurality 22,512; 1888, Rep plurality 27,873. 

Nevada— 1864, Rep majority 3,232; 1868, Rep majority *,262; 
1882, Rep majority 2,177; *876, Rep majority 1,075; 1880, Dera 
majority 879; 1884, Rep plurality 1,615; 1888, Rep plurality 1,939. 

New Hampshire —1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
3,464; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3,384; 1832, 
pern majority 6,476; 1836, Dem plurality 12,494; 1840, Dem ma¬ 
jority 6,386; 1844, Dem majority 5,133; 1848, Dem majority 5,422; 
1852, Dem majority 7,155; 1856, Rep majority 5,134; i860. Rep 
majority 9,085; 1864, Rep majority 3,529; 1868, Rep majority 

6,967; 1872, Rep majority 5,444; 1876, Rep majority 2,954; 1880, 
Rep maj. 3,530; 1884, Rep plur. 4,059; 1888, Rep plur. 2,370. 

New Jersey —1824, Dem majority 679; 1820, Loose Construc¬ 
tionist (Rep) majority 1,808; 1832, Dem majority 463; 1836, Whig 
(Rep) majority 545; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2,248; 1844, Whig 
(Rep) majority 692; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,285; 1852, Dera 
majority 5,399; 1856,_ Dem plurality 18,605; i860, Dem majority 
4 , 477 ." 1864, Dem majority 7,301; 1868, Dem majority 2,870; 1872, 
Rep majority 14,570; 1876, Dem majority 11,690; 1880, Dem plu¬ 
rality 2,010; 1884, Dem plurality 4,412; 1888, Dem plurality 7,149. 

New York— 1828, Dem majority 4,350; 1832, Dem majority 
i3,o°i; 1836, Dem majority 28,272; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 
10,500; 1844, Dem plurality 5,106; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 
98 .° 93 : l8s2 ’ . D ? m ma J orit y L 8 72; 1856, Rep plurality 80,129; 
i860, Rep majority 50,136; 1864, Rep majority 6,749: 1868, Dera 
majority 10,000; 1872, Rep majority 51,800; 1876, Dem majority 
26,568; 1880, Rep majority 8,660; 1884, Dem plurality 1,148; i888» 
Rep plurality 14,373. * 

North Carolina —1824, Dem majority 4,794; 1828, Dim 
majority 23,939; 1832, Dem majority 20,299; 1836, Dem rajodty 


295 

tag*; 4840, Whig (Rep) majority 12,158; 1844, Wtog (&«p 9 
majority 3,945; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 8,681; 1852, Dem 
majority 627; 1856, Dem majority 11,360; i860, Dem majority 
648; 1868, Rep. majority 12,168; 1872, Rep majority 24,675; 1876. 
Dem majority 17,010; 1880, Dem. majority 8,326; 1884, Dem 

plurality 17,884; 1888, Dem plurality 13,118. „ „ 

Ohio— 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) plurality 798; 1828. 
Dem majority 4,201; 1832, Dem majority 4,707; 1836, Whig (Rep) 
majority 8,457; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 22,472; 1844, Whig 
(Rep) plurality 5,940; 1848, Dem plurality 16,415: 1852, Dem 
plurality 16,694; 1856, Rep plurality 16,623: i860. Rep majority 
*0,779; 1864, Rep majority 59.586; 1868, Rep majority 41.617.. 
2872, Rep majority 34,268; 1876,.Rep majority 2,747; 1880, Rep 
majority 27,771; 1884, Rep plur., 31,802; 1888, Rep plur. 19,599* 

Oregon— i860, Rep plurality 1,318; 1864, Rep majority 1,431; 
1868, Dem majority 164; 1872, Rep majority 3,517; 1876, Rep 
majority 547; 1880, Rep majority 422; 1884, Rep plurality 2,256. 
j888. Rep plurality 6,769. . , 

Pennsylvania —1824, Dem majority 24,845; 1828, Dem 

majority 50,804; 1832, Dem majority 34,267; 1836, Dem majority 
4,364; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 2; 1844, Dem. majority 3,194; 
1848, Whig (Rep) majority 3,074; 1852, Dem majority 10,869; 
1856, Dem majority 1,025; i860, Rep majority 59,618; 1864, Rep 
majority 20,075; 1868, Rep majority 28,898; 1872, Rep majority 
135,918; 1876, Rep majority 9,375; 1880, Rep majority 16,608; 

1884, Rep plurality 81,019; 1888, Rep plurality 79,458. _ p 

Rhode Island— 1824, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 
x.045; 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 1,933; 1832, 
Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 684; 1836, Dem majority 
*54; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority i, 935 I i 8 44, Whig (Rep) majority 
*,348; 1848, Whig (Rep) majority 2,403; 1852, Dem majority 465; 
*856, Rep majority 3,112; i860, Rep majority 4 . 537 ; 1864, .R^P* 
majority 5,222; 1868, Rep majority 6,445; x 872, Rep majority 

8»336; 1876, Rep majority 4,947; 1880, Rep majority 7,180; 1884, 
Rep plurality 6,639; 1888, Rep plurality 4,427. 

South Carolina— 1868, Rep majority 17,064; 1872, Rep ma¬ 
jority 49.400; 1876. Rep majority 964; 1880, Dem majority 

54,241; (884, Dem plurality 48,112; 1888, Dem plurality 52,085. ^ 

1 Tennessee— 1824, Dem majority 19,669; 1828, Dem majority 
41,850; 1832, Dem majority 27,304; 1836, Whig 
4,842; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 12,102; 1844, Whig (Rep) ma¬ 
jority 113; 1848, Whig (Rep), majority 6,286; 1852, Whig (Rep) 
Wo y rity;,88o; 1856, Dem majority 7,460.; i860, Constitutional 
Union plurality 4,565; 1868, Rep majority 30,499: 1882, 

majority 8,73 
14,598; 1884, 

*$56, Dem majority 15, 53 °: l 8 6 o, Dem majority 32,110; 1872, 
Dem majority 16,595; 1876, Dem majority 59 , 955 ; 1880, Dem ma¬ 
jority 70,878; 1884, Dem plur. 132,168; 1888, Dem plur. 146,603. 


Dem 



296 


Vermont— 1828, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority i 6 » 579 ? 
1832, Loose Constructionist (Rep) majority 3 ^ 2 > i8 3 6 » Whig 

(Rep) majority 6,954; 1840, Whig (Rep) majority 14,117; i8 44 * 
Whig (Rep) majority 4,775; 1848, Whig (Rep) plurality 9,285; 1852, 
Whig Rep) majority 508; 1856, Rep majority 28,447; 1860, Rep 
majority 24,7724 1864, 4 Rep majority 29,098 ; 1868, Rep majority 
32,122; 1872, Rep. maj. 29,961; 1876, Rep maj. 23,838; 1880, 

Rep maj. 26,036; 1884, Rep plur. 22,183; 1888, Rep plur. 28,404. 


Virginia —1824, Dem majority 2,023; 1828, Dem majority 
14,651; 1832, Dem majority 22,158; 1836, Dem majority 6,893; 
1840, Dem majority 1,392; 1844, Dem majority 5.893: i8 4 8 , Dem 
majority 1,453; I 85 2 . Dem majority 15,286; 1856, Dem majority 
29,105; i860, Constitutional Union plurality 358: 1872, Rep majori¬ 
ty 1,772; 1876, Dem majority 44,112; 1880, Regular Dem ma¬ 
jority 12,810; Dem plur. 6,315; 1888, Dem plur. 1,539. 

West Virginia— 1864, Rep majoiity 12,714; 1868, Rep ma¬ 
jority 8,869; 1872, Rep majority 2,264; x 876, Dem majority 12,384* 
1880, Dem maj! 2,069; 1884, Dem plur. 4,221; 1888, Dem plur. 839* 

Wisconsin —1848, Dem plurality 1,254; 1852, Dem majority 
2.604; 1856, Rep majority 12,668; i860, Rep majority 20,040; 1864, 
Rep majority 17,574; 1868, Rep majority 24,150; 1872, Rep ma¬ 
jority 17,686; 1876, Rep m2jority 5,205; 1880, Rep majority 21,783; 
1884, Rep plur. 14,693; 1888, Rep plur. 21,271. 


POPULAR VOTE. 

For Presidential candidates from 1824 to and including 1885. 
Prior to 1824 electors were chosen by the legislatures of the differ¬ 
ent states. 

1824, J. Q. Adams —Had 105,321 to 155,872 for Jackson* 
44,282 for Crawford, and 46,587 for Clay. Jackson over Adams, 
50,551. Adams less than combined vote of others, 140,869. Of the 
whole vote Adams had 29.92 per cent., Jackson 44.27, Clay 13.23, 
Crawford 13.23. Adams elected by House of Representatives. 

. 1828, Jackson —Had 647,231 to 509,097 for Adams. Jackson*® 
majority, 138,134. Of the whole vote Jackson had 55.97 per cent., 
Adams 44.03. 

1832, Jackson — Had 687,502 to 530,189 for Clay, and 33,108 
for Floyd and Wirt combined. Jackson’s majority, 124,205. ( )f 

the whole vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent.. Clay 42.39, and the 
others combined 2.65. 

1836, Van Buren — Had 761,549 to 736,656, the combined vote 
for Harrison, White, Webster and Maguin. Van Buren’s majority, 
24,893. Of the whole vote Van Buren had 50.83 per cent., and the 
others combined 49.17. 

'1840, Harrison — Had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for Van Buren, 
and 7,059 for Birney. Harrison’s majority, 139,256. Of the 
whole vote Harrisoo had 52.89 per cent., Van Buren 46.82, aad 
Birney .29. 


297 

1844. Polk — Had 1,337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay, and 62,30* 
for Binviy. Polk over Clay, 38,175. Polk less than others ohb> 
bined, 24,125. Of the whole vote Polk had 49.55 per cent., ()lay 
48 .14, and Birney 2.21. % 

1848, Taylor —Had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass, *nf 
291,263 for Van Buren. Taylor over Cass, 139,557. Taylor jess 
than others combined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor had 
47.36 per cent., Cass 42.50, and Van Buren 10.14. 

1852, Pierce —Had 1,601,474 to 1,386,578 for Scott, and 156,14a 
for Hale. Pierce over all, 58,747. Of the whole vote Pierce Pad 
50.90 per cent., Scott 44.10, and Hale 4.97. 

1856, Buchanan — Had 1,838,169 to 1,341,264 for Fremon% 
and 874,534 for Fillmore. Buchanan over Fremont 496,505. 
Buchanan less than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of the 
whole vote Buchanan had 45.34 percent., Fremont 33.09, and Fill¬ 
more 21.57. 

i860, Lincoln —Had 1,866,352 to 1,375,157 for Douglas, 845,7^3 
for Breckinridge, and 589,581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckinridge, 
491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and Breckinridge combined, 
354,568. Lincoln less than combined vote oi all others, 944,149. 
Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 per cent., Douglas 29.40* 
Breckinridge 18.08, and Bell 12.61. 

1864, Lincoln — Had 2,216,067 to 1,808,725 for McClellan. 
(Eleven states not voting, viz.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,, 
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolii^a, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.) Lincoln’s majority, 408,342. 
Of The who'* vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent., and McClellan 
44.94. 

1868, Grant— Had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Seymour. (Three 
states not voting, viz.: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia.) Grant** 
majority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant had 5 2 >^7 P er cent.* 
and McClellan 47.33. 

1872, Grant —Had 3.597, 07 11 to 2.834,070 for Greeley, 29,40# 
for O’Connor, and 5,608 for Blacic. Grant’s majority, 7 2 9-975- Of 
the whole vote Grant had 55.63 per cent., Greeley 43.83, O’Connor 
.15, Black .09. 

1876, Haves —Had 4.033,950 to 4,284,885 for Tilden, 81,740 
for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith, and 2,636 scattering. Tilden’s ina>..-»ty 
over Hayes, 250,935. Tilden’s majority ol the entire vote ^ast, 
1 57 »° 37 . Hayes less than the Combined vote of others, 344,833. 
Of the whole vote cast Hayes had 47-95 per cent., Tilden 50.94 per 
cent., Cooper .97 percent., Smith .11 per cent., scattering .03. 

1880, Garfield— Had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for Hancocl^ 
307,30b for Weaver, and .2,576 scattering. Gartield over Han¬ 
cock, 7,018. G.»rlield less than the combined vote for others, 
313,864. Of the popular vote Garti.-ld had 48.26 per cent., Haa- 
44.25, Weaver 3.33, scattering .13. 

• 1884, Cleveland — Had 4,913,248 to 4,848,i*o for Blainq, 
151^062 for St. John, 133,728 for Butler. Cleveland over Blame* 
65,098. Cleveland less than entire vote of ojr^nents, 219,71a. „ 


298 

* 388 .— Harrison had 5,430,607 to 5,538,045 for Cleveland, 
*57,243 to Fisk, and 114,623 to the Labor issue. Cleveland over 
Harrison, 107,438. Harrison less than entire vote of opponents, 
< 79 , 3 <> 4 - 

Summary — Of the Presidents, Adams, Federalist; Pollc, 
Democrat; Taylor, Whig; Buchanan, Democrat; Lincoln, Re¬ 
publican; Garfield, Republican, and Cleveland, Democrat, did 
not, when elected, receive a majority of the popular vote. The 
highest percentage of popular vote rcnsrved by any President was 

i 5. 97 for Jackson, Democrat, in 1828, and the lowest 39.91 for 
tincoln, Republican, in i860; Hayes, Republican, next lowest, 
with 47.95. Hayes, with the exception of John Quincy Adams, 
who was chosen by House of Representatives, was the only Presi¬ 
dent ever elected who did not have a majority over his principal 
Competitor, and Tilden the only defeated candidate who had a 
majority over the President-elect, and a majority of all the votes 
cast 

What a Horse Can Draw —On metal rails ahorse can draw: 
One and two-thirds times as much as on asphalt pavement. 
Three and one-third times as much as on good Belgian blocks. 
Five times as much as on ordinary Belgian blocks. 

Seven times as much as on good cobble-stone. 

Thirteen times as much as on ordinary cobble-stone. 

Twenty times as much as on an earth road. 

Forty times as much as on sand. 

A modern compilation of engineering maxims states that a hdts* 
Can drag, as compared with what he can carry on his back, in the 
following proportions: On the worst earthen road, three times 
more; on a good macadamized road, nine; on plank, twenty-five; 
On a stone trackway, thirty-three, and on a good railway, fifty-four 
times as much. 

Excessive Heat in the Past.— In 1303 and 1304 the Rhine, 
Loire, and Seine ran dry. The heat in several French provinces 
during the summer of 1705 was equal to that of a glass furnace. 
Meat could be cooked by merely exposing it to the sun. Not a 
soul dare venture out between noon and 4 p. m. In 1718 many 
shops had to close. The theaters never opened their doors for 
three months. Not a drop of water fell during six months. Ia 
1773 the thermometer rose to 118 degrees. In 1778 the heat of 
Bologna was so great that a great number of people were stifled. 
There was not sufficient air for the breath, and people had to take 
refuge under the ground. In July, 1793, the heat again became 
Intolerable. Vegetables were burned up, and fruit dried on the 
trees.* 1 The furniture and wood-work in dwelling-houses cracked 
nod split up; meat went bad in an hour. 


LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS, 1879-1892. 


299 


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LIST OF APPROPRIATIONS BY CONGRESS.—Continued. 


300 



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$34,137,737 

21,073,137 

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24,206,471 

23,136,035 

7,256,758 

25,136,205 

4,232,935 

435,206 

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08,457,461 

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1,796,502 

5,762,236 

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3oi 


Rate of Annual Income on Investments, 

PAR VALUE BEING $100, BEARING INTEREST AT 


Price Paid. 

Five 

Per cent. 

Six 

Per cent. 

Seven 
Per cent. 

Eight f Ten 
Per cent Per cent. 

$5° 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

, 16.00 

20.00 

55 

9.09 

10.90 

12.72 

*4-55 

18.18 

60 

65 

8-33 

10.00 

11.66 

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16.6& 

7.69 

9-23 

10. 76 

12.30 

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7-i4 

8.57 

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11.42 

14.28 

75 

6.66 

8.00 

9-33 

10.66 

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80 

6.25 

7-5° 

8-75 

10.00 

12.50 

82% 

85 

6.06 

7.27 

8.48 

9.69 

11.19 

5-88 

7-°5 

8.23 

9.41 

11.76 

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5-7i 

6.85 

8.00 

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5-55 

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7-77 

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7-56 

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7-36 

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96 

5-20 

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7.29 

8-33 

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97 

5-i5 

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7.21 

8.24 

10.30 

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7-17 

8.20 

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6.12 

7-14 

8.16 

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99 

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6.06 

7.07 

8.08 

IO. 19 

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5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

10.4 

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4-95 

5-94 

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7.92 

9 -i 

103 

4.90 

5-88 

6.86 

7. *4 

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4.85 

5.82 

6.79 

7.76 

9- 7*. 

104 

4.80 

5.76 

6-73 

7.69 

9.6* 

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4.76 

5-7i 

6.66 

7.61 

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4-54 

5-45 

6.36 

7.27 

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115 

4-34 

5-21 

6.08 

6.95 

8.69 

120 

4.16 

500 

583 

6.66 

*•33 

125 

4.00 

4.9° 

5-60 

6.40 

8oe 

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3-84 

4.61 

5.38 

6.15 

7.69 

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4-44 

5-18 

5-9* 

7.40 

140 

3-57 

4.28 

5 00 

5-7* 

7-*4 

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4- I 3 

4.82 

5-5* 

6.89 

*5° 

3-33 

4-00 

4.66 

533 

6.66 

160 

3.20 

3-75 

4.40 

500 

6.40 


Greatest Tunnels in the WorM. 

Mount St. Gotha* d, 49,17° feet long (the longest in the world); 
Mount Cenis, 40,620 feet long: Hoosac, 23,700 feet long; Thames, 
1,680 feet long: Harecastle, 8,778 feet long; Kilsby, 6,210 feet long; 
Baltimore, 32,400 feet long. 

^PL AYING-CARDS. — I n 1882 there were manufactured, is 
Germany alone, 4,500,000 packs of playing-cards. 


















302 

NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 

The conditions under and the manner in which an 
alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United 
States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised 
Statutes of the United States. 

DECLARATION OF INTENTION. 

The alien must declare upon oath, before a circuit or 
district court of the United States, or a district or 
Jtipreme court of the Territories, ora court of record of 
any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a 
seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, 
that it is, bona fide , his intention to become a citizen of 
the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance 
and fidelity to any foreign prince or Stale, and particu¬ 
larly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen 
or subject 

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION. 

He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, 
declare on oath, before some one of the courts above 
specified, “ that he will support the Constitution of the 
United States, and that he absolutely and entirely 
renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every 
foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and par¬ 
ticularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or 
sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject,” 
which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the 
court. 

CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP. 

If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to 
which the alien has applied that he has resided continu¬ 
ously within the United States for at least five years, and 
within the State or Territory where such court is at the 
time held one year at least; and that during that time 
“ he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United 
States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness 
of the same,” he will be admitted to citizenship. 

TITLES OF NOBILITY. 

If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order 


3©3 

•f nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the 
Same at the time of his application. 

SOLDIERS. 

Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upward, 
vho has been in the armies of the United States and has 
been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a 
citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration 
of intention, provided that he has resided in the United 
States at least one year previous to his application, and is 
©f good moral character. 

MINORS. 

Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has 
resided in the United States three years next preceding 
bis arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside 
therein to the time he may make application to be admit¬ 
ted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of 
twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years 
within the United States, including the three years of his 
minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a 
declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the 
court that for two years next preceding it has been his 
bona-fide intention to become a citizen. 

CHILDREN OF NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

The children of persons who have been duly natural¬ 
ised, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time 
of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling 
in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. 

CITIZENS’ CHILDREN WHO ARE BORN ABROAD. 

The children of persons who now are or have been 
citizens of the United States are, though born out of the 
limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered af 
citizens thereof. 

PROTECTION ABROAD TO NATURALIZED CITIZENS. 

Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States declares that “ all naturalized citizens of the United 
States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall 
receive from this Government the same protection of 
persons and property which is accorded to native-born 
citizens. ” 


PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT. 

Statement of Outstanding Principal of the Public Debt of the United States on January 1 
of each year from 1791 to 1842, inclusive, and on July 1 of each year from 1843 to 1886, 
inclusive, and on December 1 of each year from 1887 to 1891, inclusive. 


304 


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305 

*How the price of Southern Confederat 
Money Dropped. 

When the first issue of the Confederate money was scattered 
-among the people, it commanded a slight premium. It the© 
scaled down as follows: June, 1861, 90c.; December 1, 1861, 8oe.; 
December 15, 1861, 75c.; February 1, 1862, 60c.: February 1. 1863* 
*oc.; June, 1863, 8c.; January, 1864, 2c.; November, 1864, 4%c.; 
January, 1865, 2%c .; April 1, 1865, ij^c. After that date, it took 
from $800 to $x,ooo in Confederate money to buy a one-dolia a 
greenback. 


Length of Navigation of the Mississippi 

River. 


The length of navigation of the Mississippi river itself for ordi¬ 
nary large steamboats is about 2,161 miles, but small steamers can 
ascend about 650 miles further. The following are its principal 
navigable tributaries, with the miles open to navigation. 


Minnesota. 

Chippewa. 

Miles. 

. 80 

Missouri. 

Big Horn. 


Muskingum. 

Kentucky. 





White. 

Little White. 

Big Hatchie. 




_ .. 

. 086 


Black . ............ 

Bartholomew. 


Atchafalya. 

Lafourche. 

. 168 



Miles . 

Wisconsin. 


Rock.. 


Illinois. 


Yellowstone. 


Ohio. 


Monongahela. 


Kenawha. 


Green. 


Cumberland. 


Clinch. 


St. Francis. 


Black . 


Arkansas . 


Issaquena. 




Big Black. 


Cane. 


Ouachita. 








D’Ar bonne. 



The other navigable tributaries have less than fifty miies each of 
navigation. The total miles of navigation of these fiftv-fivc 
streams is about 16,500 miles, or about two-thirds the distance 
around the world. The Mississippi and its tributaries mav be 
estimated to possess 15,550 miles navigable to steamboats, and 
80,221 miles navigable to barges. 
















































306 


ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Maj. Gen. JOHN M. SCHOFIELD, Commanding. 


Department of the East. 

Headquarters, Governor’s Island, New York Harbor. 

Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, Commanding. 

Geographical Limits.— The New England States, States of New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Ohio and the District of Columbia. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Adams, Fort, R. I. —Hdqrs., C, G and M, 2d, and B, 4th Art. 
Barranquas, Fort, Fla.—D, 4th Art. 

Columbus, Fort, N. Y.—B, H and M, 1st Art. 

Hamilton, Fort, N. Y.— Hdqrs., H, G, I and K, 1st Art. 

Jackson Barracks, La.—B and H, 5th Inf. 

Madison Barracks, N. Y.—Hdqrs., B, C, D, E, F and G, 9th Inf. 
McHenry, Fort, Md.—D, G and I, 3d Art. 

McPherson, Fort, Ga.—Hdqrs., A, C, E, G, I, K, L and M, 4th Art. 
Monroe, Fort, Va.—F, 1st; I, 2d; B and M, 3d; H, 4th, and G„ 
5th Art. 

Mount Vernon Barracks. Ala —C andG, 5th. and I, 12th Inf. 
Myer, fort, Va.—A, 1st; F, 7th; H, 8tli, and K, 9th Cav. 

Newport Barracks, Ky., E, 6th Inf. 

Niagara, Fort, N. Y.—Hdqi-s. and A, C and E, 21st Inf. 

Ontario, Fort.N. Y.—A, 9th Inf. 

Plattsburgh Barracks, N. Y.—H, 9th Inf. 

Porter, Fort, N. Y.—B and H, 21st Inf. 

Preble, Fort, Me.—E, 2d Art. 

St. Francis Barracks, Fla.—Hdqrs., I) nndE, 5th Inf. 

Schuyler, Fort, N. Y.—H and L, 2d Art. 

Thomas, Fort, Ky.— Hdqrs., B, C, I) F, G and H, 6th Inf. 

Trumbull, Fort, Conn — K, 2 d Art. 

Wadsworth, Fort, N. Y.—C. D and L, 1st Art. 

Warren, Fort, Mass.—B and D. 2d Art. 

Washington Barracks. D. C.—Hdqrs., A, C,E, H, K and L, 3d Art,. 
West Point, N. Y.— E, Engineer, Btl., and detachment. 

W illets Point, N. Y.—Hdqrs., A, B, C and D, Engr. Btl. 

Wood, Fort, N. Y.—A, 6th Inf. 


Department of the Missouri. 

Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Commanding.—Hdqrs.,Chicago, Ill. 
Geographical Limits.— State of Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana,. 
Illinois. Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas, Indian and Oklahoma 
Territories. 





307 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Brady, Fort, Mich.—B and F. 19th Inf. 

Leavenworth, Fort, Kan.—F, 2d ; I, 5th; C, 9th, and I, 10th Cav. i 
Hdqrs., E and G, 12tli; A, 5th; H, 7th; A and F, 10th; F, 
13th, and H, 14th Inf. ’ 

Mackinac, Fort, Mich.—C and D, 19th Inf. 

Oklahoma, Okla.—G, 10th Inf. 

Reno, Fort, Okla.—Hdqrs., B, C, E, G, K and L, 5th Cav., and G, 
13th Inf. 

Riley, Fort, Kan.—Hdqrs., A, B, C, D, E, G, I and K, 7th Cav.; A 
and F, 2nd; F, 4th Art. 

Sheridan, Fort, Ill.— E, 1st Art.; the whole of the 15th Inf. 

Supply, Fort, Ind.— A and F, 5th Cav.; Hdqrs., B, E, H and I, 13th 
Inf. 

Wayne, Fort, Ind. —Hdqrs., A, E, G and H, 19th Inf. 


Department of Arizona. 

Brig. Gen. Alex. McD. McCook, Comdg.—Hdqrs., Los Angeles, Cal. 
Geographical Limits. —Territories of Arizona and New Mexico, and 
that portion of California south of the 35th parallel. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

APACHE, Fort, Ariz.—D, 1st Cav., and B, E, F andH, l'lth Inf. 
Bayard, Fort, N. Mex.—B and I, 1st Cav.; Hdqrs., D, E, F and G. 
24th Inf. 

Bowie, Fort, Ariz.—E, 2d Cav., and C, 24th Inf. 

Grant, Fort, Ariz.—Hdqrs., C, E, F. G, H and K, 1st Cav. 
Huachuca, Fort, Ariz.—B and I, 2d Cav.; 1,11th Inf., and A, B 
and H, 24th Inf. 

Marcy, Fort, N. Mex.—Hdqrs. and B and D, 10th Inf. 

San Carlos, Ariz.— K, 2d Cav. 

San Diego Barracks, Cal.— C, 10th Inf. 

Stanton, Fort, N. Mex.—G, 2d Cav.; E, 10th Inf. 

Whipple Barracks, Ariz.—Hdqrs., A, C, D and G, lltli Inf. 
Wingate, Fort, N. Mex.—Hdqrs., C, D, H and L, 2nd Cav.; H and I, 
10 th Inf. 


Department of California. 

Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, Comdg.—Hdqrs., San Francisco, Cal. 
Geographical Limits.— States of California (excepting that portion 
south of the 35th parallel) and Nevada. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Alcatraz Island, Cal.—E and I, 5th Art. 

Angel Island, Cal.—Hdqrs., A, B, D, G and H, 1st Inf. » 

Benicia Barracks, Cal.—C, E and F, 1st Inf. 

Bidwell Fort, Cal.—C, 4tli Cav., and I, 1st Inf. 

Mason, Fort, Cal.—M, 5th Art. 

Presidio, San Francisco, Cal.—B, 4th Cav.; Hdqrs., B, D, F, H, K 
and L, 5th Art. 

Sequoia National Park, Cal.—K, 4th Cav. 

Yosemite National Park, Cal.—I, 4th Cav. 






308 

Department of the Columbia. 

Brig. Gen. Aug.V. KAUTZ,Cmdg. —Hdqrs., Vancouver Barracks,Wash. 
■Geographical Limits.— States Of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, 
and Alaska Territory, excepting so much of Idaho as is em¬ 
braced in the Department of the Platte. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Boise Barracks, Idaho.—F, 4th Cav.; C, 4th Inf. 

■Canby, Fort, Wash.—A and C, 5th Art. 

Sherman, Fort, Idaho.—G, 4th Cav.; Hdqrs., A, D, F and H, 4th Inf. 
Spokane, Fort, Wash.—B, E, G and I, 4th Inf. 

Townsend, Fort, Wash.—A and I, 14th Inf. 

Vancouver Barracks, Wash.— E, 4th Cav.; Hdqrs., B, C, D, E, F 
and G, 14th Inf. 

Walla Walla, Fort. —Hdrqrs., A, D, H and L, 4th Car. 


Department of Dakota* 

Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt, Comdg.—Hdqrs., St. Paul, Minn. 

Geographical Limits.— State of Minnesota, South Dakota (except¬ 
ing so much as lies south of the 44th parallel), North Dakota 
and Montana, and the Post of Camp Sheridan, Wyo. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Assinniboine, Fort, Mont.—C and F, 10th Cav.: Hdqrs., A. B, D. 

E, F, G and H, 20th Inf. ’ 

Buford, Fort, N. D.—H, 10th Cav. ; B, C and E, 25th Inf. 

Custer, Fort, Mont.—L, 1st Cav.; Hdqrs., A, B, E, G and K, 10th 

Cav.; A and D, 25th Inf. 

Keogh, Fort, Mont.—L, 8th, and D, 10th Cav.; Hdqrs., A, B, C, D. 

F, G and H, 22d Inf. ’ ’ 

Meade, Fort, S. D.—L, 3d and Hdqrs., A, B, C, D, E, I and K, 8th 

Cav. 

Missoula, Fort, Mont.—Hdqrs., F, G and H., 25th Inf. 

Pembina, Fort, N. D.—E, 22d Inf. 

Poplar River, Camp, Mont.—C and I, 20th Inf. 

Snelling, Fort, Minn.—Hdqrs. A, B,C, D, E, F, G and H, 3d Inf. 
Bully, Fort, S. D.—I, 3d Inf.; B, C and D, 12th Inf. 

Yates, Fort, N. D.—F and G, 8th Cav.; A, F and H, 12th, and I. 
22d Inf. 

Yellowstone, Fort, Wyo.—D and I, 6th Cav. 


Department of the Platte. 

Brig. Gen. John R. Brooke, Comdg.—Hdqrs., Omaha,Neh. 

GeograpAical Limits. —States of Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and 
Wyoming (excepting the post of Camp Sheridan, Wyo.); Ter¬ 
ritory of Utah, so much of Idaho as lies east of a line formed 
by the extension of the western boundary of Utah to the north¬ 
eastern boundary of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as 
lies south of the 44th parallel. 






309 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 


DOUGLAS, Fort, Utah.—All of the 16th Inf. 

Duchesne, Fort, Utah.—B and H, 9th Cav.; D, 21st Inf. 

Logan, Fort, Colo.— Hdqrs., A, B, C, D, E, F and I. 7th Inf. 
McKinney, Fort, Wyo.— C and H, 6th Cav; Hdqrs., A, E and H, 


8th Inf. , , „ 

Niobrara, Fort, Neb.-—Hdqrs. and A, E,F, G, K and L, oth Cav.; 
B and G, 8th Inf. 

Omaha, Fort, Neb.— All of the 2d Inf. 

Pilot Butte, Camp at, Rock Springs, Wyo.—G, 7th Inf. 

Bandall, Fort, S. D.—F and I, 21st Inf. 

Robinson, Fort, Neb.—Hdqrs., A, D, E, F, G and I, 9th Cav.; C and 
D, 8th Inf. 

Sidney, Fort, Neb.—G, 21st Inf. 

Washakie, Fort, Wyo.—B, bth Cav.; F and I, 8th Inf. 


Department of Texas. 

Brig. Gen. David S. Stanley, Comdg.—Hdqrs., San Antonio, Tex. 
Geographical Limits.— State of Texas. 


POSTS AND TROOPS STATIONED THERE. 

Bliss, Fort, Tex.—B and D, 23 d Inf. 

Brown, Fort, Tex.— B, 3 d Cav. 

'Clark, Fort, Tex.—Hdqrs., A, B, C, D, G and H, 18 th Inf. 

Eagle Pass, Tex.—H, 3 d Cav. 

Hancock, Fort, Tex.—F, 3 d Cav. , ,, ... 

McIntosh, Fort, Tex.—Hdqrs., and A, C, E, G, I, K, L and M, 4 th 

Art. 

Pena Colorado, Camp, Tex.— E, 3 d Cav. 

Ringgold, Fort, Tex.—C and 1, 3 d Cav.; E, 18 th int. 

Sam Houston, Tex.— D and K, 3 d Cav.; F, 3 d Art., F, o ., 
Hdqrs. and A, C, E, F, G and H, 23 d Inf. 


Armories, Arsenals, Depots and Soldiers’ Homes. 

ARMORIES, ARSENALS AND ORDNANCE DEPOTS. 


Allegheny Arsenal, Pa. 

Augusta Arsenal, Ga. 

Benicia Arsenal, Cal. 

Columbia Arsenal, Tenn. 

Fort Monroe Arsenal, Va. 

Fort Snelling Ordnance Depot, 
Minn. 

Frankford Arsenal, Pa. 
Indianapolis Arsenal, Ind. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Me. 

National Armory, Mass. 


New York Arsenal, N. Y. 

Omaha Ordnance Depot, Neb. 
Rock Island Arsenal, Ill. 

St. Louis Powder Depot, Mo. 

San Antonio Arsenal, Tex. 

U. S. Powder Depot, N. J. 
Vancouver Barracks Ordnance 
Depot, Wash. 

Watertown Arsenal, Mass. 
Watervliet Arsenal, N. Y. 







310 


RECRUITING DEPOTS. 

Columbus Barracks, Ohio; David’s Island, N. Y. ; Jefferson Bar¬ 
racks, Mo., and 44 Recruiting Rendezvous all over the country. 


NATIONAL HOME FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS. 

The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers comprises seven 

branches. 

Eastern Branch.— National Home, Togus, Me. 

Southern Branch. — National Soldiers’ Home, Elizabeth City 
County, Va. 

Central Branch. —National Military Home, Montgomery County, 
Ohio. 

Northwestern Branch.— National Home, Milwaukee County, Wis. 
Marion Branch.— National Military Home, Grant County, In'd. 
Western Branch. —National Military Home, Leavenworth County, 
Kan. 

Pacific Branch.—S oldiers’ Home, Los Angeles County, Cal. 

Agency In Washington, D. C. 


STATE HOMES. 

Vermont Soldiers’ Home, Bennington, Vt. 

National Soldiers’ Home, Quincy, Mass. 

Soldiers’ Home in Massachussetts, Chelsea, Mass. 

Fitch’s Home for the Soldiers, and Soldiers’ Hospital of Connecti¬ 
cut, Noroton Heights, Conn. 

New York State Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Bath, N. Y. 

New Jersey Home for Disabled Soldiers, Kearny, N. J. 

Pennsylvania Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers and Sailors., 
Erie, Pa. 

Michigan Soldiers’ Home, Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Sandusky, Ohio. 

Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Quincy, Til. 

Wisconsin Veterans’ Home, Waupaca, Wis. 

Minnesota State Soldiers’ Home, Minnehaha, Minn. 

Iowa Soldiers’ Home, Marshalltown, Iowa. 

Nebraska Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Grand Island, Neb. 

Kansas State Soldiers’ Home, Dodge City, Kans. 

California Veterans’ Home, Yountville, Cal. 

South Dakota Soldiers’ Home, Hot Springs, S. Dak. 

Colorado Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Monte Vista, Colo. 

New Hampshire Soldiers’ Home, Tilton, N. H. 


The word news” was not, as many suppose, derived' 
from the adjective new, but from the fact that many 
years ago it was customary to put at the head of the 
periodical publications of the day the initial letters c$ 
the compass, thus: 

N 

W—|—E 
S 

Signifying that the matter contained therein was front 
the four quarters of the globe, From these letters came 
the word “news.” 





3 11 


Workshop -Rules and Receipts. 

Moisture-Proof Glue. —One pound glue, melted Id 
two parts skim-milk. 

To Remove Rust from Steel. —Brush the rusted 
Steel with a paste composed of ^ oz. cyanide potassium* 
oz. castile soap, i oz. whiting, and enough water to 
make a paste. Then wash the steel in a solution of 
oz. cyanide potassium in 2 oz. water. 

To Test Quality of Iron. —A soft , tough iron is 
indicated by the fracture giving long, silky fibers of a gray¬ 
ish hue, the fibers cohering and twisting together before 
breaking: Badly refined iron is indicated by short, 
blackish fiber. Good iron is indicated by a medium, even 
grain, mixed with fibers. Brittle Iron is indicated by 
coarse grain, with brilliant crystallized fracture, brown or 
yellow spots. It works easily when heated, and welds 
easily. 

Hot Shot Iron is indicated by cracks on the edge of 
bars. Good iron heats readily, throws few sparks, and is 
soft when hammered. 

Marine Glue. —One part India rubber, twelve parts 
mineral naphtha. Mix, heat gently, and add twenty 
parts of shellac, powdered fine. Cool on a slab. Heat 
to 250 degrees when wanted for use. 

Parting Sand. —Burnt sand, scraped from the sur¬ 
face of castings. 

Loam. —Mixture of brick, clay and old foundry sand. 

Blackening for Molds. —Charcoal powder, or, in 
Some instances, fine coal dust. 

Black Wash.—C harcoal, plumbago and size. 

Mixture for Welding Steel. —1 sal ammoniac, 10 
borax, pounded together, and fused until clear, when it 
is poured out, and, after cooling, reduced to powder. 



Notes on Working of Steel. 


1. Good, soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately and 
thoroughly worked. 

It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than any 
iron. 

2. If steel be left long in the fire, it will lose its steely nature and 
grain, and partake of the nature of cast iron. 

Steel should never be kept hot any longer than is necessary to 
the work to be done. 

3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a 
careful study of the tables will show that there must, of nec^sity, 
be an injurious internal strain created whenever two or more^ rts 
of the same piece are subjected to different temperatures. 

4. It follows, that when steel has been subjected to heat jot 
absolutely uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should 
be resorted to. 

5. As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increases 
directly and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present, there¬ 
fore high steel is more liable to dangerous internal strains than low 
steel, and great care should be exercised la the use of high steel. 

6. Hot steel should always be put la a perfectly dry place, of 
even temperature, while cooling. A wet place in the floor might 
be sufficient to cause serious injury. 

7. Never let any one fool you with the statement that his steel 

possesses a peculiar property which enables it to be “ restored * 
after being “ burned;” no mors money on 

nostroms for restoring burnt steeL 

We have shown how to restore * overheated” steel. 

For M burned ** steel, which is oxidized steel, there is only one 
way of restoration, and that is, through the knobbltng fire or the 
blast furnace. 

“ Overheating ” and ** restoring ” should only be allowable foe 
psirposes of experiment. The process is one of disintegration, and 
is always injurious. 

8. He careful not to overdo the annealing process; if carried 
too far it does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes 
of destruction which the steel-maker meets in his daily troubles. 



3^3 

It is hard to in dace the average worker in steel to believe that 
very little annealing is necessary, and that very little is really mors 
efficacious than a great deal. 

The mean strength of American wrought iron is 45,900 lbs.; 
English 43,900. Ultimate extension of wrought iron is 600th part 
of its length. The working strain is from 1-6 to the mean 
Strength. 

Resistance to flexure, acting evenly over the surface, equals 
©ne-half the tensile strength. Bars of wrought iron will expand 
or contract 151200th of their length for each degree of heat With 
range of temperature of this country (=20 to -f- i20°)=i40°, will 
expand or contract 1080th part of its length, equal to a force of 
30,740 lbs., or Q)% tons per square incf..,. oection. Tensile strength 
increases, in from 1 to 6 reheatings and rollings, from 43,904 lbs. 
to 60,824 lbs.; in from 6 to 12, is reduced again to 43,904- 


Capacity of Cisterns. 

For each ten inches in depth. 


Twenty-five feet in diameter holds.......3,039 gallons 

Twenty feet in diameter holds.1,958 gallons 

Fifteen feet in diameter holds.......1,101 gallons 

Fourteen feet in diameter holds. 959 gallons 

Thirteen feet in diameter holds... 827 gallons 

Twelve feet in diameter holds. 705 gallons 

Eleven feet in diameter holds.- 592 gallons 

Ten feet in diameter holds.. 489 gallons 

Nine feet in diameter holds. 396 gallons 

Eight feet in diameter holds. 313 gallons 

Seven feet in diameter holds. 239 gallons 

Six and one-half feet in diameter holds. 206 gallons 

Six feet in diameter holds. 176 gallons 

Five feet in diameter holds. 122 gallons 

Four and one half feet in diameter holds. 99 gallons 

Four feet in diameter holds. 78 gallons 

Three feet in diameter holds... 44 gallons 

Two and one-half feet in diameter holds... -50 gallons 

Two feet in diameter holds. 19 gallons 






















314 


AFRICAN EXPLORATIONS. 

The return of Henry M. Stanley from the rescue of Emin 
Pasha, during the summer of 1890 , has excited a good deal of 
interest in the country, especially so since last year about 
6 , 000,000 square miles of African territory has been taken and 
divided among the nations of Europe. The object of Mr. 
Stanley’s last trip through Africa was for the relief of Emin 
Pasha, who had been appointed governor of Equatoria by Gen. 
Gordon previous to his own fall in Khartoum. This was in 
1878 . Emin at once entered upon his duties, which involved 
him in constant warfare with the Arab slave traders and the 
Mahdi. IJp to 1886 he was entirely cut off from the outside 
world and nothing could be beard of him. It was known that 
he had ten fortified stations on the Nile and 1,500 soldiers. Dr. 
Junker, the Russian explorer, left Emin Jan. 1, 1886 , and after 
many dangers reached Europe. His account of the perilous posi¬ 
tion of Emin created a profound impression in Europe and plans 
were formed to rescue him. Money was raised and the relief 
expedition was placed under the command of Mr. Stanley. He 
left London for Zanzibar Feb. 3 , 1887 , which he reached on the 
21 st and started at once for the mouth )f the Congo, arriving 
there March 18 , 1887 . The next day he started up the Congo 
river and on the 28 th of June reached the Aruwimi river, which 
is about one hundred miles north of the equator and about two- 
fifths of the way across, near longitude 25 east from Green¬ 
wich. From this point Stanley started across an unknown 
Wilderness with 389 officers and men. Of the indescribable 
horrors encountered in fights with the natives, sickness and 
death of his men, hunger and sufferings of every conceivable 
kind, there is not space to speak. It was not until the last of 
February, 1889 , that Stanley met Emin. To his dismay he 
found Emin not willing to leave the country, although he was 
a prisoner. At last, being influenced by the offer of a commis¬ 
sion from the king of Belgium, he decided to unite his forces 
with those of Stanley and go to Bagamoyo on the Indian ocean, 
where they arrived Dec. 4 , 1889 . The distance to the mouth of 
the Congo was about six thousand miles and the time occupied 
in the journey was nearly three years. 

t 


315 


RELATIVE RANK OF STATES AND TERRITORIES IN 
POPULATION. 


1890 . ! 1880 . 


1. New York. 

2. Pennsylvania ... 

3. Illinois. 

4. Ohio. 

5. Missouri. 

6. Massachusetts... 

7. Texas. 

8. Indiana. 

9. Michigan. 

10. Iowa. 

11. Kentucky. 

12. Georgia. 

13. Tennessee. 

14. Wisconsin. 

15. Virginia. 

16. North Carolina.. 

17. Alabama. 

18. New Jersey. 

19. Kansas. 

20. Minnesota. 

21. Mississippi. 

22. California. 

23. South Carolina.. 

24. Arkansas. 

25. Louisiana. 

26. Nebraska. 

27. Maryland. 

28. West Virginia... 

29. Connecticut. 

30. Maine. 

31#Colorado. 

32. Florida. 

33. New Hampshire. 

34. Washington. 

35. Rhode Island.... 

36. Vermont. 

37. South Dakota.... 

38. Oregon. 

39. Dis. of Columbia 

40. Utah. 

41. North Dakota— 

42. Delaware. 

43. New Mexico. 

44. Montana. 

45. Idaho. 

46. Oklahoma. 

47. Wyoming. 

48. Arizona. 

49. Nevada. 


5,997,853 
5.258,014 
3.826.351 
3.672,316 
2,679,184 
2,238,943 
2,235,523 
2,192,404 
2.093,889 
1,911,896 
1,858.635 
1,837,353 
1,767,518 
1,686.880 
1,655,980 
1,617,947 
1.513.017 
1,444,933 
1,427,096 
1.301,826 
1,289,600 
1,208,130 
1.151,149 
1.128,179 
1,118.587 
1.058,910 
1,042,390 
762,794 
746,258 
661.086 
412,198 

391.422 
376.530 
349,390 
345,506 

332.422 
328.808 
313,767 
230,392 
207,905 
182.719 
168,493 
153.593 
132,159 

84.385 

61.834 

60.705 

59.620 

45,761 


1. New’York. 

2. Pennsylvania— 

3. Ohio. 

4. Illinois. 

5. Missouri. 

6. Indiana. 

7. Massachusetts... 

8. Kentucky.,. 

9. Michigan. 

10. Iowa. 

11. Texas . 

12. Tennessee. 

13. Georgia. 

14. Virginia. 

15. North Carolina.. 

16. Wisconsin. 

17. Alabama. 

18. Mississippi. 

19. New Jersey. 

20. South Carolina.. 

21. Kansas.. 

22. Louisiana. 

23. Maryland. 

24. Californa. 

25. Arkansas. 

26. Minnesota. 

27. Maine. 

28. Connecticut. 

29. West Virginia... 

30. Nebraska. 

31. New Hampshire. 

32. Vermont. 

33. Rhode Island- 

34. Florida. 

35. Colorado. 

36. Dis. of Columbia 

37. Oregon. 

38. Delaware. 

39. Utah. 

40. New Mexico. 

41. Dakota. 

42. Washington. 

43. Nevada . 

44. Arizona. 

45. Montana . 

46.Idaho. 

47. Wyoming. 


5,082,871 

4,282.891 

3,198,062 

3.077,871 

2.679,184 

1,978,304 

1,783,085 

1.648.690 

1,636,937 

1,624,615 

1.591.749 
1.542.389 
1,542,180 
1,512,565 

1.399.750 
1.315,497 
1.262,505 
1,131,597 
1.131,116 

997.577 

996.096 

939.946 

934,943 

864,694 

802.525 

780.773 

648,936 

622,700 

618,457 

452,402 

346,991 

332.286 

276.531 

269,493 

194,327 

177.624 

174,768 

146,608 

143,963 

119,565 

99.177 

75,116 

62.266 

40.440 

39.159 

32.010 

20,789 


United States. .50.1 55,783 


United States. .62,622,250 


Gain 


12 , 467,467 

























































































31C 

RELIGIOUS STATISTICS. 

NUMBERS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO CREEDS. 


CREEDS. 

No. of 
Followers. 

Christianity. ,. 

Buddhism. 

Mohammedanism. 

420,000,000 

340,000,000 

210,000,000 

175.000.000 

Confucianism . 

Sintoism. ... 

80,000.000 

14,000,000 

7,000,000 

.180,000.000 

Fetishism and all others. 

ENGLISH-SPEAKING RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES 

OF THE WORLD. 



Episcopalians. 23,000,000 

Methodists of all descriptions. 16,960,000 

Roman Catholics. 15,200,000 

Presbyterians of all descriptions. 11,100,000 

Baptists of all descriptions. 8,600,000 

Congregationalists . 5,500,000 

Free Thinkers. 3,500,000 

Lutherans, etc. 1,750,000 

Unitarians.,. 1,250,000 

Minor Religious Sects . 4,000,000 

Of no particular Religion. 13,500,000 


English-speaking Population 


104,360,000 


PERPETUAL MOTION. 

Perpetual motion is a movement which is not o*ly 
self-active but also self-creative. A machine which when 
set in motion would continue to move without the aid of 
external force and without the loss of momentum, until 
its parts were all worn out, might be said to have solved 
the perpetual motion problem. But even more is ex¬ 
pected of this invention should it ever become practica¬ 
ble, that it shall go on doing work without drawing on 
any external source of energy, or shall by its movement 
continually create power. The impossibility of con¬ 
structing such a machine has long been demonstrated, 
but still ignorant and ambitious inventors continue 
to try for it. As early as the year 1775, the Parisian 
Academy of Sciences refused to receive any further 
schemes for perpetual motion, regarding it as an im¬ 
possibility. There was a time when the perpetual motion 
problem was worthy the attention of a philosopher, just 
as there was a time when a man might have been justi¬ 
fied in doubting tvhether the earth was a globe. 



































3i7 

EUROPE, 

Europe is a peninsula, projecting from Asia. It is situate*! In 
the same latitude as the United States and the Dominion of Canada. 

The extreme length of Europe from northeast to southwest is 
about 3,500 miles. The population is about six times that of the 
United States. 

Its water boundary, if a continuous line, would reach four-nfths 
of the way around the world. 

The British Isles are separated from the continent by the North 
Sea, which has an average depth of about 600 feet. There is 
much evidence to show that they were formerly a part of the main¬ 
land. .. , 

In relative extent of coast Europe surpasses all other countries. 
It is partly to the great number of indentations of the coast that 
Europe owes its commercial supremacy. 

The islands of Europe constitute about one-twentieth of its 

^The greater part of the continent is low and level. Russia and 
all the territory bordering on the North and Baltic seas constitute 
a vast plain, called Low Europe. The basin of the Caspian Sea 
and much of the Netherlands are below the sea-level. 

A high plateau, extending along the southern part of the conti¬ 
nent, is known as High Europe. This plateau is surrounded by 
the irregular and broken mountain ranges which constitute the 
Alpine System, the main axis of the continent. 

The Alps are the highest range. The other principal ranges are 
the Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Carpathian and Caucasus 

m The Alps have long been celebrated for the number and extent 
of their glaciers, among which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, 
Po and several tributaries of the Danube. 

The chief lake region of Europe is in Northwestern Russia. 
Lake Ladoga is the largest lake. , „ 

The lakes in Switzerland, especially Geneva and Constance, ai e 
celebrated for their beautiful scenery. There are many salt 
lakes in Russia, most of which are situated m the basin of the 

^Mos^of^he rivers of Western Europe are connected with one 

another by canals, and are navigable. 

Climate. —Europe enjoys a more equable climate than any o.her 
country situated in corresponding latitudes. Its mildness is due, 
chiefly, to the southwesterly winds, which are warmed by the wa.er 
of the Gulf Stream. 

Rain is most abundant on the western coasts. 

The tundras, or frozen marshes of the Arctic Slope, ai c covered 
with mosses and willows. South of this region is a belt of 
forest chiefly of pine, oak, elm and ash. . . . _ , i 

Grains hemp, flax and tobacco are cultivated in the central 
regions ' The cultivation of the grape, olive, orange, lemon, ng, 
mSSy and cotton is confined, chiefly, to the Mediterranean 

Coast 



Mast of the wild animals have disappeared. The reindeer, 
white bear and other animals valuable for their furs are, however, 
found in the more thinly settled regions; the wolf and wild boar 
are common in the forests, and the chamois and ibex inhabit the 
Alpine heights. 

Water-fowl are numerous. The sardine, herring, pilchard, 
anchovy and other fish suitable for food abound in the surrounding 
waters. 

Minerals. —Coal, iron and copper are very widely distributed. 
Silver, zinc and lead are plentiful in the central highlands. 
Quicksilver, niter, sulphur and salt in volcanic regions. Coral of 
great beauty and value is obtained in the Mediterranean Sea. 

People. —The inhabitants of Europe, numbering about 330 , 000 ,- 
000 , belong to the Caucasian and Mongolian races. 

ASIA. 


Asia, the largest country ki the world, occupies the eastern part 
of the Eastern Continent. 

Itcontains about one-third of the land surface of the earth — is 
twice as large as North America, and nearly five times the size of 
the United States. Its greatest length is 7,500 miles, nearly one- 
third the circumference of the earth. 

The islands of Asia are a partly submerged mountain chain. All 
of them vclcanic 

The northwestern Asia is a continuous plain; the southeastern, 
an elevated plateau traversed by high mountains. The line of 
greatest length is also the line which separates the highlands from 
the lowlands. From the Hindoo Koosh, the mouniain ranges of 
Asia radiate toward the east. 

The Himalaya Mountains are the highest in the world. The 
summit of Mt. Everest is over 29,000 feet above the sea-level, being 
more than 6,000 feet higher than the highest peak of the American 
continent. 

The Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral are thought to have been 
formerly arms of the ocean. Both are salt lakes. The former is 
below the sea-level. 


Lake Baikal is the largest body of fresh water in Asia and is 
about as large as Lake Erie. 

The rivers of Asia, though of great length, are distinguished by 
narrow valleys, rather than large basins. Most of them rise in the 
central highlands, from which they radiate in three directions, 
— north, east, and south, and mingle their waters with those of 
three oceans. 

'lhe \ ang-tse and Hoang rivers are subject to great changes, 
brought about by the shifting of their channels. In 1851 , the 
Hoang Ho burst through its banks and poured its waters into the 
Gulf ot Pecheelee, and within two years its lower course had so 
changed that the*nouth of the river had shifted 250 miles from its 
former position, v , \ 

c Central Hindoostan is often called the Plateau of the Deccan. 

The Obi is the only river navigable to any considerable distance. 


The river valleys and the plains which are well watered ar* 
extremely fertile. The high, central region and the western pla¬ 
teaus are dry, sandy, and barren. 

Every degree of temperature and moisture maybe found in Asia, 
from that of the frozen tundras of Siberia, to that of the hot, pesti¬ 
lential jungles of India. The deserts of Arabia, Persia, Turkestan 
and Gobi receive little or no rain, while the southern slope of the 
Himalaya is annually inundated. 

Siberia is swept by icy winds from the Arctic Ocean; Arabia, by 
the hot and fatal simoom. India is traversed by winds which 
scorch the entire surface for half the year, and flood it with rain the 
remaining part. 

Destructive cyclones often visit the coast, frequently piling up 
the waters of the Bay of Bengal until the lowlands of the Ganges 
are submerged. 

Southern Asia is covered with a dense tropical vegetation. The 
palm, bamboo, and banyan tree are abundant Rice, cotton, 
sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, poppy, and the spices, are the prin¬ 
cipal plants cultivated in the plains and valleys of Southern Asia. 

Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the tem¬ 
perate zones. Vast forests of pine, larch, teak, maple and birch 
are on the upland terraces of Siberia. The chief cultivated 
plants of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Asia are wheat, tea 
and rice. 

Western Asia produces the famous Mocha coffee, tobacco, the 
fig, date and olive. 

Nearly all the domestic animals of the earth are found in Asia, 
and most of them are native to it. The camel and elephant are 
used as beasts'of burden. 

Southern Asia abounds in fierce animals and dangerous reptiles. 
The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, lion, tiger, 
hyena, and jackal. The reptiles include the crocodile, python 
and cobra de capello. Monkeys and beautiful birds are numerous. 

In the colder regions the bear, wolf, fox, buffalo and several 
species of wild cattle are common. Also many kinds of deer. 

Gold and platinum are widely diffused throughout the Ural 
Mountains and the central plateaus. 

Silver is mined in Siberia. Copper and iron are abundant and 
widely distributed. 

Tin is abundant in the Malay Peninsula and the Island of 
Banca, near Sumatra. 

Petroleum is found in the basin of the Caspian Sea. 

Asia has always been famous for precious stones. Most of the 
large and valuable diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are 
from the mines of India. , 

The finest pearls arc obtained the Persian Gulf and in the 
tvater along the coasts of Ceylon. 

Asia is probably the birthplace of the human race. The stiong- 
:st evidences of history and science point to the highlands of 
Asia as the birthplace of man. Somewhere in the valleys of 
Persia, the old name of which was Arya, there lived a people who 
built house*, cultivated the soil and had forms of government. 


320 


They believed in an Qnupotent Being and also a_ spirit of evil* 
Fully one-hat' the inhabitants of the earth live in China and 
India, 

Siberia, Russian Turkestan and Trancaucasia are sub¬ 
ject to Russia, whose capital is St. Petersburgh. 

Siberia maybe divided into three belts; agricultural and grazing 
land in the South; forests in the middle; and frozen marches in 
the North. 

Gold, silver, copper and other metals are mined in the moun¬ 
tains; and numerous wild animals are hunted for their furs. 

Trade is carried on by means of caravans and camel trains. In 
summer boats navigate the rivers, and in winter sledges arc 
drawn on the ice and snow by dogs, horses and reindeer. 

The chief cities are Tiflis in Transcaucasia, west of the Caspian 
Sea; Tashkend, in Russian Turkestan; Omsk, in Western 
Siberia; and Irkootsk, in Eastern Siberia. Yakootsk, on the 
Lena River is said to be the coldest city in the world. 

The Chinese Empire is larger by one-half than the United 
States and contains about six times as many inhabitants. 

China contains the greater part of the population. The land is 
fertilfe and well cultivated, agriculture being the chief occupation 
of the people. Rivers and canals are numerous; much traveling is 
done in boats. Thousands of the inhabitants of China have their 
houses and gardens on rafts and boats which float on the rivers. 
These people live by gardening and fishing. In their floating 
houses their children are born, are married and die. A young 
child-falling overboard there is kept from drowning by means o? 
an empty gourd which its mother had tied between- its shoulders. 

The food of the Chinese consists, principally, of rice and fish. 

The leading exports from China are tea, silk, porcelain and 
pottery. 

Its trade is carried on, mainly, with Great Britain, Australia 
and the United States, by means of ships, and with Russia by 
means of caravans. 

Many of the inhabitants of the other divisions of the empire are 
wandering tribes, whose occupation is the raising of horses, sheep 
and goats. 

Pekin, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is noted for its sur¬ 
rounding walls, magnificent gates and heathen temples. Its 
houses are only one or two stories high. Its population is greater 
than that of New York City. 

Thibet is situated on a high plateau, surrounded by the highest 
mountains in the world. 

Corea is a kingdom. It was, until recently, under the control of 
the Chinese government. n 

The Empire of Japan consists of islands, which con tarn 
mountains, streams, forests, and a well cultivated soil. Japan 
contains beautiful lakes, rivers, water-falls, trees, and flowers of 
great variety; bears, deer, wolves, and foxes; pheasants and other 
birds. The celebrated mountain in Japan is Fujiyama, whose 
summit is covered with snow nearly all the year. In summer 




321 

bands °f pilgrims dressed in white travel to its sv»nmii to worshio 
Idols there. * 

The principal occupations of the Japanese are agriculture, manu¬ 
facturing and mining. 

Its exports comprise tea, rice, silks, porcelain, fans and lac¬ 
quered ware. 

the capital, is the residence of the emperor, called the 
mikado. Its chief port is Yokahama. 

IntUa is larger than all the Pacific States and Territories, and 
contains about four times as many inhabitants as the United 
States. 

The Empire of India is ruled uy the Governor-General, who is 
appointed by Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and 
Empress of India. Next to the Chinese Empire it is the most 
populous in the world. India was settled by the Aryans, about 
1400 B. C. They were Brahmins, but unlike the Brahmins of the 
present time in their religious teaching and practices. Their lan¬ 
guage was the Sanskrit. The people are divided into castes. They 
believe in the transmigration of souls. Gautama or Buddha, about 
500 ,b. C-, introduced a form of religion which, after a long struggle 
with Brahmanism, was overcome in India and transplanted in 
China, where it has degenerated into a debasing form of idolatry. 
Queen Elizabeth chartered the East India Company in 1600 A. D. 
The vast empire, which had grown by its conquests, was trans¬ 
ferred to the British Crown in 1858. 

Nearly the whole of India is subject to Great Britain, either 
absolutely or as tributary states. 

India is remarkable for its high, snow-covered peaks, hot 
climate and large population. 

It* low plains in the north are the most fertile in the world. The 
west and south contain desert tracts. 

Agriculture and stock-raising are the principal industries. 

The exports are cotton, opium, rice, wheat and jute. Cattle, 
camels, buffalos, sheep and goats are numerous. The inhabitants 
subsist, principally, upon rice, fish and tea. 

Calcutta is the capital and the largest city in India, and the 
most important city in Asia. Bombay, on the western coast, and 
Madras, on the eastern, are important cities. 

Ceylon is a mountainous island, belonging to Great Britain. It 
Is famous for coffee and spices Pearl oysters abound on the 
southern coast, and the fishery is often very profitable. 

Farther India or Indo-China, forming the southeastern 
peninsula of Asia, comprises the kingdoms of Burmah, Siam and 
Anam, Lower Cochin China, Cambodia and the Malay Peninsula. 

This division of Asia is remarkable for its long mountain 
ranges and fertile valleys, its hot, moist climate, and its dense 
forests and jungles. 

1 “ contains large, savage animals, and many tribes of people 
scarcely removed from barbarism. 

The chief occupation of the inhabitants is the cultivation of rice, 
which is their principal article of food. 


322 

Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is the largest city in Farther 
India. It contains royal palaces and many pagodas. These are 
•urrounded by bamboo houses built on piles. 

Mandalay is the capital of Burmah. 

Saigon is a sea-port of French Cochin China. 

Singapore, on the Island of Singapore, is a sea-port belonging 
to Great Britain. 

Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan and Bokhara are 

remarkable for their desert tracts, forest-covered mountains and 
fertile river valleys. 

The principal products are grain, fruits, sugar, indigo and 
dates. 

Many of the inhabitants own large flocks of goats and sheep, 
while others are engaged in the manufacture of silk goods, shawls, 
rugs and perfumery, or in the caravan trade. There are, also, 
many roving, warlike tribes. Nearly all are Mohammedans. 

Persia is remarkable for extensive salt deserts. Near the Cas¬ 
pian Sea, however, vegetation is luxuriant. Here, as in other 
Mohammedan countries, education is confined to learning portions 
of the Koran and scraps of poetry. The Persians are a slow, easy¬ 
going people, hospitable, generous, but procrastinating. 

These countries are important because of their situation between 
Russia and the Indian Ocean. Afghanistan has been called the 
“gateway to India.” 

Teheran, the capital of Persia, and Tabriz, are the chief cities. 

Cabul, Herat and Candahar are the principal cities in Afghan¬ 
istan. 

Arabia is chiefly a hot, desert plateau, with oases of different 
sizes, in which dates, grapes, tamarinds and other fruits grow. 

It has no general government, the inhabitants being ruled by 
sheiks or chiefs. The rulers are called Sultans. 

Arabia is celebrated for fine dromedaries and horses, and excel¬ 
lent coffee. • 

Muscat, the capital of Oman, is the largest city in Arabia, and 
the chief sea-port. 

Aden is a fortified sea-port belonging to Great Britain. 

Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed, is visited by many Mo¬ 
hammedan pilgrims every year. It is said to be the hottest city in 
the world, 

Turkey In Asia is a part of the Ottoman, or Turkish Empire, 
v hose capital is Constantinople. 

Its northern part is remarkable for forests, mountains and fertile 
vwieys. Its eastern part for the fertile plains of the Tigris and 
Euphrates, and its southern for a desert region. 

Tropical fruits, cotton, grain and tobacco grow abundantly 

The people are chiefly Turks and Arabs, professing the Moham. 
medan religion. 

Smyrna, an important commercial port and steamer station, i* 
the largest city. 

Damascus is the oldest city in the world. It contains grand eld 


323 

mosques, and is the center of the car. van trade. Its maaufac yr*» 
comprise saddles and silk goods. 

Palestine, or the Holy Land, is i jentioned in Scripture a the 
Promised Land of the Ancient Hebrews, and the birthpla * of 
Christianity. It contains the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem, 
the Valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galile^. 

AFRICA. 

Africa, the south-western continent of the Old World, is the only 
country stretching entirely across the Torrid Zone. 

It is a peninsula, joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. The 
ship-canal, constructed across the isthmus, makes it, artificially, 
an island. The shortest distance across the Isthmus of Suez is 
aboyt seventy-two miles; the line of the canal is one hundred 
miles. The average height of the isthmus above sea-level is 
scarcely ten feet. 

The Suez Canal was completed in 1869 . It has a depth of twenty- 
four feet, and a clear channel seventy-two feet in width. By con¬ 
necting the Red sea with the Mediterranean, this canal furnishes a 
shorter route between European ports and India, than that around 
the Cape of Good Hope. It extends from Port Said, on the Medi¬ 
terranean, to Suez, a sea-port town near the head of the Gulf of 
Suez. 

Africa is the second country in size. Its length and breadth are 
each about 5,000 miles. 

The coast is unbroken by bays and inlets such as make secure 
harbors for vessels. In proportion to its size, it has the shortest 
coast-line. 

There are many continental islands lying along the coast of 
Africa. Madagascar, the largest, is separated from the continent 
by a very shallow channel. 

The interior of Africa is a plateau, which is highest in the south 
and south east. This, in most parts, is bordered by mountains, 
between which and the sea is a low and narrow strip of coast. 

The average elevation of the high plateau is about 5,000 feet; 
and of the northern region, about 1,500 feet. 

The principal mountain system extends along the eastern side of 
the continent. Mount Kema, the highest peak, is about 20,000 feet 
above the level of the sea 

The Great Sahara Desert has an undulating surface, and is 
covered mostly with shifting sand and gravel. A small portion, 
south of Barca, is below the sea-level. 

Oases, watered by springs and covered with groves of date-palm- 
trees, are met with in c'ifferent parts of the desert. 

Soudan, situated south of the Great Desert, is a region remark¬ 
able for its extreme heat and excessive rains and droughts. 

Central Africa, or the region crossed by the Equator, is 
remarkable for its fertility; and, owing to its great height above 
the sea-level, its climate is mild and healthful. This region is 
drained by many large rivers. 


324 


Southern Africa, is mountainous, but it contains many fertile 
v.alleys and plains well adapted to agriculture and stock-raising. 
T$ie Kalahari Desert, though destitute of streams, is covered 
dming a great part of the year with grass. The lakes of Africa 
art confinec? chiefly to the high, equatorial region, and are remark¬ 
ably for their number and size. Lake Victoria is the largest lake 
in the world- Its outlet is the Nile river. 

The River Nile flows through the most important part of Africa. 
Its lower course >*in a region almost rainless, and for more than 
1,500 miles it do/. .lot receive a single tributary. It is fed by the 
annual rains and the melting snows of the high mountains. 

The water of the Nile is highest from May till September, when 
the ?ower valley is covered with a fine, rich soil, brought down by 
the flood: and the reeds which are scattered over the water, as it 
subsides ''bring forth, abundant crops of grain. Cotton, also, is an 
impavtc . product of the Nile Valley. 

Tfc-j Congo, first explored by Livingstone, and afterward by 
Stanley, drains the mewt fertile part of the continent. Its source is 
in the region of heavy rains. 

Thy region of greatest heat is in the Egyptian Soudan. There 
the midday temperature during the summer months is often 140 
deg. Eahr., while the nights are sometimes so cold that ice forms. 
In the desert, hot winds, &nown as simooms, are prevalent, and 
land storms are often destructive. The coast, generally, is very 

unhealthy. Y 

Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate. Here 
are the principal settlements formed by Europeans in Africa, 
This is the home of the Caffre. 

Northern Africa yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds, and olive- 
oil. Rice is a leading product of the Guinea Coast. The date- 
pain, flourishes along the shores ©f the Mediterranean and in the 
oases of the desert. The famous baobab-tree is found in Central 
Africa. It is famousrfor its great size and age. Groves of teak, 
mangteve, ebony, and India rubber abound on the western coast. 
Gum arabic, myrrh, cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, and spices are 
products of Eastern Africa. The islands produce tropical fruits, 
wine and amber. 

Africa is noted for large and ferocious animals, and venomous 
serpents. The lion is found in all parts of the continent. The 
hippopotamus inhabits the upper Nilo^ while the marshes and 
streams of the low coast contain many crocodiles, lizards, and other 
reptiles. 

) The gcrilla, the largest and fiercest of apes, and the chimpan¬ 
zee, are met with in the west. The elephant, giraffe, and the two¬ 
horned rhinoceros, belong in Central and Southern Africa. There 
are many species of deer and antelope^ The zebra and *he gnu or 
horned horse, are numerous in the grassy plains of Southern 
Afric^ The ostrich is hunted in various parfis of the continent; 
but in Southern Africa, the rearing of those bijds for their plumes 
Is • n important occupation. 

The most useful arimal in crossing desert regions is the camel. 
Travelers and merchants, with their camels carrying merchandise, 




3 2 5 

cross the desert in companies, called caravans. For more than four 
thousand years camels have been almost the sole means employed 
to carry merchandise across the deserts. The camel will carry a 
load of four or five hundred pounds weight fifty miles a day for five 
or six days, although he may not be supplied with food or water 
during that time. 

1 he coasts of Guinea and Senegambia have long been cele¬ 
brated for gold. Copper, lead, salt, and saltpeter are obtained in 
some places. 

Important diamond fields are in South Africa. 

Africans comprise three races — the Caucasian, Negro, and 
Malay. 

The Moors, Arabs, Berbers, Egyptians, and various tribes of 
the north are Caucasians; the’tribes of Central and Southern Africa, 
and the east and west coasts, Negroes; and those of Madagascar, 
Malays. 

Excepting the European colonists who have settled along the 
coast, nearly all the Caucasian inhabitants are Mohammedans, and 
are in a low state of civilization. 

Most of the Negro tribes of Africa are savages, in a degraded 
condition. There are, however, several tribes which cultivate the 
soil, raise cattle, and observe laws. 

The Barbary States, situated on the Mediterranean coast, 
extend from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt 

The climate is mild and healthful. South of the Atlas Moun¬ 
tains, it is extremely hot and arid. There are two seasons, a rainy 
and a dry 

The highlands are covered with forests of cedar, pine, cork-trees 
and other valuable timber. The lowlands are finely adapted to 
agriculture. 

The most important productions are dates, oranges, bananas, 
pomegranates and figs. 

The natives consist of Moors, Arabs, and Berbers. Although 
descended from a very enlightened people, they are extremely 
ignorant, degraded and treacherous. The foreigners are mainly 
French and Jewish colonists. Wherever they settled, agriculture, 
manufactures and commerce quickly followed. 

Morocco is under tl * absolute government of a sultan, who is 
subject to Turkey. Thu country is sparsely settled. Cattle, sheep, 
and goats are reared extensively. 

In tanning and dyeing leather the people exhibit great skill, 
and the leather manufactured there is exported to all parts of the 
world. 

Morocco and Fez are the most important cities. The sultan 
holds court at one and the other, alternately. 

Algeria is a French possession, and contains a large European 
population. It is one of the most prosperous of the Barbary 
States. 

Several lines of railway are in operation, and caravans, trading 
In ivory, gums ?nd ostrich feathers, penetrate the interior of 

Soudan 


326 


Algiers is the capital and commercial center. It is connected 
with Marseilles by a submarine telegraph cable. 

Tunis, also, s a French possession. It was formerly subject to 
Turkey. It is noted for its olive groves, date plantations, cor sd 
fisheries, and the manufacture of red caps, soap and leather. 

Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage, is the capital and sea¬ 
port. It is a very old city. 

Tripoli, though nominally a Turkish province, is a despotic 
monarchy, governed by a bey. 

It contains no rivers, and rain seldom falls; yet, on account of 
heavy dews, the soil is productive. 

The leading exports are wool, hides*and ivory. 

Tripoli is the capital and sea-port. Mourzouk, the capital of 
Fezzan, is the center of a large caravan trade, 


The Nile Countries comprise Egypt proper, Nubia, and the 
Egyptian Soudan, or Kingdom of the Mahdi. They are governed 
by a hereditary monarch called the khedive, and are subject to 
Turkey. 

The greater part of Egypt is a desert. Along the lower course 
of the Nile, only the narrow valley, which is annually inundated, 
is capable of producing crops. 

Since the completion of the Suez canal rapid progress has been 
made in developing the agricultural and commercial interests of 


Railways have been built, and by means of irrigating canals 
extensive tracts of desert land have been made productive. 

Most of the wealthier classes have been educated in Europe, and 
foreign customs are being introduced throughout the country. 
The laboring classes are greatly oppressed, and are practically in 
a state of slavery. 

The principal products of Egypt are cotton, grain, sugar and 
rice. Gum arabic, ivory, indigo, and ostrich feathers are obtained 
in the Soudan. Manufactories have been established in the larger 
cities and towns. 

Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is the largest city' in Africa. Alex¬ 
andria is the principal sea-port. Railways connect both cities with 
Suez, the southern sea-port of the Suez Canal. The northern, oi 
Mediterranean, seaport of the canal is Port Said. 

The other seaports of Egypt are Rosetta and Damietta. 

Nubia and the Egyptian Soudan are inhabited by warlike tribe* 


of Arab and Negro descent. 

Khartoum, at the junction of the Blue and the White Nile, is 
the center of a large caravan trade. 

Abyssinia is a high and rugged plateau, containing a number 
of fertile valleys. The climate, owing to the high altitude of the 
surface, is mild and healthful. The people, though of a dark, or 
swarthy complexion, belong to the Caucasian race, and consist, 
chiefly, of Copts and Berbers, who are ignorant and degraded:': 

"/Abyssinia consists of several independent states, having »c 
general government. 


3-7 


Gondar is the capital. Massowah, an Egyptian possession, Is 
the only sea-port. 

South Africa comprises several prosperous colonies. Some 
of these belong to Great Britain, others are independent states 
founded by Dutch settlers, while others still are the homes of 
native tribes. 

Cape Colony and Natal are British colonies. The surface of the 
land is high, undulating and well adapted to grazing. 

The leading occupations are the raising of cattle and sheep, and 
the rearing ol ostriches. Wool and ostrich feathers are among the 
most valuable exports. 

Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony, is the chief sea-port of 
South Africa. 

Pietermaritzburg is the capital of Natal. 

West Griqualand, also a possession of Great Britain, contains 
the most productive diamond mines in the world. 

Kimberly, its capital, is situated in the diamond fields, and is 
the chief market for rough diamonds. 

Caffraria and Zululand are inhabited by natives who are noted 
for their intelligence, fine physical appearance and great bravery 
Both countries are governed by native chiefs, although subject to 
Great Britain. 

The Orange Free State and the South African Republic (for¬ 
merly Transvaal) are inhabited by Dutch farmers, called Boers. 
The Boers are noted for their bravery and love of independence. 

Bloemfontein is the capital of the Orange Free State, and Pre¬ 
toria of the South African Republic. Wool, cattle and grain are 
the exports. 

Central Africa includes the regions comprised in Sahara, or 
the Great Desert, Soudan, the Congo Free State and the territory 
southward to the Boer republics. 

Sahara contains about twenty oases, inhabited by wandering 
tribes, who live chiefly by plundering the caravans. 

Soudan is inhabited by semi-barbarous tribes, each of which is 
governed by a chief, whose will is law. 

Their occupation is herding cattle, but they are constantly at war 
with one another. 

Timbuctoo, Sackatoo and Kouka are centers of a large caravan 

trade. 

The Congo Free State embraces the basin of the Congo 
River. It is subject to the King of Belgium. 

Zanzibar is a strip of coast nearly 1,000 miles long, including a 
number of small islands. It is an absolute monarchy, governed 
by a sultan. 

Zanzibar, on an island of the same name, the capital. It is 
the center of a large trade in ivory, gum copal and spices. 
Trade is almos.t exclusively in the hands of Hindoo and Arab 
merchants. 

Mozambique includes a number of Portuguese colonies,oxtending 


■frem Z.duland to Zanzibar. The city of Mozambique, the chid 
fjmter of trade, is the residenc e o f the Governor-General. 

rh« "Vfest CoafcS is coveted with forests of valuable timber. 
Yhs highlands contain gold and silver. 

Senegambia includes most of the basins of the Senegal and 
G/imbia rivers. English and French traders have settled aleng 
tho coast. f 

iHlerra Leone is a prosperous English colony. It is inhabited 
by Megroes, many of whom were rescued from slave-ships. Free- 
to\ n is the capital. 

1 iberia is a small republic, originally established as a colony 
for freed slaves from the United States. . Monrovia is the capital. 

l.ahomey and Ashantee are absolute despotisms. 

\ he natives are superstitious, warlike and ferocious. In Daho¬ 
mey wholesale murders, or human sacrifices, form part of certain 
celebrations. Here the king has an army of women whose weapons 
are muskets, swords and clubs. Ashantee, also, is ruled by a 
native king, who is independent. 

Madagascar, a kingdom, contains a civilized population, whose 
principal industries are agriculture and herding. 

St. Helena belongs to Great Britain; the Canary Islands to 
Spain; the Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verd Islands to 
Portugal. 

NORTH AMERICA. 

North America is the northern division of the western continent. 
It extends almost from the North Pole to the Equator. 

The shape of North America is nearly that of a triangle, broad 
at the north and tapering almost to a point at the south. It 8 
length is nearly 5,000 miles. Its area is equal to one-half that of 
Asia, or two and one-half times that of Europe. Its northern and 
eastern coasts are remarkable for numerous indentations and good 
harbors, while the western coast has but few. 

The western part of the continent is a high plateau, on which 
are many nearly parallel ranges of mountains. The direction of 
these ranges is from north-west to south-east. They constitute 
the Rocky Mountain system, and form the main axis of the con¬ 
tinent. The culminating ranges of this system inclose a large, 
oval-shaped plateau, called the Great Basin. 

The Appalachian system, in the eastern part, is composed of 
several parallel ranges, extending from north-east to south-west. 
Their average height is about 3,000 feet, or about one-third that 
of the Western Highlands, 

Volcanoes are numerous in the Western Highlands, and several 
of them are constantly active. 

The highest peak of the Rocky Mountain system is Mt. St. TElias, 
19,500 feet.; and of the Appalachian system, Ml Mitchell, 6,707 
feet. 

The great central plain, extending from Hudson Bay to the Gulf 
■f Mexico, lies between the two mountain systems. The Height 



&sm 


ictwria 


■t. Slave 
\Lake t 


f . -' \ 

iftTudf 


Gr&fti 


*1 A 

m _ 


S.Francist 




C.S.dhicaQ 


\Sandwich 
Iceland* 


MAP OF 

NORTH & SOUTH 

AMERICA 























330 


of Land, an almost imperceptible divide, crosses the plain, sep¬ 
arating the Arctic Slope from the Gulf Slope. . , 

The lakes of North America are remarkable for their number 
and size. If a straight line were drawn from Chesapeake Bay to 
the mouth of the Mackenzie River, it would pass through nearly 
every large lake in North America. , 

The great lakes contain about one-half the fresh water on the 
globe. Lake Superior, the largest, however, is exceeded in size 
by Lake Victoria, in Africa. . , . , , , 

Salt and alkaline lakes are numerous in the Pacific highlands. 
Great Salt Lake, in Utah, has an area twice that of Rhode Island. 
With the exception of the ^‘oian Sea, it is the largest salt lake 

on the globe. , . . , , , 

The Mississippi basin-is the largest basin in the world, except¬ 
ing that of the Amazon river. Its chief stream, the Mississippi 
and Missouri, exce'eds every other river in length. 

The Yukon river, second in size, is, in many respects, unlike 
an y other river on the continent. Its upper course is remarkable 
for falls and rapids. Its lower part contains many islands, and is 
often five and six miles wide. „ . 

The Columbia, Colorado, and many of their tributaries which 
rise in the interior of the continent, flow, in some places, through 


deep canons. ...... , 

The soil is very productive. The Mississippi basin and the 
slopes of the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico contain soil 
of great fertility. On the Pacific coast the climate is much milder 
than in corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The north¬ 
ern part of the continent is extremely cold; the central portion is 
characterized by hot summers and cold winters; the southern part, 
has a tropical climate. The ra-in-fall is greatest in the north-west 
and south-east. The rains of the Pacific Coast fall mostly in 
winter. In northern regions, vegetation is limited to mosses, 
lichens, and a few shrubs. A belt of cone-bearing and deciduous 
trees extends through the middle of the lemperate Zone. In the 
south, these are replaced by palms, tree-ferns, bananas, and 
agaves. Grasses are abundant throughout the Temperate Zone. 
Indian corn and tobacco are native to North America. 

The fur seal, whale, walrus, polar bear, and musk-ox are the 
most important animals of the northern regions. The bison, deer, 
bear, wolf, and panther are common in the north central part. The 
grizzly bear is found in North America only. The monkey in the 
tropical regions. . 

Reptiles are numerous in the south. Nearly 500 species of birds 
are known. Fish are abundant; the cod, salmon, herring ^and 
mackerel are valuable as food. _ O 

The mineral resources of North America surpass those of any 
other continent. Iron and coal, minerals on which civilization and 
commerce so greatly depend, are abundant and widely distributed. 
Petroleum and natural illuminating gas are found in the Alleghany 
Mountains and the Coast Range. Gold, silver, and quick-silver 
WC found chiefly in the Western Highlands; copper and lead, in 



the vicinity of the Great Lakes; and zinc, in the Eastern High¬ 
lands. 

American Indians inhabited North America at the time qf the 
explorations in the 15 th and 16 th centuries. A civilized people 
preceding these had disappeared from the region which now con¬ 
stitutes the United States, as the ruins of their habitations bear 
witness. 

Civilized people were found by the Spanish explorers of Mexico. 
They were conquered by the Spaniards, and gradually disap 
peared. 

The Esquimaux, who are found in the Arctic regions only, are 
thought by many to be of Mongolian origin. The Indians, also, 
are said to be of Mongolian descent, and to have come, originally, 
from Asia. 

The white race, the ruling element of the population, are the 
descendants of Europeans. The inhabitants of Mexico and Central 
America are the descendants, in «art, of Spaniards and native 
Indians. 

The Negroes, originally brought to America as slaves, are fast 
becoming educated. 

Industries.—The geographical distribution of the various iitflus- 
tries is more noticeable in North America than in the other cbn- 
tinents. Foreign commerce, manufactures, and fisheries ..are 
confined chiefly to the coasts and navigable streams. ^ 

Agriculture is carried on, principally, throughout the fertile 
prairies and river-valleys of the interior. Stock-raising is most 
profitable where there are mild winters and an abundance of 
grass. 

Mining is a leading industry in the highlands. 

North America includes Danish America, British America, the 
United States of America, Mexico, Central America and the West 
Indies. 

Danish America belongs to the Kingdom of Denmark. It com¬ 
prises Greenland, Iceland, and a few smaller islands. 

Greenland extends farther north than any other country, or to 
within about 400 miles of the North Pole. Its area is nearly one 
third that of the United States. 

The surface of Greenland is covered with ice and snow. The 
coasts are scored by enormous glaciers. The products are fish, 
oil, and reindeer skins. 

The people comprise a few Danes and a number of Esquimau 
tribes. 

Iceland, which is about half the size of Kansas, is noted foi 
volcanoes, geysers, glaciers, and lava fields. Its southern pari 
has a milder climate than its northern, and contains all the settle 
ments. ^ 

The Icelanders are generally educated. Their trade is carried 
on with Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. Their capital 
Reikiavik, contains a college. 


332 


THE UNITED STATES. 

A Republic, it is the middle division of North America. Alaska, 
a territory occupying the northwestern part of North America, is 
partly in the North Temperate Zone and partly in the North Frigid 
Zone. It was purchased from Russia by the United States. Ex¬ 
tends from the Atlantic Ocean on the east td the Pacific Ocean on 
the west, from the Dominion of Canada on the north to the repub¬ 
lic of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The distance 
across the United States from east to west through the center, is 
about 2,600 miles, and from north to south about 1,600 miles. 
The shortest distance between the Dominion of Canada and the 
GUlf of Mexico is about 800 miles. 

The high mountains an-d plateaus of the United States are in 
the western part. There the mining of gold and silver, and the 
raising of cattle and sheep, constitute the leading occupations of 
the people. 

The plains, prairies, slopes and lowlands extending from the 
great highland region eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, are remark¬ 
able f° r their fertile soil, which produces immense crops of grain, 
cotton, fruits and vegetables. 

The valleys of the Pacific Slope are noted for their mild, genial 
climsite and their great yield of wheat, fruits and vegetables. 

Cpal and iron, are mined extensively in various parts of the 
United States. 

The variety and importance of the products and industries of 
thj| country are due principally to its vast extent of territory and 
it^^reat diversity of soil, elevation and climate. 

Its increase in population, wealth and power is unsurpassed. 
A^entury ago there were but thirteen states, containing less than 
4 , 0016,000 inhabitants. Now there are thirty-eight states, ten ter* 
ntojjes, and the District of Columbia, with a total population of 
more than 60 , 000 , 000 . A territory is under the control of the Gen¬ 
eral Government of the United States, until it is admitted into the 
Union as a state by Congress. The original thirteen states were 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The first states 
admitted after them were Kentucky, Vermont, Tennessee, Ohio, 
Louisiana, Indiana and Mississippi, f 

The first colonies in the region now called the United States 
were established by the English, in Virginia, in 1607 ; by the 
Dutch, in New York, in 1613 ; and by the Pilgrims, in Massachu¬ 
setts, in 1620 / 

All were subject to Great Britain from 1664 to 1776 , when the 
thirteen colonies declared themselves free and independent states. 

Each state has its own constitution, laws, legislature, and gov¬ 
ernor, while all the states are united under the constitution and 
laws of the United States. A state is entitled to be represented 
In the United States Senate by two senators, and in the House of 
Representatives by one member for every 154,325 inhabitants. 


333 


Every state is entitled to, at least, one member. A territory m*jf 
send a delegate to the House but he has no vote. There are at 
present 76 senators and 325 members of the House of Represents- 
tives. The states which have the largest representation in the 
House are New York 34 members, Pennsylvania 28 , Ohio 21 , and 
Illinois 20 . Thj^tates and territories of the United States have 
legislatures cons*ting of two houses similar to those of Congress, 
elected by the people. They are divided into counties, which are, 
in some cases, subdivided into townships. The divisions of Louisb 
ana corresponding to counties are called parishes.- The highest 
officials in a state are the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary 
of State, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Schools, 
Towns and villages are collections of houses and inhabitants. 
Cities have certain rights and privileges not possessed by town* 
and villages. The affairs of a city are usually controlled by its 
mayor and aldermen. A county seat is the chief town in which 
the official business of the county is conducted. 

The general government comprises three departments, the lfcgis* 
lative, the judicial and the executive. It has control of all masters 
pertaining to commerce and treaties with foreign countries, the 
army and navy, the declaration of war, the post-offices, and the 
coining of money. 

The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of 
the Senate, (composed of two senators from each state, chosen by 
the state legislature, for six years. The Vice-president of the 
United States is the president of the Senate) and House of Repr<~ 
sentatives. Congress holds its sessions in Washington. The 
session of Congress begins on the first Monday in Decembei of 
each year. A law cannot take effect unless passed by both the 
Senate and the House of Representatives, and approved by the 
Presidei, t. If, however, he disapprove a measure which has been 
passed t y both houses of Congress, it may become a law on being 
repassed bv two-thirds of each house. 

The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, which 
interprets the laws. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice 
and eight associate justices, all appointed for life by the president! 
with the consent of the Senate. 

The executive power is vested .n the President, whose duty is to 
execute or enforce the laws. He is elected for lour years. Tht? 
President and Vice-President are elected by a number of electors* 
called the electoral college, chosen by the people of the states, or 
their legislatures. Each state is entitled to a number of electors, 
equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
it is entitled in Congress. In case of a vacancy in the office of 
President, it shall be filled by the Vice-President. If there be no 
Vice-President, the law of 1886 vests the succession in those mem¬ 
bers of the cabinet who are constitutionally eligible, in the following 
order* Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of 
War, Attorney-General, Postmaster-General 8 Secretary of 
*lavy, and Secretary of the Interior. 


334 


MEXICO. 

Mexico is a republic, composed of twenty-seven states, a federal 
district and the Territory of Lower California. It is situated in 
the North Temperate and the Torrid Zone, and i^jfcbout one-fourth 
the size of the United States. 

The surface is a high plateau, fringed by a belt of low, narrow 
coast. Several ranges of the Rocky Mountain System, of which 
the Sierra Madre is the highest, exteud through the country from 
north-west to south-east. 

A chain of volcanoes crosses the highest part of the plateau. 
The summits of several of these are above the limit of perpetual 
snow. Vol. Popocatepetl is the highest mountain in Mexico, and, 
next to Mt. St. Elias, the highest in North America. 

The lakes are small and unimportant. Most of them are situ¬ 
ated in the Valley of Mexico. 

The rivers are short, and, excepting the Rio Colorado and 
Rio Grande, not navigable above tide-water. 

The climate is hot and pestilential along the narrow coast, but 
mild and healthful in the high interior. In going from Vera Cruz 
to the city of Mexico, one may, within a few hours, experience 
nearly every gradation of climate, and find the productions pecul¬ 
iar to each zone. There are but two seasons; the rainy, and the 
dry. y 

The'vegetable productions comprise mahogany, rose-wood, mes- 
quite, various dye-woods, the agave, and cactus. Oranges, 
lemons, pine-apples, olives, and bananas are extensively culti¬ 
vated. Tobacco, corn, sugar-cane, cocoa, beans, coffee, vanilla, 
and the indigo-plant are also grown. 

The wild animals of Mexico comprise the grizzly bear, puma or 
Mexican lion, and coyote. Venomous reptiles and insects are 
numerous. Cattle, horses, and donkeys, in vast numbers, are the 
principal domestic animals. 

The minerals include gold, silver, tin, quicksilver and marble. 

The leading industries are agriculture, stock-raising, and min¬ 
ing. Coffee, sugar, cotton, cochineal, vanilla, metals, hides, and 
ornamental woods are exported. Great progress has been recently 
made in the building of railroads; but the unsettled condition of 
the government depresses every kind of industry. 

The people consist chiefly of mixed races. About one-tenth are 
Creoles, or descendants of Spanish colonists. Spanish is the 
language of the country. 

Mexico, the federal capital, is the metropolis. It is in the 
Valley of Mexico, elevation about 7,400 feet above sea-leve 1 , 

Guadalaxara and Puebla are manufacturing centers. 

Jfera Cruz is the chief Atlantic sea-port. 

Acapulco and Guaymas are the principal ports on the Pacific 
Coast of Mexico. 



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-W W« O lO h ! 






























CENTRAL AMERICA. 

Central America forms the most southern part of North 
America. It comprises five republics, and the British colony of 
Balize. 

The surface resembles that of Mexico, being a high plateau 
situated between low coasts. The climate, however, is hotter and 
more moist, and its vegetation more luxuriant. 

It contains several volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes are of 
frequent occurrence. 

The principal products are coffee, dye-woods and sugar. Gold, 
silver, and coal are found in the highlands. 

The inhabitants are chiefly meztizos and Indians. The white 
people are mainly of Spanish descent. There are many European 
merchants and planters in Balize and Costa Rica. The language 
of the country is Spanish. 

Guatemala, the largest city of Central America, is the chief com¬ 
mercial port. 

The West Indies comprise two chains of islands, extending 
southeast from the coast of North America. 

The Bahama Islands, about 600 in number, are low, coral 
formations. Their climate is warm and healthful. 

The sponge fisheries constitute the chief industry. 

Oranges, lemons and pine-apples are the principal fruits. Salt 
Is obtained from the lagoons of Turk’s Island, by evaporation. 

Nassau, the capital and commercial port, is situated on Provi¬ 
dence Island. 

The Greater Antilles comprise the islands of Cuba, Hayri, 
Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Their surface is mountainous; their 
climate and productions are those of tropical regions. The popu¬ 
lation is made up of Spaniards, Creoles and Negroes. 

Cuba exports sugar, molasses, coffee, fruits, tobacco and cigars. 
Its forests contain ebony, mahogany and rosewood. 

Havana, the capital, is the center of a vast commerce. It is an 
important sugar market. 

Matanzas also is an important city in Cuba. 

The Island of Hayti comprises two independent republics, 
Hayti and Santo Domingo. The people and their rulers are 
Negroes. 

Port au Pruice is the capital of Hayti; and Santo Domingo of 
Santo Domingo. 

Jamaica yields allspice, in addition to the products which are 
similar to those of the other islands. Rum is the principal export. 
Turtle-fishing is important. 

Kingston is the capital. 

Porto Rico contains many large and fertile plains. 

The Resser Antilles extend from Porto Rico to the mouth •( 
the Orinoco River. 







































SOUTH AMERICA. 

South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498, near the 
mouth of the Orinoco. The early Spanish discoverers found an 
Indian village near Lake Maracaybo, built over the water on piles. 
As it reminded them of Venice, they called it Venezuela, which 
means Little Venice. 

Balboa, in 1513 , crossed the Isthmus, and was the first man who 
saw the Pacific Ocean from the coast of the Western Continent; 
but, long years before this, the ancient Peruvians had lived there. 
They had built strong cities, fine temples, great aqueducts, and 
splendid roads and bridges, ruins of which still remain. Peru was 
invaded by the Spaniards, under Pizarro, who cruelly treated the 
natives, destroying their cities and plundering their temples._ 

South America was thus conquered and settled by Spaniards, 
except Brazil, which was settled by Portugese, and Guiana, which 
was settled by British, Dutch and French. 

About 300 years afterward the people of the countries of South 
America (except Guiana) declared themselves independent of 
Spain and Portugal. 

Simon Bolivar was the most distinguished general and patriot 
of South America. He was called the “ Liberator,” also the 
' Washington of South America.” 

South America is the Southern part of the Western Continent. 

Its area is nearly twice that of the United States. In shape it 
is a triangle, which tapers to a point toward the south. The coast 
line has but few indentations. > _ • (. 

Like North America it has mountain ranges in the west and 
east and a vast plain in the center. 

The Andean Plateau, the main axis of the continent, extends 
along the entire western coast. It supports parallel ranges, which 
constitute the Andean System. Its high peaks are always cov¬ 
ered with snow. The highest measured peak is Mount Aconca¬ 
gua, which is about 24,000 feet in height. The most celebrated 
volcano is Cotapaxi. 

The plains of South America cover about one-half its area. The 
llanos of the Orinoco are treeless plains. During the rainy season 
they become a vast inland sea. With the disappearance of the 
water comes a profusion of tropical vegetation, which quickly 
withers under the intense heat of the sun. 

The largest lakes in South America are Maracaybo and Titicaca. 
The latter is 12,000 feet above the sea-level. 

The Amazon is the largest and one of the longest rivers in the 
world. Its course is nearly along thi Equator. Its highest source 
is within 70 miles of the Pacific Oce?»r At its mouth the river is 
nearly 200 miles wide. Its current nd the freshness of its water 
are perceptible 200 miles out at sea. 

Tne s6il is fertile in nearly all parts of the continent.Th? south¬ 
ern part, however, is barren, rocky and desolate. * 

The climate along the sea-coast is generally warm, except in the 
south. In the interior of the lowland plains, the h;at is alnoat 
Intolerable. 



339 


♦ 

The banks of the Amazon produce a wonderful variety of area* 
mental woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, vegetable-ivory, and 
tortoise-shell wood. The India rubber, cacao, and cocoa-palm 
trees are abundant. 

The lowlands abound in wild grasses, and on the mountain 
slopes are found the cinchona-tree and many kinds of medicinal 
plants. 

The chief cultivated plants are coffee, sugar-cane, cotton, 
tobacco, indigo, manioc, and spices. 

Minerals.—South America is rich in minerals. A large part of 
silver now in use in the world was obtained from the Ander 
Mountains, Gold is mined in Colombia and Brazil. 

Industries.—\r?.s ~ v »ef industries of the inhabitants of South 
America are herding, ag^csdiure, and mining. 

BRAZIL. 

Tlie Empire of Brazil, the largest country of South America, 
Is the only monarchy in the New World. 

It comprises the eastern plateau and the basins of the Amazon 
and the La Plata. The northern and western parts are low, 
swampy, and, during the rainy season, completely inundated. 

Near the coast, the valleys are rich and well cultivated. 

The greater part of the country has a tropical climate. 

Coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, grain, tropical fruits, nuts, 
and spices are raised in abundance. 

The leading industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. 

The natives live in the interior. The ruling people are th* 
Portuguese, or their descendants. 

Rio Janeiro, the, capital, is the largest city in South America. 
Its chief exports are coffee and India rubber. 

Bahia is the center of the diamond trade. 

The Andes Republics comprise the United States of Colom¬ 
bia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili occupy the mountainous 
region along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. 

The coast is very steep, affording few harbors. 

The surface is rugged. The high plateaus are barren, but the 
mountain sides and the valleys afford pasturage, and yield grain 
and other products. 

This region is subject to earthquakes, and it contains some of 
the most celebrated volcanoes in the world. 

. ?he governments are republican in form, modeled after our own; 
btTt they are subject to frequent revolutions. 

Bogota, although within four and a half degrees of the 
Equator, has a climate of perpetual spring, due to its altitude of 
neaJy 9,000 feet. Its wet seasons are our spring and autumn; its 
dry seasons, our summer and winter. It is warmest in February, 
and coldest in December. Grain is sown twice a year. Most of 
the houses are built but one story high, owing to the frequency of 
earthquakes. There are, however, many large, splendid buildings. 

Panama, on the isthmus, is the largest and most important city. 


340 

It is connected by railroad with Colon, or AspinwalL Its clima(| 
(s tropical and unhealthy. ^ 

Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is situated on a very high plateaty 
surrounded by volcanoes. 

Guayaquil is the chief commercial city. 

Lima, a few miles from the coast, is the capital of Peru. Its 
port is Callao. 

Arequipa was several times destroyed by earthquakes. 

La Paz is the capital and largest city of Bolivia. 

CHILI. 

Chili is the most powerful and enterprising of the Spanish- 
American republics. 

It is the same in extent from north to south as the United States 
from east to west — about 2,600 miles. 

It is situated on the western slope of the Andes and extends 
from the Bay of Arica to Cape Horn. 

Along the coast are numerous islands, which are rich in guano 
and niter. 

Its climate is temperate and moist. 

The people are chiefly of Spanish origin. • They are active, 
industrious and intelligent. 

Santiago is the capital. Valparaiso is the largest commercial 
city on the west coast of South America. 

The Argentine Republic is a broad and level country, com¬ 
prising most of the pampas. 

The people are engaged in herding and in preparing dried beef, 
hides, tallow and horns, for export. , 

Buenos Ayres, the capital and largest city, has an extensive 
commerce. 

Paraguay and Uruguay resemble the Argentine Republic in 
surface, products and the occupations of the people. 

Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, is an important commercial 
city. 

Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay. 

Venezuela lies almost entirely within the basin of the Orinoco, 
its climate is tropical. 

The people are engaged in cattle-raising and agriculture. 
Hides, meat, tallow, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar and dye-woods 
are exported. 

Caracas is the capital. It has frequently suffered from earth¬ 
quakes. 1 

'Guiana embraces three colonies—British, French and Dutch, 
Its products are like those of Venezuela. 

Cayenne is theeapital of French Guiana, Georgetown of British 
Guiana, and Paramaribo of Dutch Guiana. 





ft 


30 


I 


\ a & 


H 1 


I 























DOMINION OF CANADA, 

The Dominion of Canada embraces the provinces of British 
Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova 
Scotia and Prince Edward Island, besides several territories and 
districts. Its area is about equal to that of the United States. 

The surface is mostly a vast plain, bordered by a high plateau in 
the west, on which stand the Rocky mountains and the Cascade 
range. 

A chain of lakes extends from the mouth of the Mackenzie river 
to the Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence, Nelson and Mackenzie 
rivers drain the principal basins. 

The climate of the Pacific Slope is mild, but elsewhere the 
winters are of great severity. The summers are short and in the 
southern provinces hot 

A belt of timber, mostly pine, extends from the Rocky mountains 
to the Atlantic ocean. The Pacific Slope is covered with forests of 
fir, the valley of the St Lawrence contains growths of maple, oak 
and elm. 

The central prairie regions are covered with luxuriant crops of 
wild grasses, and, where cultivated, yield large crops of grain. 

The wild animals comprise the bison, bear, moose, wolf, beaver, 
otter, ermine, mink and marten, most of which are hunted for their 
skins. The coast waters abound in seal, cod and salmon. 

The minerals comprise gold, silver and coal, which are mined in 
the west Copper and iron are found near Lake Superior. Coal 
is mined in Nova Scotia also. ^ 

The chief industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and 
fishing. The central regions are agricultural. The uninhabited 
regions of the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. 
>\Iostof the inhabitants are of .English descent. In the eastern 
provinces, however, there are many descendants of the early 
French settlers. 

The government of the dominion is vested in the Governor- 
General and Parliament The Governor-General is appointed by 
the sovereign of Great Britain. Parliament consists of a Senate 
and a House of Commons. The members of the Senate are 
appointed by the Governor-General. The members of the House 
are elected by the people. Each province has a Lieutenant-Gov¬ 
ernor and a legislature. 

Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada. It contains 
magnificent public buildings. 

British Columhia, including Vancouver and other islands, Is 
the largest and most mountainous province of the dominion. Its 
mines of gold and coal are valuable. Lumber, fish, and w'ool are 
exported. 

Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital and metropolis. 4 . 

Manitoba is noted for wheat and furs. Steamers ply on the 
Red River of the North, and on Manitoba and Winnipeg lakes. 

Winnipeg, the capital, is the agricultural and commerical center. 

« Ontario, the most important province, contains nearly one* 



< I" ca o. a u 








































,;nir<3 the population of the dominion. Grain, fruit, and lumber 
are the principal products. Petroleum, copper, and iron are ob¬ 
tained near Lake Superior. 

Toronto, the capital of the province, is noted for its manu¬ 
factures and educational institutions. It is an important railway 
center and lake-port. 

Hamilton, situated near the western extremity of Lake Ontario, 
Is an important lake-port and manufacturing center. 

Quebec is hilly. Its winters are extremely cold; its summers, 
warm, short, and foggy. 

Its agricultural region is south of the St. Lawrence, and pro¬ 
duces good crops of oats, potatoes, and hay. The most valuable 
export is lumber. 

The people of this province are, chiefly, descendants of early 
French settlers. 

Quebec, the capital, is the oldest city in the dominion. The 
heights, on which the upper portion of the city is built, are strongly 
fortified. The fortress of Quebec, next to that of Gibraltar, is con¬ 
sidered the strongest in the world. It was, however, captured by 
General Wolfe during the French and Indian War. The principal 
business part of the city occupies the low ground. 

Montreal, the metropolis, is noted for its magnificent cathedrals, 
and the tubular bridge across the St. Lawrence River, 

New Brunswick is noted for lumber and ship-building. 

Fredericton is the capital of New Brunswick. 

St. John is the metropolis and largest port. 

Nova Scotia has more sea-coast than any other province. 
Ship-building and the fisheries constitute the chief industries. Its 
coal-fields are extensive. Gold and gypsum are also mined. 

Halifax, the capital, has an excellent harbor, and is the chief 
British naval station in North America. 

Prince Edw r ard Island, the smallest province, is the most 
densely populated. Agriculture and fishing are the chief occupa¬ 
tions. Fish and eggs the principal exports. 

Charlottetown is the capital. 

Newfoundland is noted for its barren soil, cold climate and 
dense fogs. 

The dense fogs which prevail in this latitude are due to the 
meeting of the cold Arctic Current with the warm waters of the 
Gulf Stream. During the spring and summer, icebergs and pack- 
ice are brought down by the Arctic Current, and drift about until 
melted. It is for this reason that the steam-ship route between 
America and Great Britain is one of the most dangerous in the 
world. 

Its cod, salmon and seal fisheries give employment to about 
nine-tenths of the inhabitants. 

St. John’s, the capital, is the most easterly city in North America, 
south of Greenland. 

The Territories were formerly owned by the Hudson Bay Com¬ 
pany 
























346 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

One of the thirteen original states. Named for Hamphsire 
county, England, called the “Granite State.” Ratified United 
States Constitution June21,1788. Union soldiers 33,937. Num¬ 
ber counties 10; miles railroad 1,124. All elections Tuesday after v 
first Monday in Nov., number senators 24, representatives 321, 
sessions of legislature biennial, ineven-numbeied years, meet¬ 
ing first Wednesday in June. Terms of senators and representa¬ 
tives 2 years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen 2, 
number voters 195,138. Paupers excluded from voting. Dart¬ 
mouth College, at Hanover, founded 1769. Compulsory educa¬ 
tion law, common schools excellent, school age 5-15. Legal in¬ 
terest 6 percent, usury forfeits three times the excess. Popula 
tion, census of 1890, 316,530. Extreme length N. and S. 18l miles, 
extreme width 92 miles, area 9,005 sq. miles—5,763,200 acres. 
Coastline 18 miles. Highest peak Mt.Washington. Largestlake, 
Winnipiseogee, 74 sq. miles General elevation 1,200 ft. Isles 
of Shoals form part of state. The White Mountains occupy the 
northern part of the state with unsurpassed scenery. Soil rocky, 
with small fertile districts. Hay best crop; corn, wheat, oats 
and ordinal y vegetables do fairly with close cultivation. For¬ 
ests largely exhausted, except at the north. Cleared lands aver- 
age$16*aand woodland $25 per acre. Mica quarried at Grafton, 
soapstone at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown, granite at Ply¬ 
mouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord. State ranks high in cotton 
manufacturing. Climate.— Winter averages24, summer 69 deg. 
Extremes great in White Mountains. Summer short and hot, 
with violent storms. Rainfall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and 
early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., cold till May. Snow lies 
two-thirds of year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to 130 days. 
Health good. Principal Industries.— Agriculture, manufact¬ 
ure of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. 
Quarrying mica, granite and soapstone. Principal Cities.— 
Census of 1890: Manchester, 43,983, Nashua, 19,266, Concord, 
(the capital), 16,948, Dover, 12,779, Portsmouth (chief harbor) 
9,811. The harbor of the latter place, Great Bav. never freezes 
over 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor.$1,000 

Secretary of State.$800 and fees 

Treasurer. 1,800 

Attorney General. 2,200 

Superintendent Public Institutions. 2,000 

Three Railroad Commissioners. $2,000 to 2,500 

Adjutant General. 1,000 

Secretary Board of Agriculture. 1,000 

Librarian..... 800 

Chief Justice.2,900 

Six Associate Justices. 2,700 













Map of 

NEW HAMPSHIRE % 



and 

VERMONT 





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Holland /Mooyetocmaguntii 
Newport/ J L A 1 ' 

/Sul’S * 1 '; 1 /■* ' Richardson . 

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d.Tjdnd i Errol 

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Umbacjog. 

Stratford/ 

. x - ___L§fark 

feld’ack t •’ - •’ 11 d '/ / 1 «-* //Grovetqn 

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St; Jofinsburv ..t _// j i \ , 

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r . Jefferson I 


YV. EnosKjJHf; 

, Albans o-lSM A 
Fletcher S Barton 


ridge Jc. 


> Sutton 


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i}Y\ .Charlotte,' ^ 3 lO*TViaiEK/ 4 w Hf u , 

,l ?“ r * h MontJufcrJo>p-ti>rrr\ J 7 . 4 Washington 

I /^Rvegateb. Bath p Aj. /Pierces BuSk® • ^ 


Mlddlebiiry (E.Granville 






ram Jc. 


>TVWchall \\ dfe Hart landDanbury i Lheonlar^^ 

V\Y allmgfoi^ y/nion p otter Place VhUI 1 ,Wak«Sf 

dRaceville [ U mds>*iU ;;orV( } onAadover \ y>Alton \ 

[Granville f*W\* _ A Claremont. FraftklfiTl Alton Bay\ 

V. Danby/C^ndi^rt^^v rv Upntsfleld > 


YVoodstOtK 4 Brist0 |, 

Mi. Hartland// Danbury f »•- 


Vi Danby/4#bdisEf-\ ^Pittsfield \Y \ /I 

1 4 .#/, , l Newport ^ewbury Bos( . flw y' P r - 0 ^' y 

■assets )( ^W^.-Qojicord A COXCORD 

S^.ngfield Bradf ^ /, v Conic t 

ContnocooK Y . 

\Bq(v Mills 


iV.rjbupert/Dfc ch . c 

/I yiils>«“«M' w 'T^ 

'\ j^hattiuryV * a MVyWalpole N. W/iareo Hooksett Candin 

• r "Ifi \Mvfnno )// . f Deeriihr l “ , 

jSyShaftsburjj * i //Westmoreland yijan^k v '^^l/^HppinjO 

• y GlhSlenbur///"^ 7 lands V, —?—Otlancheste^N/bhuri] /Market Jd. 
’ i-nnlhgtoii/ifrattigborol ] /KeentNrc—Pe terboro.r'i i ^ s Falls.-- \ Exeter/' 
Kjsburg&f Vernoni / \ Troy / M^d^ 1 dh *V Hampton - 

CAicd|6 Wincnendotiy ** \ 



























348 

VERMONT. 

First state to join the original 13. Called the “Green Mountain 
State.” Active in war of 1812. Union soldiers furnished 33,288. 
Number counties 14. Miles railroad 960.. First railroad built 
from Bellows Falls to Burlington 1849. State elections biennial, 
first Tuesday in Sept.; number senators 30, representatives 240. 
Sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meet¬ 
ing first Wednesday in Oct. Terms of senators and representa- 
tives,2years each. Number electoral votes 4, congressmen2. 
Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges 2. School age5-20. Legal 
interest rate 6 per cent., usury forfeits excessive inteiest. Pop¬ 
ulation, census of 1890, 332.422. Length N. and S. 149 miles, 
width34to52miles, area9,136sq. miles,5,847,040acres. Highest 
Point (Green Mountains) about 4.600ft. Green Mountains run 
N. and S. through the state andare3,000to4,6C0feethigh.<k> The 
surface is generally hilly. Alleast of mountains drained by the 
Connecticut,the only navigable river. Small streams abundant. 
Soil rocky but good in narrow strips on streams. Potatoes best 
crop. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, hops and buckwheatyield moder¬ 
ately if well attended ©Forests remain to considerab 16 extent, 
but are cut over orculled. Clearedland averages $17.50 and for¬ 
est land $18 per acre. Dairying profitable. Manganese, copper, 
iron, gold, black, white, red and variegated marble and slate are 
found, the marble in great abundance. State ranks 1st in quar 
ries, 4th in copper. Temperature ranges from 15deg. below to 
95 deg. above, Dut changes not sudden; winter averages 18 deg. 
to 33 deg. Summer averages 66 deg. to 75 deg. Summer short. 
Rainfall greatest at south and east, where it averages 43 inches; 
mother sections the average is 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts 
early in fi 11 and late in spring. Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health 
excellent. Death rate very low, less than 1 \ in the 100. Indus¬ 
tries very varied, numbering 2.900. Principal ones, agriculture, 
dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather, tin, iron and 
copper ware, and lumbei, mining, quarrying and finishing mar¬ 
bles and stones, and maple sugar making. 

Principal Cities.— Census of 1890: Burlington, 14,566; Rut¬ 
land, 11,770: Brattleboro and Bellows Falls are important and 
thriving towns and seats of large industries. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant Governor, $^aday: Secretary of 
State, $1,700; Treasurer, $1,700; Auditor, $2,000; Inspector of 
Finances, $500; Railroad Commissioner, $500; Adjutant Gen¬ 
eral, 750; Superintendent of Public Instruction, $1,400; Chief 
Justice, $2,500; Six Associated Justices, $2,500; Senators and 
Representatives, $3 a day; District Judge, $3,500; Collector of 
Internal Revenue, $2,650; Collector of Customs, $1,000 and fees. 


349 


KENTUCKY. 

Name Indian. Signifies dark and bloody ground, because 
the state was the hunting and battle ground of the tribes. 
Called “Corn-Cracker State.” Louisville founded 1780. Admit¬ 
ted as a State June 1, 1792. State furnished 7,000 troops in war 
of 1812, and 13.700 tn Mexican war. Won great credit in latter. 
Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of continuous 
cavalry raids during the war, and some sharp battles at Perrys- 
ville, Richmond, etc. Put under martial law 1864. Civil govern¬ 
ment restored 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760. Number 
counties, 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in August 
in odd-numbered years. Number senators 38, representatives 
100 , sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered years, 
meeting last day of Dec., holds 60 days. Term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electorial votes 13, 
number congressmen 11, number voters 376,221. Bribers, rob¬ 
bers, and forgers excluded from voting. Number colleges 15, 
public school system framed 1838, good schools, school age 6-20 
years. Legal interest 6%, by contract 10%, usury forfeits excess 
over 10%. Miles of railroad 2,777. Population census of 1890, 
1,818,635. Number of slaves in 1860, 225,489. Extreme length E 
and W350, width 179miles, area40,000 sq. miles,25,600,000 acres. 
River frontage 832 miles, navigable water ways 4,120 miles. Soil 
fair, except m the famous “ Bluegrass Region,” extending for 
40 or 50 miles around Lexington, and one of the most beautiful 
sections on the globe. Natural wonder Mammoth Cave,greatest 
in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an agricultural and stock 
state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, barley, hemp, 
rye and vegetables. Fruits do fairly. Famous for thoroughbred 
horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely raised. At the East 
in the mountains are immense forests of virgin oak, poplar, 
ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and other valuable tim¬ 
ber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, etc., also abound. 
Iron deposits of immense magnitude are known to exist. 
Cleared land averages $20 and woodland $5 per acre. The 
average of the former is raised materially by the high prices, 
often $100 or more per acre, in the Bluegrass section. Mount¬ 
ain lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricul¬ 
tural value, rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in to 
bacco and fourth in malt and distilled liquors. Climate vari¬ 
able, favorable to health and agriculture, healthfulness not 
surpassed. Thermometer ranges from 5 deg. below zero to 98 
above, rarely greater extremes are known. Temperature aver¬ 
ages, summer 75 deg., winter 38 deg., rainfall 50 inches. Snows 
fall, but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only for a day 
or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare, except 
on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Chief Cities—Census of 
1890: Louisville, 161.005: Frankfort (the capital) 8,500; Cov¬ 
ington, 37,375. Lexington, former capital, founded 8776, pop. 
22,355. Newport, connected with Covington by bridge, pop. 
24,938. (Salaries of State Officers, page 439.) 















351 

TENNESSEE. 


“Big Bend State.” First settled 1854. Rec&wA^" u North 
Carolina 1777. Organized as the State rran^iln 1785, but 
again became part of North Carolina 1 /88. Ceded to United 
States by North Carolina 1789. Admit' ed as state June 1, 1796, 
Capital, Nashville. First railroad p irt of N. C., 1853. Nash¬ 
ville to Bridgeport, miles of railroad in 1890, 2,648. Seceded 
June 8, 1861. Re-entered Union 186'i. Number counties 96. 
State, congressional and presidents elections, Tuesday after 
first Monday in November, number f enators33, representatives 
99, sessions biennial, in odd-num lered years, meeting first 
Monday in January; bolds 75 days. Terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each. N amber electoral votes 12. 
Number of congressmen, 10. Legal interest 6 per cent, by 
contract any rate, usury forfeit^ excess of interest and 
$100 fine. Schools fair. Miles railroad 2,166. Population 
census of 1890, 1,767.518. Slaves 1860. 275,519. Extreme 
length E. and W. 430 miles, width 110 miles, area 41,750 
sq. miles, 26,720,000 acres. Mountainous at E. where 
Apalachians separate state from North Carolina. Soil fair, 
except in central basin, where it is very productive. State 
abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper 
and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of forest 
in the Union. Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash, 
hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, 
wheat, cotton, vegetables cf all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, 
hemp, flax, broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. 
Ranks second in peanuts and third in mules. Resources but 
little developed, 5,000 square miles of coal field, with 3 to 7 
workable veins. Cleared land averages $12.50. forest $5 per 
acre. Grape growing pays. Climate one of healthiest in world. 
Mild and pleasant, and owing to varying elevation very di¬ 
verse. Snow light, and lays briefly. Ice rarely more than a 
mere film in thickness. Average temperature winter 38 deg. 
Summer 75 deg. Extremes seldom occur. Rainfall 45 to 47 
inches. Air bracing. Chief Cities.—Nashville, capital, 76,309; 
Memphis, 64,586; Chattanooga, 29,109; Jackson; 60.022; 
Knoxville, 22,447; Clarksville, 8,0M. Industries chiefly agri¬ 
cultural, mining, lumbering and iron-making. 


Salaries of State officers. 

Governor. 

Secretary of State. 

Treasurer. 

Comptroller. 

Attorney General. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Adjutant General. 

Commissioner of Agriculture. 


.$4,000 

,$1,800, and fees 

.$2,750 

. 2,750 

. 3,000 

. 1,800 

. 1,200 

. 3,000 











352 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

One of the 13 original states. Called “Old North State,” “Far 
State,” and “State of Turpentine.” Discovered by Lord Ra- 
lei.b, 1584. Settled by English, 1650. State seceded May 21,1861. 
Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Soast section scene of sharp 
fighting during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1868. 
Number counties, 96, miles of railroad, 2,844. All elections 
Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number senators 56, rep¬ 
resentatives 120, sessions biennial, in odd numbered years, 
meeting Wednesday after first Monday in Jan., hold 60 days. 
Terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. No. elec¬ 
toral votes 11,No. congressmen 9. Convicts excluded from vot¬ 
ing. Public school system adopted 1840, at present over 2,000 
public schools in operation; school age 6-21; separate schools 
for whites and blacks. Legal interest rate 6 per cent, by con¬ 
tract 8, usury forfeits interest. Rate of tax less than 50c on $100. 
Population, census of 1890—1,617,947. Numberof slaves in 1860 
331,059. Greatest length, E. and W. 453 miles, greatest width, 
185 miles, area, 52,210 sq. miles, or 33,433,600 acres, less area 
water surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors Much 
forest yet remains. Swamps exten«ive, most noted of them,the 
Great Dismal, nort h of Albemarle sound,contains 148,000 acres. 
Small streams abundant,water powers numerous ;corn best crop 
tobacco largest product, other staples are orchard products, 
sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats,peanuts, cotton, hay and vege¬ 
tables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in tar and 
turpentine, second in copper, third in peanuts and tobacco,and 
fourth in rice. Has rich deposits of gold and the baser miner¬ 
als. Stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. "Excellent fisheries. Nat¬ 
ural resources but slightly developed. Ample opportunities for 
homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land averages $10 and 
woodland $5 per acre,and much of excellent qualityin the mar¬ 
ket below this average. Stock thrives. Scenery varied, 
picturesque and grand. Wheat harvested June. Corn ripe Sept. 
Climate is varied, warm and moist in low sections; cool and dry 
in mountains, with all intermediate conditions. Av-rage winter 
temperature, 49 deg., summer, 78 to 79 deg. Frosts light and 
seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall,including some snow 
in mountains, 45 in. Health good. Chief Cities, census of 1890— 
Wilmington,20.008; Raleigh (capital), 12,798: Asheville, 10.433, 
Winston. 7.988; Fayetteville, 4,220; New Berne. 7.832. Char¬ 
lotte contains assay office.pop. 11.555. Industries—Agriculture 
principal occupation. Fishing, manufacture of turpentine and 
lumber, mining, etc. Number of different industries, 3,800. 
Number boats engaged in fisheries, about 3,000. Copper mined 
1,640,000 lbs. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $3,(XX), Secretary of State $3,000, Treasurer $3,000, 
Auditor $1,500, Attorney General $2,000,Superintendent of Pub¬ 
lic Instruction $1,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of 
Agriculture $1,200, State Librarian $750, Chief Justice $2,500. 































354 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

One of the thirteen original states, “Palmetto state.” Rev¬ 
olutionary record, brilliant. English seized the territory, but 
ten shed at Cowpens and Eutah Springs and penned up 
in Ok.'.r’ec^n. First railroad in United States using American 
locomotive, iS3C. First state to secede, Nov., 1860. Sumter 
bombarded April 12-ld, Ordinance of secession repealed 

Sept. 1865, and slavery abolished. Re-entered Union June 1868. 
No. counties 34, miles railroad 2,129. State, congressional and 
presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. 
State senators 35, representatives 124, sessions annual, meet¬ 
ing fourth Tuesday in Nov. Term of senators 4 years, repre¬ 
sentatives 2 years, No. electoral votes 9, No. congressmen 7. 
Insane, inmates of asylums, alms-houses and prisons, United 
States army and duelists excluded from voting. No. colleges 
9, school age 6-16, school system fair. Legal int. 7%, by con¬ 
tract, any rate. Population, census of 1890—1,151,149. Num¬ 
ber slaves in 1860, 402,406. Greatest length 280 miles, greatest 
width 210 miles, area 30,170 sq. miles, or 19,308,800 acres, coast 
line 212 miles. Principal river Savannah, navigable 130 miles. 
Magnificent water power, undeveloped. Soil from medium to 
very rich. Forests extensive and valuable. Land cleared or 
uncleared, averages $7 per acre. Rice and cotton, best crops. 
All other cereals as well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fiber 
crops grow well. Phosphate beds enormous, gold, mica, mar¬ 
bles of all colors, building stones found in large quantities. 
Turpentine, tar, lumber and oysters largely produced. Stock 
thrives. Gold mines in Abbeville, Edgefield and Union coun¬ 
ties, first mint deposits, $11,500, in 1827. White and variegated 
marbles found in Spartanburg and Laurens counties. Climate 
—Temp, ranges 15 to 96 deg. F. Averages, summer 82 deg., 
winter 51. Average rainfall 48 inches, decreasing to the south. 
Health good. Epidemics rare and confined to seaports. Re¬ 
sort for consumptives. Changes slightand infrequent, frosts 
rare. Chief Cities, census of 1890—Charleston, 54,592, port of 
entry, seat of a Catholic bishop; Columbia, 14,508; Greenville, 
8,340; Spartanburg, 5,532. Uuited States customs districts at 
Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. Capital, Columbia. 
Principal*Industries—Agriculture, mining, fishing, quarrying, 
lumbering, turpentine and tar making and phosphate digging. 

SALARIES OP STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of 
State $2,100, Treasurer $2,100, Comptroller General $2,100, At¬ 
torney General $2,100, Superintendent of Public Instruction 
$2,100, Commissioner of Agriculture $2,100, Adjutant and In¬ 
spector General $1,500, Chief Justice $4,000, Associate Justices 
$3,500, Clerk of Supreme Court $1,000, Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500 
Collector of Internal Revenue $3,250. 


355 

VIRGINIA. 

One of the thirteen original states. Called the “Old Iromm- 
ion,” and “The Mother of Presidents.” First English settle¬ 
ment in America, 1607. Active in Revolution and subsequent 
steps toward founding the Union, Virginia won the title of 
“First of the States.” British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Rich¬ 
mond 1781. Yorktown surrendered Oct., 1781, practically van¬ 
quishing England. State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of 
Confederacy moved to Richmond. Scene of gigantic energies 
of the war. Bull Run.the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericks¬ 
burg, Port Republic and many other famous battles were fought 
on Virginia soil. Lee surrendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, 
ending the war. State returned to the Union Jan. 26, 1870. 
Number counties, 100. Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Wednesday in December; holds 
90 days. Term of senators 90 days, representatives 2 years. 
Number electoral votes 12, congressmen 10. Lunatics, idiots, 
convicts, duelists, United States army and non-taxpayers of 
capitation tax excluded from voting. Number colleges 7,schools 
4,502, school age 5-21, school system fair. Legal interest 6 per 
cent, by contract 3 per cent, usury forfeits all over 6 per cent. 
Miles of railroad, 3,203. Population, census of 1890, 1,655,980. 
Slaves, 1860, 490,865. Greatest length east and west, 445 miles, 

g reatest width, 190 miles, area 40,125 sq. miles, 25,680,000 acres. 

oast line, 130 miles, tidal frontage, 1.556 miles. The state is 
rich in iron, gold, salt, coal, marble,slate,zinc, lead, stone, tim¬ 
ber and other natural resources as yet little developed. Much 
good farming land is untilled. Cleared land averages $10 and 
woodland $6 to $7 per acre. The opportunities for homes and 
enterprise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state 
ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, grapes, 
and vegetables are extensively raised. Stock thrives. Climate 
varies, is genial and healthful, cool in mountains and warm in 
lowlands in summer. Winters are seldom severe. Winter aver¬ 
ages 44.summer 78 deg. Rainfall,including snow,averages 44 in., 
being heaviest on the coast. Chief Cities—Richmond (capital), 
63,600; pop. of Norfolk, 21,966; Petersburg, 21,656; Hampton 
Roads, one of best harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry. In¬ 
dustries—Half population engaged in agriculture, balance in 
quarrying, ship-building, lumbering, the trades, iron working, 
meat packing, tanning. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000. Lieutenant Governor $900, Secretary of State 
$2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Auditor $3,000, Secretary Auditor $2,000 
Attorney General $2,500, Superintendent of Public Instruction 
$2,500, Adjutant General $600, Commissioner of Agriculture 
$1,500, Superintendent of Land Office $1,300, President of Su¬ 
preme Court $3,250, f >ur Judges of Supreme Court $3,000, two 
District Judges $3,500, Senators and Representatives $540 per 
year. 


356 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

Originally part of Virginia. Called “Pan Handle State.” 
History up to 1861 same as that of Virginia. Refused to secede 
Apr. 22, 1861. F. II. Pierrepont elected governor June 20, 1861. 
Admitted as state June 20,1863, and Wheeling made the capital. 
Capital changed to Charleston 1870. Moved again to Wheeling 
1875. and to Charleston again in 1884. Union soldiers furnished 
32,068. State advanced rapidly in wealth. Number counties 54. 
Miles railroad 1,328. Governor and state officers elected quadri- 
ennially, and legislature every two years on second Tuesday in 

Oct.; number senators 26, representatives 65. Sessions bien¬ 
nial in odd-numbered years, holding 45-days. Terms of sena¬ 
tors 4 years, representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 
6, congressmen 4, number voters 169,161, native white 123,569, 
colored 6.384. Insane paupers and convicts not voting. Flour¬ 
ishing free school system, school age 6-21. Legal interest 6 
per cent, by contract 6. usury forfeits excess of interest. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1890, 762.794. Number of slaves in 1860, 18,371 
Topography, area, Soil Products, Etc.—Length N. and S. 241 
miles, greatest width 158 miles, area 24,645 sq.^miles, 15,772 800 
acres. Surface mountainous with fertile valleys, the AUeghenys 
principal range.^ Some high peaks. Scenery fine and much 
visited by tourists. Western part hilly but gradually deso«ids 
from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river, where the 
elevation is 800 to 900 feet. Much of the state is virgin forest 
densely clothed with oak, walnut, poplar, ash and otkertimber 
trees. Mine al springs abound. The soil, where not mountain¬ 
ous, is excellent. Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, 
salt is prodigal. Staple products include the minerals named, 
sheep, hogs, tobacco, wheat, corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, 
lumber. Petroleum extensively produced. The state ranks 
fifth m salt and coal, seventh in buckwheat, iron and steel. 
Cleared land averages $22.50. Climate moderate, average tern- 
perature, winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg. Elevation reduces 
heat which in the valleys averages 76 to 78 deg. Average rain¬ 
fall 42 to 45 inches. Health is excellent. Chief Cities, Census 
of 189 i--W heeling, 35,052; Charleston, capital, 7.257; Parkers¬ 
burg, 9,389; Martinsburg, 7.207. Ch ; pf Industries—Sixty per 
cent of laborers engaged in agriculture, balance in mining 
iron making, lumbering, manufacturing, etc. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor 82,700, Secretary of State $1,000 and fees, Treasurer 
$1,400, Auditor $2,(X)0 and fees. Superintendent of Free Schools 
$1,500, Attorney General $1,000, Presiding Judge of Supreme 
Court $2,250, Associate Judges $2,250, Senators and Repre¬ 
sentatives $4 per day. mileage 10 cents; District Judge $3,500 
two Collectors of Internal Revenue $2,875. 



00 


/ 
























358 

ALASKA. 


^•fiCovered by Vitus Behring 1741, and became Russian ter¬ 
ritory by rght of discovery. Purchased by the United States 
for $7,200,666, 1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her 
course in civil war. Has paid 5 per cent on investment ever 
since, and promises to become the source of enormous mineral, 
fur, agricultural and timber wealth. Governor appointed by 
the president of the United States. 

Population—Whites, 8,000; Indians, estimated, Innuits 
18,000, Aleutian 2,200, Ninneh 4,000, Thlinket 7,000, Hyda 800. 

Extreme length north and south 1,200 miles, width 800 miles, 
area (estimtd.) 514,700 sq. miles. Yukon, chief river, 80 miles 
wide at mouth, navigable 840 miles, length about 1.300 miles; 
coast line 5,000 miles. Fertile land. Good oats, barley and 
root crops are raised without difficulty. Rich grass land in 
the valley of Yukon. Timber abundant. Yellow cedar best, 
being of great value for boat-building. Berries plentiful. 
Fine quality of white marble is on Lynn Channel. Coal, am¬ 
ber and lignite on Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on 
Cook’s Inlet. Gold, silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are 
found: snlphur abundant. Noted for fur-bearing animals, the 
chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter, squirrel 
and wolf. The main revenue is the fur seal, taking of which is 
regulated by law. The walrus is of value in furnishing ivory 
and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut and salmon are 
abundant. 

Climate—Pacific coast modified by Pacific Gulf Stream and 
long summer days. Temperature at Sitka averages, winter 
about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious and foggy 
weather common on coasts and islands. Sitka one of the rain¬ 
iest places in the world outside the tropics; annual precipita¬ 
tion 65 to 90 inches; rainy days 200 to 285 in year. 

Chief Cities—Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church, and 
headquarters of governor, pop. 995, white 163, creole 219. 
Thlinket 613. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook’s Inlet, Fort St. Michael 
and Norton’s Sound are other main settlements. Harbors at 
Port Clarence, Michaelooski and Captain’s Harbor. 

Industries—Fishing, canning, trapping and mining. 


SALARIES OP TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 

Governor.$3,000 

District Judge. 3,000 

Clerk of District Court and ex-officio Secretary and 

Treasurer. 2,500 

District Attorney. 2,500 

Marshal and Surveyor General. 2,500 

Collector of Customs.$2,500 and fees 

Three Deputy Collectors. 1,500 

One Deputy Collector. 1,260 

Two Inspectors, per day.. 3 







































ALABAMA. 

Name Indian, means “We rest here.” Mobile founded by 
French 1702. Admitted to Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 
11,1861. Montgomery made capital of Confederacy Feb. 4,1861. 
Subsequently removed to Richmond, Va. State re-entered Union 
July 14. Number counties 66,miles of railroad 3.146. State elec¬ 
tions biennial first Monday in Aug., number senators 33, repre¬ 
sentatives 100,sessions of legislature biennial in even-numbered 
years, meetings Tuesday after second Monday in Nov., and 
holding 50 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 
years. Number of electoral votes 10, congressmen 7. Indians, 
idiots, conv cts of crime excluded from voting. Number coL 
leges 4, school age 7-21, schools good. Legal interest 8 per 
cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, census of 
1890.—1.513.017. Number of slaves in 1860, 435,080. LengthN. 
and S. 330 miles, width averages 154 miles, area 50,722 sq.miles, 
32,985,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into Alle¬ 
gheny mountains, gradually descends, forming rolling prairies 
at center of state and flat low stretches at the south, Sea coast 
68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf, 1,600 miles of 
navigable waterways. Has fair soil and is enormously rich in 
coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various minerals. 
Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but 
by proper cultivation prolific, Vegetable farming near Mobile 
very successful. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice,tobacco, 
hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much 
forest remains. Cleared land averages $7,and woodland $4 per 
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses, 
sixth in iron ore and sugar, seventh in rice. Climate. —Tem¬ 
perature mild, cold at north, warm at south, average winter 47 
deg., summer 81 deg., July hottest month, range of themome- 
ter 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a day reaching 102 deg. Rain¬ 
fall 50 inches. Snow or ice very rare. Trees bloom in Feb. 
Chief Cities, census of 1890.—Mobile, 31,822; Birmingham, 
26,241; Montgomery (the capital) ,21,790; Selma, 7,626; Hunts¬ 
ville, 4,635. Leading Industpies.— Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. Number in¬ 
dustries 2,070. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor.$3,000 

Secretary of State. 1,800 

Treasurer. 2,150 

Auditor. I,8u0 

Attorney General. 1,500 

Superintendent of PuDlic Instruction. 2,250 

Librarian. 1,500 

Three Railroad Commissioners.$2,000 to 3,500 

Chief Justice. 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3,000 













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362 . 

ARKANSAS 


“Bear State.” Settled 1685. Arkansas territory organized 
1819. Admitted as a state June 15, 1836. Slavery acknowledged. 
Seceded May 6 , 1861. Considerable fighting during the war, 
but no great battles. Re-entered Union 1868. Number coun¬ 
ties 75. Miles railroad, 2,141. State elections biennial, in even- 
numbered years first Monday in Sept.; number senators, 31, 
representatives 94, sessions of legislature biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting second Monday in Jan., holding 60 
days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years. Num¬ 
ber of electoral votes 7, congressmen 5. Idiots, Indians, con¬ 
victs not voting. Number colleges 5, school system progressive, 
school age 6-21. Legal interest rate 6 per cent, by contract 10 
per cent, usury forfeits principal and interest. Population, 
census o f 1890—1,128,179. Length N. and S. 240 miles, average 
breadth 212 miles, area 53,845 sq. miles, 44,460,800 acres. The 
scenery varied and charming. Hot Springs (temp. 140 deg.) 

t reat natural wonder and famous for medicinal properties. 

oil varies, but greater portion exceptionally rich and suited to 
all crops, especially fruits, berries and gardening. State espe¬ 
cially favorable to agriculture. Magnificently timbered. Pine, 
oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, wain., linn, locust chief growth. 
Cleared land ave-ages $10, and woodland $3 per acre. Coal 
exists on the Ash river, iron in theOzarks, salt near Ouachita. 
Oilstone near Hot Springs, kaolin in Pulaski county. Staple 
products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats, sweet potatoes, 
mules, tar, turpentine, lumber, etc. Climate—Genial. Temp, 
ranges 15 deg. to 95 deg., on rare occasions going to 100 deg. 
Averages winter, 45 deg.; summer 80 deg. Rainfall 44 inches, 
heaviest in S. E., lightest in N. W. Health unsurpassed, espe¬ 
cially in N. W. Chief Cities, census of 1890— Little Rock, the 
capital, 26,500; Helena, 5,185; Texarkana, 3,486. Industries— 
2,100 in number. Chiefly agricultural. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor. $3 500 

Secretary of State.]’goo 

Treasurer. ' 9 ^50 

Auditor. 22m 

Attorney General. l’500 

Superintendent of Public Inst.."".I!.*".'.!."”. i’goO 

Land Commissioner.l’gOO 

Chief Justice.3*000 

Two associate Justices. . . 3^000 

Senators and Representatives. .$6 a day. 

Two District Judges. 3 jqO 

District Attorney.$200 and fees. 

Two Assistant District Attorneys.$1,200, 1 000 
















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364 


ARIZONA. 

Explored 1526. Mineral wealth found, no important settle¬ 
ments effected because of hostile natives. Organized as terri¬ 
tory,Feb.24,1863. Numbercounties 11. Miles railroad 1,095. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov ; number sena¬ 
tors, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, 
in even-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., holds 
60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2years each. 
School age, 6 21 years. Legal interest rate, 10 per cent., by 
contract, an y rate; no penalty for usury. School endowment 
in lands reserved very large. 

Population, census 1890,—^—_Extreme length north and 

south. 378 miles, width, 339 miles, area, 113,929 sq. miles, 72,- 
914,560 acres. Volcanic peaks reach an altitude of 10,500 feet. 
Southern portion a plain, dipping occasionally below sea level, 
and rising only to a very moderate elevation (200 to 600 feet 
usually), mountains numerous, highest point San Francisco, 
11,056 feet. Colorado river navigable 620 miles. Flows between 
perpendicu’ar walls cut in solid rock in places 7,000 feet high. 
Agriculture possible only in the valleys or where irrigation is 
practicable. Soil in valleys and bottoms very rich and pro¬ 
lific. Wheat, barley, potatoes, hay, corn, onions are staple 
field crops, corn follows wheat or barley, giving two crops 
yearly. Oranges and all semi-tropical fruits do well where 
water is obtainable. Cattle raising extremely profitable. De¬ 
sert tracts of considerable area are found. Timber grows on 
the mountains, foot-hills and along the streams. The varieties 
include pine and cedar on mountains, cotton-wood, walnut 
and cherry on streams. Size of trees fair and quantity large. 
Abundant mineral wealth exists, which can be developed with 
profit, owing to completion of railways. Nearly all mountain 
ranges contain gold, silver, copper and lead. Superior quality 
of lime found near Preston ana Tucson, beds of gypsum in 
San Pedro valley, remarkable deposits of pure transparent 
salt near Callville. Territory ranks second in production of 
silver. 

Climate exceptionally healthful, and generally mild, except 
in mountains, temperature averages 38 deg. winter, 73 sum¬ 
mer, much warmer at south, the thermometer reaching occa¬ 
sionally 115, and rarely falling below 35 deg. in winter. In 
central portion heat seldom exceeds 88 deg. to 90 deg., snow 
in mountains, nut melts soon. Rainfall on Gila 6 inches, in 
foot-hills 28 inches. Heaviest in July and August. 

Chief Cities.— Census of 1890: Tucson, pop.5,095; Prescott, 
the capital, pop. 3,000. 

Leading Industries.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, lum¬ 
bering, smelting, etc. 

(Salaries of State Officers page 439.) 






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ARIZONA 


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CALIFORNIA. 

“Golden State.” First settled at San Diego 1768. Gold dis¬ 
covered 1848. Rush of immigration set in 1849. State constitu¬ 
tion. without the preliminary of a territorial organization, 
.framed Sept. 1849. Admitted as a state Sept. 9, 1850. Number 
counties 53. Miles railroad 4,202. Governor and state officers 
elected quadrennially and legislature every two years; number 
senators 40, representatives 80, sessions of legislature biennial 
in odd-numbered years, meeting 1st Monday after Jan. 1, holds 
60 days; term of senators 4, representatives 2 years. Number 
electoral votes 8, congressmen 6, white voters 262,583. Idiots, 
Indians, convicts and Chinese excluded from voting. School 
system very fair; school age 5-17. Legal interest 7 percent, 
by contract any rate. Population, according to census of 1890, 
1,208,130. Extreme length N. and S. 725 miles, width 330 miles, 
area 155.980 sq. miles, 99,827,200 acres. Coast line over 800 miles. 
San Francisco Bay, 40 miles long 9 miles wide, magnificent 
harbor. Yosemite in the Sierras, one of the greatest natural 
•wonders of the world and the greatest marvel of the state, 
where scenery is always grand. Mt. Whitney 15,000, highest 
peak. Very rich agriculturally and in minerals. Soil warm, 
genial and rich. Two crops may be raised in season. Irriga¬ 
tion necessary in parts and almost always desirable. Wheat 
most valuable crop, all cereals, root crops and grasses do well, 
corn, barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. 
Mineral deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, 
coal, stones, salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit growing 
state, fruits of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts, 
grapes N. to 41 deg., olives, etc., grow to "reat perfection. Fine 
sheep raising country. Ranks first in barley, grape culture, 
sheep, gold and quicksilver, third in hops, fifth in wheat and 
salt. Noble forests of redwood and other valuable growths. 
Land rums from $1.25 to several hundred dollars per acre. Im¬ 
proved land averages $30, unimproved $7.50 per acre. It is the 

f »aradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room for men with a 
ittle something to begin on. 

Climate varies with"elevation and latitude. Mild and pleas¬ 
ant on coast. Average temperature at San Francisco in sura- 
iwer 62 deg., winter 50 deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at 
times 100 deg. Raiufall variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San 
Francisco. Average at S. 10 inches. Melting snow from 
mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts rare. ! i 

Chief Cities, census of 1890—San Francisco, pop. 297,990; 
port of entry, regular line of steamers to Australia, Panama, 
Mexico, China and Japan; Sacramento, capital, 26,272; Oak¬ 
land, 48,590; San Jose, 18,027; Stockton, 14.376; Los Angeles, 
50,394; U. S. navy yard at San Pueblo Bay; Fresno, 10,796; 
Napa City, 4,387; San Diego, 16,153; Santa Rosa, 5,216; Vallejo, 
5,004. 

Leading Industries--Agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture, 
mining, lumbering, etc. 

(Salaries of State Officers page 439.) 


I 


1 


3 


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368 


CONNECTICUT. 

‘Wooden Nutmeg State.” One ot the original 13 states ex¬ 
plored by the Dutch settlers of Manhattan Island, 1615, by whom 
settlement was made, 1633, at Hartford. The state furnished a 
very large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale 
College founded 1701. Union soldiers furnished 55,864. Number 
counties 8. Miles railroad 1,011. State elections yearly on same 
date as presidential election. Elects 24 senators, 249 representa¬ 
tives, 4 congressmen and 6 presidential electors. State senators 
hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets yearly on 
Wednesday after first Monday in-Jan. Convicts and persons 
unable to read not permitted to vote. School system superior, 
includes 3 colleges with 160,000 books in libraries. School age 
4-16 years. Legal interest 6 per cent. No penalty for usury. 
Population, according to census of 1890, 746,258. Area 4,845sq. 
miles, average length 86 miles, average breadth 55 miles; sea 
coast 110 miles. Surface less rugged than the other New Eng¬ 
land states Mountain range terminates in this state in a series 
of hills. The coast is indented by numerous bays and harbors. 
Soil, except in valley, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, 
tobacco and vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land 
averages $40 and wood land $30 per acre. No valuable timber 
remains. Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines 
exist. Climate moderate and healthy; average temperature, 
summer 72 deg., winter 28 deg. Occasionally the thermometer 
sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers warm, rain 
fall, including snow, about 47 inches. Chief Industries—Manu¬ 
facture of hardware, clocks, silks, cotton, rubber, carpets,wool¬ 
ens, arms, sewing machines and attachments, dairying, auarry- 
iug, agricultureretc.; total number of industries 4,488.-' Prin¬ 
cipal Cities, census of 1890—Hartford, capital and noted for 
banking and insurance business, pop. 53,182; New Haven, 

•‘ City of Elms,” seat of Yale college, 85,981; Bridgeport, noted 
for manufacture of fire arms and sewing machines, 48 856; 
Waterbury, important manufacturing city, 28,591; Danbury, 
19,385; Greenwich, 10,120: Manchester, 8,217; Meriden, 21,230; 
Middletown, 9,012; New Britain. 19,010: New London, 13,759: 
Norwich, 16,192; Stamford, 15,685; Vernon, 8.807. Fairfield, 
Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stonington are 
ports of entry. CH 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor. 

Lieutenant Governor. 

Secretary of State. 

Treasurer. 

Comptroller. 

Secretary State Board of Education 

Adjutant General. 

Insurance Commissioner. 

Three Railroad Commissioners. 

Chief Justice. 

Four Associate Justices. 


$ 2,000 

500 

1,500 

1,500 



1.200 

3.500 
3,000 

4.500 
4,000 














Ui 
























370 

COLORADO. 

“Centennial State.” John C. Fremont, “ The Pathfinder,” 
crossed Rockies 1842-44. First American settlement near 
Denver, 1859, Mining begun. Organized as territory Feb. 
1861. Indian troubles 1863-4. Union soldiers furnished 4,903. 
Admitted as a state Aug. 1, 1876. Number counties 39. No 
railroad in 1870. Mileage 1890, 4,097. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in Nov., number senators 26, representatives 
49, sessions biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first 
Monday in Jan., limit of session 40 days, term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 3, 
congressmen 1. Convicts excluded from voting. Number 
colleges 3, school system fair endowment, school age 6-21 
years. Legal interest 10 per cent., by contract any rate. 

Population— census of 1890—412,198. 

Length E. and W. 380 miles, width 280 miles, area 103,845 sq. 
miles, 66,460,800 acres, three-fifths unsurveyed. Rocky moun¬ 
tains traverse state N. and S. with 3 ranges having many peaks 
more than 13,000 feet high. Fine grazing grounds. Scenery 
grand beyond words. Much rich soil along streams and wher¬ 
ever irrigation is possible. Cereals do very well. Corn, wheat, 
oats, hay ..staple crops. Cattle, sheep and hog raising safe and 
profitable. Dairying pays, as does gardening. Timber re¬ 
sources moderate. Mountains fairly clothed with pine and 
other trees. Mineral wealth inexhaustible. State ranks first 
in silver, fourth in gold. Iron, soda, coal, copper, lead, stone, 
mica, etc., exist in large deposits. 

Cli.mate. —Dry and range of temperature comparatively 
small. Winters mild, summers cool. Average temperature 
winter 31 deg., summer 73 deg. Rainfall, mainly in May, June 
and July, average 18 inches. On mountains winters severe, 
accompanied by heavy snowfall; violent winds common; fogs 
unknown. Health unsurpassed. 

Chief Cities.— Census of 1890—Denver, capital and me¬ 
tropolis, and contains assay office ; pop. 106,670; Leadville, 
11,159; Colorado Springs, 11,200. State University at Boulder; 
Agricultural College at Fort Collins ; School of Mines at 
Golden City. Pueblo, pop. 28,128. 

Leading Industries. —Mining, smelting ores, agriculture, 
grazing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers, 


Govern .$5,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 1,000 

Secretary of Stale. 3,000 

Treasurer. 3,000 

Auditor. 2,500 

Attorney General. 2,000 

Chief Justice. 5,000 






















































372 

NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Named for Dakota Indians. First setteled at Pembina 1812. 
Dakota was organized as territory March, 1881, and admitted 
to the Union as North and South Dakota on Nov. 3,1889. First 
legislature met 1882, at Yankton. Immigration became active 
1886. Railroad building active and systems mammoth in their 
scale. Number counties 129. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in ISov. Number senators from 30 to 50, representa¬ 
tives 00 to 140, sessions biennial. Term of senators 4 years, 
and of representatives 2 years. Legal interest rate 7 per cent, 
by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess. Miles rail¬ 
road in North Dakota, 2,056; in South Dakota, 2,488. 

Population, census of 1890, N. Dak.,l»2.719; S. Dak.,328,808. 
Average length N and S. 451 miles, width 348miles, area 150,932 
sq. miles. 95,431,080 acres. Indian reservation principally west 
of Missouri river, 42,000,000 acre's, one-seventh good farming 
land. Surface high, level plain, 950 to 2.800 feet above the sea, 
traversed by ranges of lofty bills, which at the S. W. reach an 
elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river 
traverses t'_“ territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E.. and is 
navigable.* Lukes are numerous, especially in the north and 
east. Devil's Lake is semi-salt. Other large lakes£)Soil is 
very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the staple 
crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit is not a 
good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep-raising, favored and 
growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams 
and some of the hills. Gold and silver extensively mined. 
Black Hills v°ry rich in precious minerals. Ranks fourth in 
gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri. Not much de¬ 
veloped as yet. Deposits of tin said to be of great value exist. 
Price of land $1.25 to $20 per acre (later improved). 

Climate.— Temperature.ranges from 32 deg.below zero to 100 
deg. above. Averages, winter4 to20 deg., summer 65 to 75 deg. 
Winters at north severe, with heavy snow. Moderate at the 
south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so pene- 
t r a iug as in moister climates. Springs late and summers of 
medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer. 

Chief Cities of North Dakota.— Census of 1890—Fargo, 
northern metropolis, 5,613; Bismarck, 2,260; Grand Forks, 
4,963. 

Chief Cities of South Dakota.— Census of 1890—Yanktcvi. 
4,700: Pierre, 3,200: Deadwood, 2,366. 

Industries. —Almost entire laboring population engaged in 
agriculture and mining. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. i 

Governor $3,000, Lieutenant Governor $1,000, Secretary of 
State $2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Auditor $2,000, Superintendent 
of Public Instruction $2,000, Chief Justice $3,000. Senators and 
Represenatives $5 a day, mileage 20 cents. 


I 


MAP OF %_J Fort Ellice 

DAKOTA I V ° Brule 



_I_^/^-^"C rysta l CityV. 


7-1»>VV - , 

J wonettec V 

^ Garfield J <j Gn-atpn 


















374 


DELAWARE. 

One of the thirteen original states. “The Diamond State.” 
Settled by Swedes 1658, who bought from Indians. Took vig¬ 
orous part in the revolution. Was a slave state. Slaves 1860, 
2,000. Union soldiers furnished 12,284, the biggest percentage 
of any state. Contains three counties. Miles of railroad 315. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November, number 
senators 9, representatives 21, legislature meets in odd-num¬ 
bered years first Tuesday in January, holds 21 days, term of 
senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years, number electoral 
votes 3, number congressmen 1, idiots, insane, paupers and 
criminals excluded from voting. Colleges at Newark and Wil- 
* mington, school age 6-21, schools fair, legal interest rate 6, 
usury forfeits the principal. Population census of 1890, 168,- 
493. Length north and south nearly 100 miles, width 10 miles 
at north, 36 at south. Area 1,950 square miles, or 1,248,000 
acres. Available area large. Northern portion rolling, but free 
from large hills. Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and 
sandy, with frequent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy 
with lagoons separated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow 
into Chesapeake and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches 
to Wilmington. The soil is good and the state of cultivation 
superior. Cleared land averages $45 per acre, and wood-land 
$40. Staple crops, corn, wheat, peaches, berries, garden vege¬ 
tables, sweet potatoes. Iron is found, but is no longer worked, 
Climate mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average tempera¬ 
ture, winter, 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. 
Rainfall 48 to 50 inches. At north health excellent. Some ma¬ 
laria on the lowlands bordering the swamps at the south. 
Chief Cities, census of 1890.—Wilmington, pop. 61,437. Dover, 
capital. Newcastle 6,000. Breakwater protecting Delaware 
Bay at Cape Henlopen, greatest work of its kind in America, 
cost the United States $2,127,400, and was over 40 years in 
course of construction. Industries.— Agriculture and kin¬ 
dred pursuits, manufacture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, 
leather, etc., shipbuilding, fishing, canning and preserving. 
Total number different industries, 750. 


SALARIE8 OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor. 

Secretary of State. 

Treasurer. 

Auditor. 

Adjutant General. 

Attorney General. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 

State Librarian. 

Chief Justice. ... 

Chancellor. 

Three Associate Justices. 

Senators and Representatives. 


.$ 2,000 

. 1,000 

. 1,450 

. 700 

. 200 

. 2,000 

. 1,500 

. 450 

. 2,500 

. 2,500 

. 2,200 

$3 per day and mileage. 







































376 


, FLORIDA. 

Named for its flowers, “Peninsula State.” ' Pensacola taken 
from England by Gen. Jackson during the war of 1812. Entire 
province ceded to United States 1819. Organized as a territory 
1822. Admitted as a state March 3, 1845. State seceded Jan. 10, 
1861, re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number counties 39, miles 
of railroad 1,324. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
Nov. Numbers senators 32, representatives 76. Sessions of 
legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday 
after first Monday in January, holds 60 days. Term of senators 
4, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 4, con- 

f ressmen2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters on elections aud 
uelists excluded from voting. Schools fair, school age 4-21. 
Legal interest 8 per cent, by contract any rate. Population, 
census of 1890—391,422. Number of slaves in 1860, 61.74\ Four- 
fifths of Florida is in the peninsula,which is about 350 miles N. 
and S. and 105 miles E. and W. Remainder is the narrow strip 
along the Gulf, 342 miles E. and W. and 10 to 50 miles N. and 
S. Area 59,268 sq. miles, 37,931,520 acres. Twenty-first state in 
size. State surrounded by sea except on north. Coast line over 
1,200 miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf The northern 
section is a limestone formation, affording a fair soil. In the 
middle section are found tracts of great richness. At the south 
the soil, when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Shores very 
low frequently not two feet above tide water.-Coral growth at 
south continues.® Surface dotted with lakes.® The staple pro¬ 
ducts are corn (most valuable crop), sugar, molasses,rice, cot¬ 
ton, oats, tobacco, vegetables of all kinds, peaches, oranges, 
and all tropical and semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, 
fish, oysters, etc. Poultry and stock raising are successful. 
Cleared land averages $12, woodland $3, swamp $1, and school 
land $1.25 per acre. Much forest remains. Timber,chiefly pine, 
of moderate size, free from undergrowth. Game abounds. Cli- , 
mate superb. No snow. Frosts rare at north, unknown at 
south. Temperature ranges 30 deg. to 100 deg., rarely above 90. 
Winter averages 59 deg., summer 81 deg. Breezes blow across 
from Gulf to Atlantic and vice versa,temper the heat and keep 
air dry and clear. Average rainfall 55 inches, chiefly in summer. 
Chief Cities, census of 1890—Key West,good harbor and naval 
station, pop. 18,058. Jacksonville, pop. 17,139. St. Augustine, 
oldest town in United States. Tallabasse, pop. 2,9?3, capital. 
Pensacola, pop. 11,751. Principal Industries.— Almost the 
entire laboring population is engaged in agriculture and fruit 
growing. Fishing for fish and oysters and lumbering largely 
folloT—d. Railroads, 1890, 2,378 miles. 


Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $3,500, Lieutenant Governor $500, Secretary of State 
*2,000, Treasurer $2,000, Comptroller $2,000, Attorney General 
*2,000, Superintendent of Public Instruction $2,000, Adjutant 
General *2,000, Land Commissioner $1,200, Chief Justice $3,500. 


J_2___ 

fa£jjK5&G'N/E y tt "5s?i 

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OcUar Wat# 


MAP OF 

FLORIDA *^flr 


,, r ( I BpriDjBW J/.a*e C'yjiUrt, 

—2^ Paris H °Ft.M^adeV Ft.Kissimm 

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ake 



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North*westem 

Portion of v mvv 

9 FLORIDA 

Blomgrtn Bro8.,Engv'9 Chicago jp l-O * 

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* 


















378 


GEORGIA. 

One of the thirteen original states, named for King George 
II. of England, called the “ Empire State of the South.” Orig¬ 
inally a part of South Carolina and claimed by Spain. Active 
in the Revolution, suffering badly from devastation by English. 
Severe wars with Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 
and 1791. State seceded January 19, 1861. Many hard fought 
battles during civil war, including Atlanta, etc. Re-entered 
Union 1870. Number counties 137, miles of railroad 2,687, state 
elections first Wednesday in October, number senators 44, rep¬ 
resentatives 175, sessions, biennial in even-numbered years, 
meeting first Wednesday in November, hold forty days. Terms 
of senators and representatives two years each. Number elec¬ 
toral votes 12, number congressmen 10. Idiots, insane, crim¬ 
inals and non-taxpayers excluded from voting. Number col¬ 
leges 7, State University at Athens organized 1801, public 
schools excellent, school age 6-18. No state license law gov¬ 
erning commercial travelers, but Atlanta, Athens. Augusta and 
Savannah exact a tax. Legal interest 7%, by contract 8%, usury 
forfeits excess of interest. Population, census of 1890—1,837,- 
353. Greatest length N. and S. 321 miles, greatest width 255 
miles, area 58,980 square miles or 37,747,200 acres, exclusive of 
water area. Surface diversified. At the north are the Blue 
Ridge, Etowah and other mountains. In the southeast is the 
Okefinokee swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast irregu¬ 
lar and indented, shore line about 500 miles, three seaports. 
Mountain streams are rapid picturesque cataracts and immense 
basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah, in Habersham county, 
Toccoa, in the Tugalo, 180 feet high, Towaliga, in Monroe Co., 
and the Amicolab, which descend 400 feet in a quarter mile. 
Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco, sugar 
and melons, chief agricultural staples. Fruit, both temperate 
and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-growing 
important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble ex 
ist. Cleared land averages $8 and woodland $5.50 per acre. 
One-fourth area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great 
value for lumber, turpentine, etc. Climate. —At the norj 
mild and extremely healthy, hot in the lowlands. Range «n 
temperature 30 deg. to 105 deg. Average, winter 49 deg., sum¬ 
mer 82 deg. Rainfall averages 55 inches. Chief Cities, cen¬ 
sus of 1890.—Savannah, pop. 41,762, Brunswick, pop. 8,403, port 
of entry. Columbus contains the largest cotton mill in the 
South, pop. 18.650. Atlanta, capital, pop. 65,515, Augusta, 
33,150, Macon, 22,698. Principal Industries.— Three-fourths 
population engaged in agriculture. Remainder in various pur¬ 
suits. Manufacturing Important. Raw materials becoming 
more abundant and cheap. R. R mileage in 1690, 4,268. 

(Salaries State Officers, page 439.) 





















380 


IDAHO.'} 

Gr<* /d discovered, 1880, in Oro Fino creek. Organized as ter¬ 
ritory March, 1863. and admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. 
Number counties 18. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in Nov., number senators, 12, representatives, 24, sessions of 
, 2 gislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second 
Monday iu Dec., holds 60 days, terms of senators and repre¬ 
sentatives, 2 years each. School age, 5-21 years. Legal interest 
rate 10 per cent., by contract, 18 per cent., usury forfeits three 
times excess of interest ; miles railroad, 92S. 

Population, 1880. 32,610. Males, 21,818, females, 10,792,natives 
22,636, foreign, 9,974, white, 29,013, Indians, 165. Estimated in¬ 
crease, 16 per cent. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Length, 140 to 
490 miles, width 45 to 286 miles. Area, 84,290 sq. miles, 53,944.- 
600 acres. Surface table land and mountains. About one- 
twelfth is arable and one-tenth more grazing land. One-third 
barren, but may be reclaimed by irrigation. Many lakes are 
found, as well as numerous water powers. Forests estimated 
at 9,000,000 acres. The soil, where water can be had, is fertile. 
Whe.it, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and hay are good crops, and 
dairying and stock-raising profitable. Gold is found in quartz 
veins in Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, silver in Owyhee 
coup ty. Some of the mines very rich. Wood river district on 
southern elope of Salmon River mountains, at headwaters of 
Woo 1 or Malad rivers, gives promise of valuable mining oper- 
atioi s, chiefly placers. Coal in vicinity of Boise City. Terri¬ 
tory 'anke 6ixth in gold and silver. 

Cli cate severe, with heavy snows in mountains, on plains 
less i evere, but cold and bracing. In the valleys it is milder, 
with moderate snowfall. Summers cool and pleasant. Tem¬ 
pera 1 , are averages 20 deg. in winter, 70. deg. in summer. Rain¬ 
fall small in tne Rocky and Bitter Root mountains, and very 
light at the N. and W. 

Ch.ep Cities.— Boise City (capital), Florence, Silver City. 

Leading Idustries.— Mining, grazing, agriculture, smelting 
and lumbering. 

Salaries of Stat>«> Officers. 


Gove nor.$2,600 

Secre ary. 1,'800 

Treas irer. 1,000 

Auditor. 1,800 

Librarian. ’250 

Chief Justice. 3,000 

Two Associate Justices.3,000 

Senators and Representatives...$4 per day and20 cents mileage 

Two District Attorneys.$250 and fees 

Collector of Internal Revenue. 2,250 

Three Deputy Collectors.$1,400 to l’.600 

Assayer. 2.000 














MAP OF 

IDAHO 


jL**\Sun RiveT 


Mcnmtain'^^.Camai^ * 
Core o © Creek A 

.fc3 I Moscow \\> 

■S i In E zl*erv 


Stanford 


;i ^ Pioneer i 


Slate ^Creek^reedom 
Shearers Fe^gTJi^ 


isyflle 


[Qrence^J* 


Brown h 


Igency 

fctiJQnji 




BonanraV 


iiffii«X brii ** : **liey 


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*7 

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Silver £ 

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382 


ILLINOIS. 

Nair- * derived from Illini tribe of Indians, meaning Superior 
Men. < ailed “PrairieState*’and “Sucker State.” Ft.. Dearborn 
|f (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawatoinies. Admitted as 
state, IS'8. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Soldiers in 
Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092. Number counties, 
102. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; num¬ 
ber senators, 51; representat ives, 153; sessions biennial, in odd- 
numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., term of sena¬ 
tors, 4years; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 
22; congressmen, 20; number voters, 796,84?: convicts excluded 
from voting. School system excellent ; number colleges, 28: 
school age 6-21. Legal interest, 6 pet.; by contract, 8 pet,; 
usury forfeits entire interest. Miles of railroad, 9,965. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1890, 3,826,351. Extreme length N. and S. 386 
miles; extreme width, 218 miles. Av. elevation, 482 ft., eleva¬ 
tion at Cairo, 840 ft.: highest point, 1,140ft. in northw. portion. 
Area, 56,000 sq. m., 35,840,000 acres; miles of navigable water¬ 
ways^, 100. Frontage on Lake Michigan, 110 miles. Among 
first agricultural states of Union. Staple crops, corn, wheat, 
oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetables, hay, potatoes, etc. 
Fruits and grapes do well at south. Yield of all crops culti¬ 
vated, large. Coal area, two-thirds state. First coal mined in 
America at Ottawa; quality moderately fair. Considerable 
forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in bottoms. Superior 
quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines rivers; lead, most im¬ 
portant mineral; Galena in center of richest diggings in N. W. 
Rich salt wells in Saline and Gallatin counties, 75 gal. brine 
making 50 lbs. salt. State ranks first in corn, wheat, oats, meat 
packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled liquors and miles 
railway; second in rye, coal, agricutural implements, soap and 
hogs; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron, steel, mules, milch cows 
and other rattle. Cleared land av. 828, and woodland or raw 
prairie, $18 per acre. Climate healthful as a rule; subject to 
sudden and violent changes at north. Temp, ranges from 30 
deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Av. temp, at Springfield, 30 
deg. winter; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter, 72 
deg. summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter, 80 d. summer. Frost 
comes last of Sept. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall 37 
inches. Chief Cities, census of 1890—Chicago, pop. 1,099,133; 
Peoria, 40,758; Quincy, 31,478; Springfield (capital), 24,872: 
Aurora, 19,634: Bloomington, 22.242; Decatur, 16,841; Elgin, 
17,429; Joliet, 27,407; Rockford, 23,589; Rock Island, 13,596. In¬ 
dustries—Agricult., mining, stock raising and mfg. of all kinds. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor $6,000, Sec. of State $3,500, Treas. $3,500, Auditor 
$3,500, attorney General $3,500, Chief Justice $5,000, Senators 
and Representatives $5 per day, mileage 10 cents and $50 



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384 


INDIANA. 

“Hoosier State.” Settled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vincen¬ 
nes, in 17u2, by French-Canadian voyagers. Admitted as a state 
Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. Soldiers furnished in 
Mexican war 5,000. Union soldiers 196,363. Number counties, 
92. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number 
senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature bien¬ 
nial, in odd-numbered years,meet Thursday after first Monday, 
holds 60 days: terms of senators 4 years, of representatives, 2; 
number electoral votes, 15; number congressmen, 13; number 
voters, 498,437. Fraudulent voters and bribers excluded from 
voting. Number of colleges 15, Stafe University at Blooming¬ 
ton; medical school at Indianapolis, university at Notre Dame, 
flourishing common-school system ; school age, 6-21. Legal in¬ 
terest rate 6 pet., by contract 8 pet., usury forfeits excess of in¬ 
terest. Miles of railroad, 6,004. Population: Census of 1890— 
2,192,404. Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles, width averages 
150 miles, area 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres. Surface some¬ 
times hilly. No mountains. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the sur¬ 
rounding country. Frontage on Lake Michigan 43 miles. River 
bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility, highlands when 
level, rich, black or sandy soil. All crops and fruits of the tem¬ 
perate zone do well both in yie’d and quality. State highly fa¬ 
vored for agriculture and manufacturing. Ranks second in 
wheat, fourth in corn, hogs and agricultnral implements, fifth 
in coal. Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses, etc., are most successfully 
raised. Corn, wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant 
at south, but in scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern 
portion of state over 7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 
workable veins. Kinds of coal, block, cannel and ordinary bi- 
tnminous, cokes well, superior for gas. Building stones varied 
and of unsurpassed quality, including the famous Bedford 
stone. Supply unlimited. Land is cheap, cleared averaging 
$18, and woodland $14 per acre. In rich section to southwest 
cleared land $15, woodland $10 to $12. Chances for making 
homes, comfort and advantages considered, not excelled else¬ 
where. Iron ore is found. 

Climate changable in winter, but seldom severe; winds from 
north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes hot: 
temperature averages, winter 34 deg., summer 78 deg. Trees 
blossom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent. Ma¬ 
laria rapidly disappearing from bottoms before proper drain¬ 
age. Chief Cities: Census of 1890—Indianapolis (capital) con¬ 
tains deaf and dumb, blind and insane asylums, pop. 107,445; 
Terre Haute, 31,000; Evansville, 50,647; Fort Wayne, 35,349; 
Michigan City, lake port, 10,704; Anderson, 10,759; Elkhart, 
11,489; Lafayette, 16,283: Logansport, 13,798; New Albany, 
21,000: South Bend, 21,786. Industries—Agriculture, mining 
and manufacturing. 

[Salaries of State Officers, page 439.] 

























































386 


INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Set lor peaceful tribes. Organized 1834, no territorial 

government. Government in hands of tribes. Also contains 
Oklahoma territory,which was opened to settlement by procla¬ 
mation of President llarrieon on April 22,1889. Oklahoma Ter. 
contains 2,037.414 acres. Each tribe elects officers, legislatures 
and courts,and criminals are punished as iothe states. No laws 
for collections of debt. All land held in common,and any Indian 
may cultivate as much as he wants, but one-quarter mile must 
intervene between farms. Whites can hold landoulv by marry¬ 
ing an Indian. Miles of railroad,1,155. School system excellent, 
pupils educated and supported by the tribes, half entire rev¬ 
enue being set aside for the purpose. Three colleges,200 schools. 

Population,census of 1890,119,000. Cherokees 20,000,Choctaws 
16.500, Creeks 14,500, Chicasaws 7,000. Seminoles 2,500, Usages 
2,400, Cheyennes 3,298, Araphoes 2,676, Kiowas 1,120, Pawnees 
l,438,Comanches 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read. 
Extreme length east and west 470 miles,average length 320 miles, 
width 210 miles, area 69,991 miles, 44,154.240 acres. Surface 
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Valleys timbered heavily 
with hard woods. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile, 
valleys rich and productive throughout territory,grass rich and 
heavy almost everywhere. Corn,cotton,rice,wheat,rye,potatoes 
are staples. Grazing interests large. Coalisfound. but extent 
unknown. Fur-bearing animals numerous. 

Climate.— Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature 
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall at east, 50 
inches, center 36, far west 22. Health as good as anywhere in 
Union. 

Chief Cities.— Guthrie 5,311,Oklahoma City 4,138,Kingfisher 
1,133; Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees, Tishomingo, capital of 
Chickasaws, Tushkaboma, of Choctaws, Muscogee, of Creeks, 
Pawhuska, of Osages, Seminole Agency, of Seminoles, Pawnee 
Agency, of Pawnees, Kiowa and Comanche Agency, of Kiowas 
and Coinanches. . 

Leading Industries.— Agriculture and grazing. 

INDIAN AGENCIES. 


Agent. 


ARAPIIOE. 


CHEYENNE. 

Agent. 

Physician. 

KA\V. 

Superintendent 


03 AGE. 

.$ 900 Agent.$1,600 

Physician. 1,200 

OTOE. 

. 2,200 Agent . 1.500 

. 1,200 Physician. 1,000 

PA AVNE E. 

1,600 Clerk. 1.200 


Physician. 1,200 Physician. 1,000 

* IvIOAVA AND COMANCHE. PONCA. 

Agent. 1,000 Superintendent. 1,200 

Physician. 1,000 Clerk.. 720 

OAKLAND. QUAPAW. SAC AND POX. 

Supt.$1,000 Agent.$1,500 Agent.$1,200 

3 Teachers... 600 Physician_ 1.200 2 Physicians. 1,000 




















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* 


388 

IOWA. ( 

“Hawkeye State.” Settled first by Dubuque, 1788. a French 
Canadian,for whom that city is named. First settlers miners of 
lead. Active immigration began 1833. Iowa territory organized 
July 4, 1838. Admitted as state 1816. Union soldiers furnished 
t 6.242. Number counties 99, miles of railroad 8,436. Stateelec- 
tions annual, Tuesday after second Monday in October,except¬ 
ing years of presidential elections, when all elections occur to¬ 
gether. Number senators 50, representatives 100, sessions of 
legislature biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second 
Monday in January. Terms of senators 4 years,of representa¬ 
tives 2 years. Number electoral vote3 13, congressmen 11. 
Idiots,insane and criminals excluded from voting. Number 
colleges 19, school age 5-21. School system admirable, endow¬ 
ment liberal. Legal interest rate 6 per cent., by contract 10 per 
cent., usury forfeits 10 per cent, per year on amount. State 
has adopted prohibition. 

•''Population, census or 1890, 1,911,896. 

Extreme length E. and W. 208 miles, width 208 miles, area 
55,470 sq. miles, 35,500,800 acres. Surface almost an unbroken 
prairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Nat¬ 
ural meadows everywhere, and water abundant. Many small 
lakes at north. Highest point Spirit Lake, 1,600 feet above the 
sea. Soil superior. Corn,wheat, oats, potatoes.hav,barley,sor¬ 
ghum, rye,staples. Apples unsurpassed in United States ;pears, 
plums, cherries, grapes and berries are excellent crops. Cattle 
and other stock interests large and thrifty. Dairying attractive. 
Forest area small—scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal 
area fair. Other minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. 
Improved land averages $20: unimproved, including railroad 
and government domains, $12.50. State ranks first in hogs, 
second in milch cows,oxen and other cattle,corn, hay and oats; 
third in horses; fifth in barley and miles of railway. 

Climate subject to extremes. Winter severe,with sharp north 
and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature averages, 
summer 72 deg.,winter 23 deg. ;ranges from 10 deg. below to 99 
deg. above zero. Rainfall 42 inches. Wheat harvest in August. 

Chief Cities— Census of 1890.—Des Moines, metropobs and 
capital, pop. 50,067 ;Dubuque,30,147 :Davenport,25,161; Burling 
ton,26,000:Council Bluffs 3,21,388. Keokuk,Burlington and Du¬ 
buque are United States ports of delivery. Cedar Rapids. 17,- 
977; Clinton, 14,000; Davenport, 25,161; Keokuk, 14,075; Sioux 
City, 37,862. 

Leading Industries.— Agriculture,stock-raising and manu¬ 
facturing. - 

[Salaries of State Officers, page 439.] 














































390 


KANSAS. 

Name Indian, means “Smoky water.” Called the “Garden 
State.” Kansas Territory organized May, 1854. Law known as 
“Missouri Compromise,” forbidding slavery in states formed 
outof Lonisiana purchase north of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. re¬ 
pealed,and question of slavery left to the territory. At first it 
was decided for slavery. Constitution prohibiting slavery 
adopted July,1859. Admitted asa state 1881. Union soldiers fur¬ 
nished,20. 149,number counties 95,miles railroad 8,810, first rail¬ 
road built 1864, 40 miles long. All elections Tuesday after first 
Monday in Nov. senators 40, representatives 125,sessions bien¬ 
nial, meeting second Tuesday in Jan. in odd-numbered years, 
limit of session 50days; term of senators 4 years, of represent¬ 
atives 2 vears. Number electoral votes 9,congressman 7. Idiots, 
insane, convicts and rebels excluded from voting. Number col¬ 
leges 8, number scboolhouses over 8,000, school age 5-21 years; 
school system magnificent.Endowment immense.Legal interest 

7 per cent, by contract 12 per cent, usury forfeits excess of inter¬ 
est. 

Population. —Cens is of 1890, 1,427,096. 

Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles, breadth 210 miles, area 
81,700 sq. miles,52,288,(XX) acres. No mountains. There is little 
navigable water. Water powers of fair proportion, irrigation 
necessarv in large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins 
usually thin; quality fair. Soil fine. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, 
fiax and rye, staples. Castor beans and cotton "rows success¬ 
fully. Soil of prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy 
loam. Peculiarly favorable to stock-raising. Prairie rich in 
grasses. Dairying favored. Fruits successful. Fbrests small. 
Limestone and colored chalk furnish building materials.Value 
improved land averages $12 per acre,woodland $15. Manufactur¬ 
ing growing. State ranks fifth in cattle,corn and rye. Climate— 
Salubrious; winters mild, summers warm, air pure and clear. 
Temperature averages winter 31 deg., summer 78 deg., ranges 

8 deg. below to 101 deg.above zero; such extremes exceptional. 
Rainfall averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at we6t. 

Chief Cities— Census of 1890.—Leavenworth, pop.21,613, To¬ 
peka (capital) 31.809,Atchison 14,222,Fort Scott, 11,837; Wichita 
24,000,Lawrence 9,975. State University at Lawrence, state asy¬ 
lums for insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawato- 
mie; institution for education of the blind at Wyandotte, for 
deaf mutes. Olathe. 

Industries.— Agriculture, stock-raising.manufacturing,etc. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 

Governor $3,000, Secretary of State $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, 
Auditor $2,000, Attorney General $1,500,Superintendent of Pub¬ 
lic Inst. $2,000, Secretary Board of Agriculture $2,000. Insur¬ 
ance Commissioner $2,500, three Railroad Commissioners $3,000, 
State Librarian $1,500, Chief Justice $3,000, two Associate 
Justices $3,000, Senators and Representatives $3 per day, mile¬ 
age 15 cents, District Judge $3,500, Pension Agent $4,000. 


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392 

LOUISIANA. 

Named -br Louis XIV of France. Called the “Pelican State” 
and the “Creole State.” First sugar cane cultivated in United 
States near New Orleans 1751. First sugar mill 1758. First 
shipment of cotton abroad 1784. Purchased by United States 
1803, fo'’ 915,000,000. Louisiana admitted as a state under pres¬ 
ent ;\tme April 8, 1812. In the war with England immediately 
following Oe state made a glorious record, and at the battle of 
NewOU-ans, Ja«.8,1815, humiliated the British and ended the 
war. Seceded Jan. 26,1861. Some fighting on the river between 
boats and forts. New Orleans captured May 1, 1862. 1868. in 
June, state re-entered Union. Capitol, Baton Rouge. Number 
of parishes or counties 58, miles railroad 1,316. Legislature and 
state officers elected quadrennially,members congress biennial¬ 
ly, state elections Tuesday after third Monday in April,number 
senators 36, representatives 98. sessions biennial,in even-num¬ 
bered years, meeting second Monday in May, holds 60 days, 
terms of senators and representatives 4 years each. Number 
electoral votes 8, congressmen 6, miles of railroad in 1890, 
1,654. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting. Legal 
interest 5 per cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury forfeits entire 
interest. Educational facilities average. Population: Census 
of 1890,1,118,587. Number slaves in 1860, 331,726. Extreme 
length E. and W. 294 miles, breadth 248 miles, area 45,420 sq. 
miles, 29,068,800 acres. Coast line 1,276 miles, very irregular 
navigable rivers 2,700 miles. Mississippi fiows in or on the 
borders of the state. Bays numerous on coast but harbors in¬ 
different. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple products, sweet 
potatoes, sugar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton, grasses, oats, etc. 
All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive. State ranks first 
in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests almost inex¬ 
haustible. Timber superior in kind and quality, lumbering im¬ 
portant industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron discov¬ 
ered. Cleared land averages $12.50, woodland $3 to $4 per acre. 
Reclamation of marshes very profitable and beginning to be 
done on a large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and invitee 
more attention. Climate. —Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 
deg., average summer 81 deg., winter 55 deg. Rainfall 57 in¬ 
ches, chiefly in spring and summer. Summers long and occa¬ 
sionally hot. Health average. Actual death rate lower than in 
many northern sections. Occasional yellow fever in the cities. 
Chief Cities. —Census of 1890. New Orleans port of entry and 
largest cotton market in the world 241,995, Baton Rouge (Cap¬ 
itol) 10,397, Shreveport 11,482, Morgan City port of entry. State 
institution for insane at Jackson, for deaf mutes and blind 
Baton Rouge. Industuies. -Three-fifths of laboring population 
engaged in agriculture. A^rage income of rural population 
among highest in Union. Number industries 1,600 
(Salaries or State Officers, pnse 480,) 



Malvern J 


(Clarksdale 


Grenada 


Ar\ vnsas €7 


Monticello 


•Winona 


Lewisville 


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~ ...Obarlie.tl 
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[ Newport^ Columbia 
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Martfcavilte, 


Bro Lhaven 


cE.Pendletou 


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394 

MAINE. 


Called the -‘PineTree State” or “Lumber State;” originally 
included New Hampshire; settled by English 1607, French in 
1613. Number counties 16, Union soldiers 70,107, miles of rail¬ 
road 1,340. State elections second Monday in Sept., number 
senators 31, representatives 151, sessions biennial in odd-num¬ 
bered years, meeting first Wednesday in Jan., terms of senators 
and representatives ^ years each. Number electoral votes 6, 
congressmen 4, paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from 
voting. Number colleges 3, system of common, high and nor¬ 
mal schools excellent, school age 4-21 years, legal rate interest 
6, by contract, any rate. Population. —Census of 1890, 661,086. 
Indian?—Penobscots 625. Passamaquoddies 502. Extreme 
length north and south 298 miles, width 21 1 miles, shore line 
about 2,480 miles, area 33,056 sq. miles, land 29,885 sq. miles, 
21,155,840 acres, 37th of states and territories in size. Surface 
hilly, mountainous toward center. Highest point, Katahdin, 
5,400 feet; largest island, Mount Desert, 92sq. miles. Areaof 
lakes and streams, one-thirteenth entire state. The soil is 
medium, only except on some of the streams, where it. is rich. 
Hay the best crop. Wheat, oats, corn, hops, potatoes, buck¬ 
wheat and the ordinary vegetables grow. Cattle do fairly, 
dairying pays. Half the state is forest of excellent timber. 
Cleared land averages $15 and forest land $14 per acre. Slate, 
copper and granite are found in large quantities. Winter aver¬ 
age 29 deg., summer 67 deg., rainfall 45 inches, snow lies 80 to 
130 days. Climate excellent, except for pulmonary troubles. 
Death rate low. Chief industries—Agriculture and kindred 
pursuits, luinberiug, fisheries. $3,620,000 yearly; quarrying, 
ship-building (380establishments). Principal cities, census of 
1890.—Portland (seaport) pop. 36,608, Lewiston 21,668, Bangor 
(port, of entry) 19,090, Biddeford 14,418, Augusta (the capital) 
10,521, Bath 8,713, Rockland 7,599. 


Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor. 

Secretary of State. 

Treasurer. 

Attorney General. 

Adjutant General. 

Superintendent Common Schools 
Secretary Board of Agriculture... 

State Librarian... 

Chief Justice. 

Seven Associate Justices. 

Senators and representatives. 

District Judge. 

Collector Internal Revenue. 

Collector Customs. 

Surveyor Customs.. 

Pension Ageut. .. 


.$ 2,000 

. 1,200 

. 1,600 

. 1,000 

. 900 

. 1,000 

. 600 

... 600 

. 3,000 

. 3,000 

$150, mileage 20 cents 

. 3,500 

. 2,500 

. 6,000 

. 4,500 

. 4,000 




















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MT.KATAHOIN Vk 
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Blunijjrea Brut. Eogr'» ., Chicago 



















396 

MARYLAND. 

One of the thirteen original states. Baltimore laid 1730. Fed¬ 
eral congress met at Annapolis 1783, when Washington re¬ 
signed command of army. Federal constitution ratified April 
28, 1778. Fredericktown and other places burned in war of 
1812, and Fort McHenry bombarded. First blood of civil war 
shed at Baltimore. April 19, 1861. Legislature opposed war 
April 26, 1861, but passed resolutions favoring the South. Bat¬ 
tle of Anlietam Sept. 16 and 17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. 
Union soldiers furnished 46,638. No. counties 23. Miles railroad 
1,225. All elections Tuesday after tirst Monday in Nov. Num¬ 
ber senators 26, representatives 91, sessions biennial in even- 
numbered years, meet first Wednesday in Jan., and hold 90 
days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years. 
Number of electoral votes 8, congressmen 6. Insane, convicts 
and bribers excluded from voting. No. colleges 11, school age 
5-20, school system fair. Legal interest 6 per cent, usury for¬ 
feits excess of interest. Population: census of of 1890, 1,042,- 
390. No. of slaves in 1860, 87,189. Top,>graphy, Area, Soil, Pro¬ 
ducts, etc.—Length E. and W. 196 miles, width 8 to 122 miles, 
area 9,860 sq. miles. Acreage of state 6,310,400; water surface 
large. Western and northern sections mountainous and broken. 
Chesapeake Bay almost divides the state. Tide water coast 
nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers Potomac, Susque¬ 
hanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay. At the west is 
the Youghiogheuy. r Soil varies from very poor to very good. 
Cleared land averages $22.50 and woodland $14 per acre. “The 
average value of latter lowered by mountain sections. Consider¬ 
able good timber remains. Enormous coal fields west. Copper 
is found in Frederick and Carroll counties, iron ore in Alle¬ 
gheny, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Baltimore, Frederick and Prince 
George’s counties. Great oyster, fish, fruit and vegetable pro¬ 
ducing state. Oyster beds most valuable in Union. Wheat, 
corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco staple crops. Opportunities 
for capital are yet excellent. Climate mild, agreeeable and 
healthful, some little malaria in lowlands. Temperature soften¬ 
ed by ocean. Winter averages 37 deg. summer 78 deg. Rainfall 
42 inches. Chief Cities,census of 1890, Baltimore, port of entry, 
pop. 433,547; Annapolis, capital, contains United States Naval 
Academy, 7,625; Cumberland, 10,t30; Hagerstown, 11,698; 
Frederick, 9,621. Chief industries, agriculture and fruit-grow¬ 
ing, oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper 
mining, manufacturers of cotton goods, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

□Governor $4,500, Secretary of state $2,000, Treasurer $2,500, 
Comptroller $2,500, Attorney General $3,000, Chief Justice 
$3,500, Seven Associate Justices $3,500, District Judge $4,000, 
Senators and Representatives $5 per day and mileage, two col¬ 
lectors internal revenue $2,625 to $4JOO, Collector of Customs 
$7,000, two collectors $250 and $1,200 fees, Auditor $2,500, Naval 
Officer $5,000, Surveyor $4,500. 








m:?!* 

























































































































































39S 

MASSACH USE1 * fe. 

** Old Bay State,” one of the thirteen original states. First 
settlement 1602, abandoned the same year. Explored 1614 by 
Cape. John Smith. First permanent settlement 1620. Pilgrims 
landed on Plymouth Rock Dec. 22. r>ostpn settled 1630. First 

American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Massachusetts was 
active in bringing on Revolution. Boston massacre, March 5, 
Destruction of tea Dec. 16, 1773. Boston Port Bill 
passed March, 1774. Battle of Lexington, first blood of revolu¬ 
tion. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 1788. Union soldiers 
146,730, Oesides sailors. Number counties 14. Miles railroad 
2,083. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Num¬ 
ber senators 40, representatives 240, meeting first Wednesday in 
Jan. Yearly terms .of senators and representatives 1 year. Num¬ 
ber electoral votes 14, congressmen 12. Paupers, persons under 
guardians, non-taxpayers and men unable to read and write 
excluded from voting. School system excellent, attendance 
compu’ lory, age 5-15 years. Seven colleges, including Harvard. 
Legal interest 6 per cent, by contract any rate. Population— 
Census of 1890,2,238,9-i3. Females outnumber males. Indians 
369 Length, N.-E. to'S.-W., 162 miles: breadch 47 miles in 
western and 100in eastern part; area of 8,040 square miles, 
5,045,600 acres* Coast extensive and irregular with numerous 
good harbors. \^The Merrimaconly large stream entering sea 
within the state. The Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the 
state at the west. Saddle Mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest 
peak. The east and northeast divisions are hilly and broken, 
and the southeast low and sandy. Scenery very beautiful, 
especially in Berkshire lulls. Soil generally light ?Hay best 
crop. Wheat, oats, corn and vegetables grown. Forests practi¬ 
cally exhausted. Cleared land averages $80 and woodland 845 
per acre. Stone is found. No minerals mined, Elizabeth 
Islands, Ma. ilia’s Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller islands to 
the south belong to the state. Winters severe and protracted, 
summers short and warm. Thermometer ranges from 10 deg. 
below tr 100 deg.; averages, summer 73 deg., winter 24 deg. 
Snow fails October to April. Rainfall, including snow, 44 
inches. Chief industries, agriculture and kindred calliugs, 
fishing for cod and mackarel (half the fishing vessels of the 
Union owned here), manufacture of cotton, ■woollen, worsted, 
silk, iron and steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying. 
Principal Cities: Census of 1890— Boston, 446,507; Lowell, 77,- 
605; Lawrence and Fall River, famous for cotton manufac¬ 
tures, 44,559 and 74,351; Worcester, railroad and manufactur¬ 
ing center, 84,536; Cambridge, seat of Harvard College,6». 837; 
Lynn, fanions for manufacture of boots and shoes, 55.684; New 
Bedford, greatest whaling port in the world, 40,705; Spring- 
field, conta.ns greatest arsenal in the United States, 44 . 164 . 
Porta of entry 9. 

(Sa'aries State Officers, page 439.) 

























































400 


MICHIGAN. 

Called “Wolverine State.” First settlement by Father Mar¬ 
quette, 1668, at Sault Sle. Marie. Admitted as state Jan. 26, 
1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper penin- 
pulaas compensation for disputed territory same year. Capital, 
Lansing. Union soldiers furnished 87,364. Number counties 79. 
Miles railroad 6,918. All elections Tuesday after first Monday 
in November. Number senator 32, representatives 100, sessions 
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting fi-jt 
Wednesday in January; terms of senators and representative's 2 
years each, number electoral votes 13, number congressmen 11. 
Duebsts excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, efficient 
public schools, school age 5-20 years. Legal interest 7 percent, 
by c< ^tract 10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. Popu¬ 
lation, census of 1890, 2,093,889. Extreme length lower penin¬ 
sula north and south 278 miles, breadth 260 miles. Extreme 
length upper peninsula east and west 320 miles, width 24 to 165 
miles area 57,430 eq. miles, or 36,755 200 acres. Length shore 
line 2,000 miles. Lower peninsula consists of plains and table 
lands, heavily timbered with pine and hardwoods and small 
prairies. Soil generally good, but patches of sand occur. Fruit 
es P eciall y apples, peaches and grapes, very successful. 
All cereals make good crop, except corn at north. Staples 
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper 
peninsula broken,* rocky and almost mountainous, rising at 
west to .v,(X)0 feet above sea. Western portion mining region, 
eastern portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets and 
email lakes numerous. Water good and well distributed Cop¬ 
per, valuable iron, coal and salt abundarL Timber yet in im¬ 
mense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. State ranks first 
m copper, lumber and salt, second in iron ore, thi-d in buck- 
wbea <b “ flh 1,1 shee P> h °P 8 aiul Pot-toes. Cleared land aver- 
ages Sa) per acre, forest $10. Climate.— Temperature averages 
at Detroit winter 30 deg., summer 70 deg.; at Sault Ste. Marie 
3 Eam “ ie . r deg. Rainfall at Detroit 30 inches 
at Sault Ste. Mane 24 inches. Health excellent. Temperature 
at. Marquette averages about 3 deg., lower than at Sault Ste 
JVJ ane. 

CENSU ® of 1890.-Detroit, 205,669; Grand 
Rapids, 64,147; Lansing (capital), 12.630; Bay City, 27,826; East 
Wi 46,137 2 1 , > 779 ; Muskegon. 22,668: Saginaw, 

-SMB* 

Ba y venp^%?eitr“ e,10it ’ Marl ' aette - *<*■ Grand 

Cheee Industries.— Lumbering, mining, farming, fruit rais¬ 
ing manufacturing, fishing, etc. ° 

(Salaries State Officers, page 439.) 







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and o ' Z\ 
Taylor Mine 

Chawp^'V 0 ; 

S&& au i 




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Cascade Jo 


uiaw 


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j Hillman 

r ° W’V l ‘i' 
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'(if oBcnzonia) / vT 

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ivers 


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402 

MINNESOTA. 

“Gopher state.” Explored by Fathers Hennepin and La Salle, 
1680, via Mississippi river to Falls St. Anthony. Amitted as state, 
1858. Foreign immigration immense. Numher Union soldiers 
furnished, 25,052. IS umber counties, 80. Miles railroad, 5,482. 
All elections Tuesday after first Monday in November; number 
senators, 47; representatives, 103; 6essionsof legislature, bien¬ 
nial. in odd-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first Mon¬ 
day in January: holding 60 days; term of senators, 4 years; rep¬ 
resentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 
5; idiots, insane and convicts not .voting. Number colleges, 5; 
school age, 5-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 
7% ; by contract, 10% ; usury forfeits excess over 10%. 

Population, census of 1890, 1,301,826; Indians, 2,300. Length 
N. and S. 378 miles,average width 261 miles, area 79,205 sq.miles, 
50,691,200 acres. Surfaee'rolling plain 1,000 feet above sea level, 
except at N. E., where are a series of sand hills called “Heights 
of Land, ”1,600 feet high. It is the state of small lakes, including 
over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles across. In one of 
these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800 miles through 
the state. The other principal rivers are the Minnesota, Red 
River of the North, and the St. Louis. Small streams and lakes 
make water plentiful. The scenery is picturesque and beautiful. 
The soil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to market 
and general attractions render the state especially favored by 
agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000 
acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds of the 
state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12.50 per acre and 
woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay 
and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat. 

Climate. —Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm, 
averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rain¬ 
fall, 36 inches, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dry¬ 
ness mitigates the cold in winter. Chief Cities, Census of 
1890.— Pembina, port of entry on Red 'river. St. Paul, capital, 
133,156; Minneapolis, 164,738; Duluth, 32,725; Winona, 18,208; 
Stillwater, 11,239. Chief Industries.— Agriculture, dairying, 
milling, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor.$3,800 

Lieutenant Governor. 600 

Secretary of State. 1,800 

Treasurer. 3,500 

Auditor. 3,000 

Attorney General.2,500 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 2,500 

Adjutant General. 1,500 

Public Examiner.3,000 

Insurance Commissioner.2,000 














: 8t Vincent- 


; Hallock 
Kennedy 

iMiddle River/ 

iWarren 


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Kittson 
Edna 


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RESERVATION 


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Elizabeth ToVn 

Wykeman 

Evansville 


Fergus^ 3 - ... 

. b _v Y Parkd . 

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1 ' Tintah 


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Long 


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6 


So 





































404 

MISSISSIPPI. 


Indian name meaning Father of Waters. “Bayou State.” 
Visited by De Soto 1542, by LaSalle 1682. Settled Biloxi, 1699,by 
M.de Iberville. Formed a part of the territory of Louisiana,and 
belonged to France. Admitted as a state Dec.10,1817. Seventh 
state admitted. Capital fixed at Jackson, 1822. Shiloh the most 
notable battle of the rebellion in the state. State re-entered 
TJnion 1870. Number counties 74,number miles of railroad 2.397. 
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two 
years,all ele«tions Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.sessions 
of legislature biennial, in even-numbered yeais,meeting Tues 
day after first Monday in Jan.,number senators 37, representa 
tives 120,terra of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 years, 
number electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. Idiots, insane and 
criminals excluded from voting. Number colleges 3,school age 
5 -21, school system fair. Legal interest6 per cent, by contract 
10 per cent, usury forfeits excess of interest. Miles railroad 
1844, 26. Population, census 1890—1,289,600. No.slaves in 1860, 
436,631. ^Greatest length N. and S. 364 miles, average width 
143 miles, area 46,340 sq. miles, 29,657,600 acres. Coast line, in¬ 
cluding islands, 512 miles. Harbors, Biloxi, Mississippi City, 
Pascagoula and Shieldsburg. Surface undulating with a gradual 
elope from elevation of 700 feet at N. E., W. and S. to the Mis¬ 
sissippi and Gulf. Some hills reach 200 feet above surrounding 
country. From Tenn. line S. to Vicksburg. Mississippi bot¬ 
toms wide, flat,w'ith more or less swamp, and covered with 
cypress and oak. Soil an inexhaustiole alluvium. Soil light 
but productive, at south sandy wnh pine growth. Cotton pro¬ 
lific. Staple crops, cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco,corn, 
sweet potatoes,grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are 
splendid crops, but are neglected. Forest area large,pine,oak, 
chestnut, walnut and magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, 
long-leafed pine on islands and in sand. Lumbering important 
industry, mules raised with great success. State ranks second 
in cotton, fifth in rice. Oyster and other fisheries valuable. 
Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre, woodland $3. Climate 
mild,snow and ice unknown. Summers long and warm, July and 
Aug. hottest months. Temperature averages summer 80 deg., 
winter 50 deg. Rainfall 46 in.at north,58 in.at south. Highlands 
very healthy. Malaria in bottoms. Chief Cities, census of 
1890—Jackson(capital), 6,041; Natchez, 10,132: Vicksburg, 13,- 
298; Meridian, 10,889; Columbus,4,552; Yazoo City,5,247. Lead¬ 
ing Industries. —Agriculture, lumbering, fishing and canning. 


Salaries of State Officers- 

Governor $4,000, Lieutenant Govern ^ <jsa00, Secretarv of State 
$2,500,Treasurer $2,500. Auditor $2,500. Attorney General $2,500, 
Superintendent of Public Education $2,000, Commissioner of 
Agriculture $1,000, Land Commissioner $1,000. 



Memphis rp 


Corint! 


Ashland 


Ripley 


eruan< 


Claredon 


Senatobia 


Sardis 


Oxford 


Pontotoc 


Belch I 
f \ vOakland 

Charleston o \ VCoffeeville 

J nn 

nGronada 

} Duck\ Walthall 

Q— /winona 

arrollton 
, Vaiden 


Rosedale, 


reenw 


oreei 


luhibui 


rtesia\ 
Cenlyville \ 
Louisville 


Chester 


.pfcosciusko 


Mayer3vill^o 


Yazoo 

City 


ideTphia - ] 

° De Kalb® I 
le o j Narkeet&j 
Launderdale Sta. / 

Decatur /_. 


Meridian 


-ForesT 


Delta, 


Vichsbur; 


bran don. 


Moutrosc, 


Quitman 


r Raleigh 

S _ s-' o 

a GeorgfetoTra 

■*3 \^ Q Westville 
e» > | 

|i WUUaL>mrghVWaj«sbor'yi fe h' 

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So 0ak Val ®^i / State 

mit V p f\ \ J 

v *a \ 0 Columbia/ y ) \ 

* * yAu gusto* ^4. 

f 1U , \ / SteepbiU. L A T > 


Paulding 


*j.Gii>3oi^ 

Hazlehurst 


Shubuta 


Fayette^r j 
Brookhaven 


*? vNatche 


Xibertyj 


VYoodvillei 


V./ / \ v Fairle; 
/ j Doplarville. 

j o Mitchells Lake'^ 

/ Appleton o * 

\ h \ r, & 

rN Mississippi* City 

Bai $VLouis^^|?ip^2 


eveveo\ 


MAP OF 

MISSISSIPPI 

B lvmyren Bro f * 3nfpr>9 Chieojo? 

2 





























406 

MISSOURI. 

Name Indian, means “ Muddy River.” Settled first at St. 
Genevieve. Organized as territory under present name 1812 r 
included Arkansas, Indian Territory, etc. Admitted March, 
1821. Eleventh state admitted. Admission aroused much dis¬ 
cussion. “Missouri Compromise” effected and state permitted 
to retain slavery. State divided on secession and was scene of 
perpetual internal warfare. Martial law declared Aug., 1862. 
Union soldiers furnished, 109,111. Number counties 115. Miles 
railroad 5,978. State officers elected quadrennially,and legisla¬ 
ture every 2 years. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in 
Nov., number senators 34, representatives 141, sessions of leg¬ 
islature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting Wednesday 
after Jan. 1, holds 70 days, term of senators 4 years, representa¬ 
tives 2 years. Number electoral votes 16, congressmen 14. 
United States army and inmates of asylums, poor-homes and 
prisons excluded from voting. Number colleges 17, school age 
6-20, school system good,endowment large. Legal interest rate 
6 per cent.by contract 10 per cent.usury forfeits entire interest. 

Population, census of 1890—2.619,184. 

Length N. and S. 575 miles. Average width 246 miles. Area 
68,735 sq. miles, 43 990.400 acres. Soil generally good. South 
the surface is broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high The 
most noted, Iron Mountain and the Oznrks. West of Ozarks 
is a prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Entire area 
well watered by small streams, springs, etc. Chief crops, corn, 
wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches 
especially fine. Vegetable gardening successful. Improved 
land averages $12. unimproved $7 per acre. Coal, iron,marble, 
granite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous depos¬ 
its. Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth 
walnut, poplar, oak and the hardwoods, grazing a leading busi¬ 
ness both in extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with 
success. State ranks first in mules, third in oxen, hogs, corn 
and copper, fifth in iron ore. 

Climate variable, with sudden changes, but generally pleas¬ 
ant and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not ener¬ 
vating. Winters moderate,with occasional severe days. Aver¬ 
age temperature,summer 76 deg.,winter 39 deg. Rainfall great¬ 
est in May, average 34 inches. 

Chief Cities, census of 1890.—St. Louis, largest city west of 
the Mississippi, port of entry and great commercial and manu¬ 
facturing point, 460,357. Capital, Jefferson City, 6,732. Pop. 
St. Joseph, 52,811; Kansas City, 132,416; Springfield, 21,842; 
Hannibal, 12.816. 

Leading Industries. —Agriculture, mining, manufacturing, 
quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing,lumbering,etc. 

(Salaries of State Officers, page 439.) 


4 


I 


4 




































MONTANA. 


» 


Gold discovered 1860. Formed part of Idaho, organized 1863. 
Organized as territory May, 1864. Custer massacre June 25, 
1876,350 men of the 7th United States Cavalry annihilated by 
Sioux under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river. Number 
counties 14. Miles of railroad 2,001. All elections Tuesday 
after first Monday in November. Number senators 12, repre¬ 
sentatives 24. Sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-num¬ 
bered years, meeting second Monday in January, holds 60 
days, terms of senators and representatives 2 years each. 
School age 4-21 years, graded schools in Deer Lodge City, 
Virginia City and Helena. School lands reserved for sale when 
territory becomes state valuable and extensive. Legal inter¬ 
est 10 per cent, by contract auy rate. 

Population. —Census of 1890—132,159. Extreme leugth E 
and W. 540 miles, average width 274 miles, area 145,310 sq! 
miles, 92,998,400 acres, two-fifths good farm land, of which 
about 4,000 acres is cultivated. Three-fifths of territory rolling 
plains, rest mountainous. Surface fairly supplied with small 
streams. Timber supply ample. Soil good. Immense area of 
arable land. Wheat best crop, oats, potatoes, hay, also staples. 
To cold for corn. Area grazing land, over two-thirds territory. 
Grazing interest great. Splendid grazing grounds yet untaken. 
Mineral wealth great. Ranks fifth in silver and in gold. Cli¬ 
mate dry. Rainfall about 12 inches. Warmer than same lati¬ 
tude farther east. Snows heavy in mountains, light in valleys 
and on plains. Temperature averages summer 62 deg., winter 
18 deg. Colder in mountains. Health excellent. 

Chief Cities. —Three United States districts, court held 
twice a year at Helena, twice at Virginia City, (about) 4 000- 
and three times at Deer Lodge, pop. 1,500. Helena pop. 13,834* 
capital and most important town. 

Leading Idustkies.— Mining, lumbering, grazing, agricul¬ 
ture, smelting, etc. 


Salaries of Territorial Officers. 

Governor.$3,600 

Secretary. l 800 

Treasurer. i Win 

Auditor.l’koo 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. i'q nn 

Chief Justice.. . . 3 000 

Two Associate Justices.... . . . . 3 000 

Senators and Representatives ...$4 per day and20cents mileage 

Chief Clerk.. . 

Chief Draftsman.l’eOO 

Collector of Internal Revenue.!...... 2^500 


t 
































410 

NEBRASKA. 

Name Indian, means “Shallow Water.” Nebraska Territory 
organized May, 1854. Pew settlements till 1864. Idaho cut off 
March, 1863, and present boundaries fixed. Bill to admit July, 

1866, unsigned by President Johnson, and another January, 

1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto February, 1867. Admitted 
that year. Lincoln capital. Union soldiers furnished. 3,157. 
Number counties 74. Miles of railroad 1865, 122, 1890,5,124. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in November, number sen¬ 
ators 33, representatives 100, sessions biennial, in odd-numbered 
years, meeting first Tuesday in January, holding 40 days, terms 
of senators and representatives 2 years each, number electoral 
votes 5, number congressmen 3. U. S., army, idiots and con¬ 
victs excluded from voting. Number colleges 9, school age 
5-21, school system superior, school endowments liberal. 
Legal interest, 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury for¬ 
feits interest and cost. 

Population, census of 1890. 1.058 910. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc. —Extreme length 
E. and W. 424 miles, width 210 miles, area 76,185 sq. miles, 48,- 
755,000 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating gently, and 
principally prairie with a few low hills. At extreme northwest 
are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill country be¬ 
gins, general slope from W. to E., Missouri, Platte, Niobrara, 
Republican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by numer¬ 
ous smaller streams. Southern portion of state peculiarly 
favorable to all kinds of crops, western half magnificent series 
of pastures and best suited to grazing. Whole eastern two- 
fifths a great natural garden. Corn the great crop; wheat, oats, 
hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples, plums, grapes, 
berries, staples and flourish. Cattle raising of vast importance 
and magnitude. Good herd laws. No important minerals. 
Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved land aver¬ 
ages $9, unimproved $5 and woodland 818 per acre. 

Climate dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temperature 
averages, summer, 73 deg., winter 20 deg. Rainfall east of 100th 
meridiap, including snow, 25 inches, heaviest in May. At west, 
precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually increasing. 

Chief Cities, Census of 1890.—Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, 
commercial center, 139,526; Lincoln contains State University, 
55,491; Plattsmouth, 8,403; Nebraska City, 11,472; Hastings, 13,- 
793; Fremont, 6,654; Columbus, 3,118. 

Leading Industries.— Agriculture, cattle-raising, dairying, 
manufacturing, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $2,500, Lieutenant-Governor $6 a day, Secretary of 
State $2,000,Treasurer $2,500,Auditor of Public Accounts $2,500, 
Attorney-General $2,000, Superintendent of Public Ins. $2,000. 



Blomgren Bror.yQyigr’s, Chicago . 





























NEVADA. 


“Sage Hen State.” First settlements in Washoe and Carson 
▼alleys 1848. Gold discovered 1849, silver 1859. Territory or¬ 
ganized March, 1861. Admitted as state October, 1864. Num¬ 
ber counties 15. Miles railroad 916. Governor and state 
officials elected quadrennially, and legislature every 2 years, 
on Tuesday after first Monday in November; number sena¬ 
tors 20, representatives 40, sessions of legislature biennial, in 
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January, hold¬ 
ing 60 days. Term of senators 4 years, of representatives 2 
years. Idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. 
School age 6^18 years. Legal interest rate 10 per cent, by con¬ 
tract any rate. 

Population, census of 1890—45,761. 

Extreme length N. and S. 485 miles, width 320 miles, area 
109,740 sq. miles, 70,223,000 acres. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 
10x22 miles in area and 9,000 feet above sea, temperature year 
round 57 deg. Many mineral springs, warm and cold. Great 
part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable areas 
of grazing land; many valleys, rich, easily worked and prolific 
soil. Corn, wheat, potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; 
horses, mules, cattle, hogs and sheep do well. Forests valu¬ 
able. Mineral resources enormous. Comstock lode supposed 
to be richest silver mine in the world; Eureka one of the most 
productive. Rich in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and 
nickel, plumbago, manganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. 
Extensive deposits of borax. Coal and iron. Ranks second 
in gold, fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate, soda 
and salt are obtained. Little laud improved. 

Climate mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains. 
At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air 
bracing, health good. Extremes of cold unknown. Summer 
heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg. Temperature averages, 
summer 71 deg., winter 36 d. Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring. 

Chief cities, census of 1890—Virginia City, chief commercial 
center, pop. 6,377; Carson City (capital), and contains a branch 
mint, pop. 4,080. 

Leading Industries—Mining, reducing ores, lumbering, agri¬ 
culture, etc. 

Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor...•.$5,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 3,000 

Secretary of State.. 3,000 

Treasurer.. 3,000 

Comptroller. 3,000 

Attorney General. v . 3,000 

Superintendent of Public Inst. 2,400 










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414 

NEW JERSEY 


One of the thirteen original states. Battles of Trenton,Prince¬ 
ton, Monmouth and others fought within its borders during the 
Revolution. State Constitution adopted 1776, revised 1844, and 
amended in the present decade. United States Constitution 
ananimously adopted Dec. 1787. Capital established at Trenton 
1790. A slave state till 1860,when but 18 slaves remained, and it 
was counted a free state. Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. 
State contains 21 counties, and has 1,890 miles railroad. State 
elections annual, same date as congressional and presidential. 
Number of senators 21, representatives 60, meeting of legisla¬ 
ture 2d Tuesday in January. Term of senators 3 years, repre¬ 
sentatives 1 year. Number of electoral votes 9, congressmen 7. 
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 4, schools good, school age 5-18. Legal in¬ 
terest 6 per cent, usury forfeits entire interest. Population, 
census of 1890—1,444,933. Miles of railroad in 1890 2.036. Length 
north and south 158 miles, width 38 to 70 miles, area 7,455 sq. 
miles, or 4,771,200 acres. Forty-third state in size. Atlantic 
coast 128 miles, Delaware Bay coast 118 miles. The famous 
palisades of the Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. 
Toward center state slopes to a rolling plain, and at south be¬ 
comes flat and low. Hudson river forms the eastern border. 
Delaware Water Gap and Falls of Passaic are the natural won¬ 
ders of the state. Cleared land averages $80 and woodland $60 
per acre. Hay the best crop. Other staple crops are potatoes, 
wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries, fruit and garden pro¬ 
duce. Little woodland valuable for timber remains. Iron and 
fertilizing marls are abundant. Climate variable; temperature 
averages, summer 68 deg. to 75 deg., winter 31 deg. to 38 deg. 
Range of temperature from about zero to 100 deg. Rainfall,in¬ 
cluding snow, 46 inches, reaching 50 inches in the highlands, 
and falling to 40 inches at the south. Highlands and seashore 
healthy. Ague and malarial fevers in the lowlands. Principal 
Cities, census of 1890.—Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg 
Harbor, Tnckertou, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of en¬ 
try. Newark pop. 181.518; Jersey City 163,987; Trenton (cap¬ 
ital) 58,488; Paterson 78,358; Elizabeth 37.670; Hoboken 43,561; 
Camden 58.274; Atlantic 13,038; Bayonne 18.996; New Bruns¬ 
wick 18,459; Passaic 13,027; Plainfield 11,250; Bridgeton 11,471. 
Chief Industries. —Manufacture of fabrics, jewelry, clay 
wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fishing,garden- 
ihg, agriculture, marl and iron ore digging, etc. 

salaries of state officers. 

Governor $5,000, Secretary of State $6,000, Treasurer $4,000, 
Comptroller $4,000. Attorney General $7,000, Superintendent 
Public Instruction $3,000, Adjutant General $1,200, Librarian 
$1,500, Chief Justice $7,500. Eight Associate Justices $7,000, 
Chancellor $10,000, Senators and Representatives $500 a year. 
District Judge $3,500, Superintendent of Life Saving Service 
$1,800, Thirty-nine Keepers $700. 



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NEW MEXICO. 

Name supposed to be of Aztec god. Settled earlier than any 
other part U. S. Permanent settlement, 1596. Santa Fe, then 
an Indian town, chosen as a seat of Spanish government. The 
natives were enslaved and forced to work in the fields and 
mines. Organizad as Territory, 1850. Santa Fe captured by 
Confederates, 1862, but soon abandoned. Number counties 13. 
All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sen¬ 
ators 12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature biennial, in 
even numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan., held 60 
days. Terms of senators and representatives 2 years. School 
age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, 6 per cent, by contract 12 
per cent. Miles railroad in 1890, 1,326. 

Population, census of 1890.—153,593. Male 64,496, native 111,- 
514, white 108,721, Indians 9,772. Estimated increase. 1885, 21 
per cent. Average length N. and S., 368 miles, width 335 miles. 
Area 122,000 sq. miles, 78,400,‘<00 acres. Elevation 3,000 to 4,000 
feet. Mountain peaks 12,000 feet. The staked plain, an elevated 
region, unwatered and without wood, extends into the south¬ 
eastern part of the territory. No streams are navigable in the 
territory. Timber scarce, except in few sections. The mount¬ 
ains are clothed with pine, spruce and fir. Cedar grows in foot¬ 
hills, and cottonwood and sycamore in valleys. Soil rich where 
water can be had for irrigation or on streams. Corn, wheat, 
oats, alfalfa, grapes, vegetables, especially onions and root 
crops and semi-tropical fruits are prolific. Sheep raising very 
profitable. Grazing interests extensive. Gold found in Grant, 
Lincoln, Colfax and Bernalillo counties, rich copper mines in 
Bernalillo county, and in the Pinos Altos region. Zinc, quick¬ 
silver, lead, manganese and large deposits of coal have been 
„ found. Irrigable surface. 7,000 sq. miles. 

Climate varies with different elevations. Temperature aver¬ 
ages, summer, 70 deg., winter, 33 deg. Range of temperature. 
4 deg. below zero to 90 deg. above. It is much warmer than the 
average in the lower altitudes, and colder in the higher. Air 
dry, rarified and pure. Rainfall, 9 to 11 inches. 

Chief Cities.— Santa Fe, capital, pop. 6,713. Lae Vegas, Sil¬ 
ver City and Albuquerque. 

Leading Industries. —Mining, stock-raising and agri¬ 
culture. 

SALARIES OF TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 


Governor.12,600 

Secretary. 1,800 

Treasurer.i,000 

Auditor..... 1,000 

Commissioner of Immigration . 900 

Librarian. 600 

Chief Justice. 3,000 

Two Associate Justices. 3,000 










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418 

*4EW YORK. 

One of the 13 original 6tates, ‘-Empire State.” Exploreu by 
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609. Samuel de Champlain discovered 
and named Lake Champlain. Holland owned the territory. The 
Dutch settled on Manhattan Island, 1614. Country called “New 
Netherlands.” Manhattan Islands purchased from Indians for 
124, 1626. Indian troubles 1640-45^ Swedish settlements on the 
Delaware incorporated with the New Netherlands, 1655. Eng¬ 
land claimed the country as part of Virginia, captured (Man¬ 
hattan New Amsterdam) Aug., 1664, and named it New York. 
New York the battle-field of the French-English war 17f>4 
was prominent in the Revolution. West point fortified 1777-78. 
New York city capital 1784 to 1797. Slavery abolished 1817. 
Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; numb r counties 60, custom 
districts 10, first railroad Albany to Schenectady 1831, miles of 
railroad 7,709, miles canal 900. State officers elected every 4 and 
senators (32 in number) every 2 years, representatives (125 in 
number) yearly, on same day as presidential election. Legisla¬ 
ture meets first Tuesday in s'eb. yearly, congressmen 34, presi¬ 
dential electors 36. Election betters and bribers and convicts 
excluded from voting. School system superior, includes 28 
colleges. School age 5 to 21 years. Legal interest 6 per cent, 
usury forfeits principal and interest. Population, census of 
1890—5,997,853. Extreme length E. and W. 410 miles, extreme 
width 311 miles, area 47,620 s<j. miles, 30,476,800 acres, water 
frontage 900 miles, surface varied. The Hudson rising in the 
Adirondacks, and flowing south over 300 miles to New York 
bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and its tributaries 
drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern central di¬ 
vision. The Mohawk is the chief . (fluent of the Hudson. The 
state is noted for the beauty of its lakes. Long, Manhattan 
and Staten Islands form important divisions of the state. The 
soil is also varied, and agriculturally the state is very rich. 
Cleared land averages $60 and wooded $40 per acre. Consider¬ 
able forests yet remain. The production of corn, wheat and 
dairy products is very large. The state ranks first in value of 
manufactures, soap, printing and publishing, hops, hay, pota¬ 
toes, buckwheat and milch cows, second in salt, silk goods, 
malt and distilled liquors, miles railway and barley, third in 
agricultural implements, iron ore, iron and steel, oats and rye. 
Climate diverse, mean annual temperature for the state 47 deg. 
In the Adirondacks the annual mean is 39 deg., in the extreme 
south it is 50 deg., average rainfall 43 in. including snow, the 
fall being greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and smallest 
(32 in.) in the St. Lawrence valley. Range of temperature 10 
deg. below to 100 above zero. Chief Cities, census of 1890— 
New York City, pop. 1,513,501; Brooklyn 804,377: Buffalo 
‘‘Queen City of the Lakes” 254,457; Rochester 138,327; Syra¬ 
cuse 87,877; Albany (capital) 94,640; Troy 60,699; Binghampton 
35,093; Auburn 25,877. Chief Industries.— Manufacturing of 
all kinds, agriculture, dairying, the trades, etc. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 
































420 


OHIO. 

“Buckeye State.” Explored by LaSalle 1679. Ohio Territory 
organized May 7, 1800. Admitted as a state April 30, 1802. 
Number Union soldiers furnished 313,180. Number counties 88. 
State and congressional elections second Tuesday in October. 
Number senators 33, representatives 105, sessions biennial, but 
“adjourned sessions” practically amount to annual meetings: 
assembles first Monday in January. Terms of senators and 
representatives 2 years each. Number electoral votes23. Num- 
congressmen 21. Insane and idiots excluded from voting. 
Number colleges 35, school age 6-21, school system first-class. 
Legal interest rate 6 per cent, by contract 8 per cent, usury for¬ 
feits excess. Miles of railroad 7,7£3. Population, census of 
1890.-3,672,316. Extreme length E. and W. 225 miles, breadth 
200 miles, area 40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,400 acres. Includes Kel¬ 
ley's and Bass islands in Lake Erie. Lake frontage 230 miles, 
Ohio river frontage 432 miles. Entire state well watered. Val¬ 
leys extremely productive. Uplands fertile as a rule. - Ohio 
ranks first in agricultural implements and wool, second in 
dairy products, petroleum,iron and steel,third in wheat, sheep, 
coal, malt and distilled liquors, fourth in printing and publish¬ 
ing, salt, miles railway and soap, fifth in milch cows, hogs, 
horses, hay, tobacco and iron ore. Coal, building stones, iron 
ore and salt are found in vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, 
corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, 
apples,and the haidier fruits. Cleared land averages $45, wood¬ 
land $40 per acre. Little forest valuable for lumber remains, 
except in small reserves. Climate as healthful as any in the 
United States. Warmest on Ohio River. Temperature for state 
average 3 , winter 35 deg., summer 77 deg.,range of temperature 
16 deg. below zero to 101 deg. above. Snowfall considerable. 
Average rainfall, including snow, 42 inches* decreases to 37 in. 
at north and increases to 47 inches at south. Chief Cities, 
census of 1890—Cincinnati, “Queen City of the West,” 290,- 
309; Cleveland, 261,546; Columbus, capital, 90,398: Dayton, 
58,568; Springfield, 32,135: Toledo, 82,652; Lima, 15,970; Canton 
26,327. Chillicothe, Zanesville, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland 
and Cincinnati ports of entry. Leading Industries.— Agricul¬ 
ture, dairying, mining, quarrying, iron making, pork packing, 
manufacturing. 

SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 


Governor.$4,000 

Secretary of State. 3,000 

Treasurer. 3,000 

Auditor. 3,000 

Attorney General.2,000 

School Commissioner. 2,000 

Superintendent of Ins. Department. 1,800 

Railroad Commissioner.2,000 

Secretary Board of Agriculture... 1,800 




































422 

OREGOPJ. 

Name means “Wild Thyme.” Oregon territory organized 
August, 1848. Indian troubles, 1844, ’47 and ’54. Oregon ad¬ 
mitted as a state 1859. Number counties 25, miles railroad 1,165. 
State officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two 
years; number of senators 30, representatives 60, sessions of 
legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting first Mon¬ 
day in Jan., holds 40 days, term of senators 4 years, repreBenta- 
tives2years. Number electoral votes3, congressmen 1. United 
States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese not voting. 
Number of colleges 7, school age 4-20, school system good. 
Legal interest rate 8 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury 
forfeits principal and interest. 

Population—Census 1890, 313,767. Miles of railroad in 1890, 
1,414. 

Average length E. and W. 362 miles, average width 260miles, 
area 94,560 sq. miles, 60,518,400 acres. Two-thirds entire state 
mountainous, with wide rich valleys. Columbia river 1,300 
miles long, navigable 175 miles, full of cascades and runs 
through entrancing scenery. Soil generally superior. Wheat 
the best crop, superior in yield and quality; other crops do 
well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favorable 
to cattle and sheep. Rich in minerals, gold in Jackson, Jo¬ 
sephine, Baker and Grant counties, copper in Josephine, Doug¬ 
las and Jackson, iron ore throughout the state, coal along coast 
range. Timber resources enormous, aud but little touched. 
Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land aver¬ 
ages $17.50, unimproved $4. Area arable two-tKths state, forest 
one-sixth state. 

Climate—In western Oregon moist, equable, rainfall 59 
inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful, 
though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east 
do not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice 
unknown, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on 
high lands. Average temperature summer65 deg., winter45d. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1890: Portland, Astoria and Coos 
Bay ports of entry, Rosenburgh, Portland, 47,294; Salem, capi¬ 
tal, 4,515; East Portland, 10,481; Astoria, 7,071; Eugene, 3,958. 

Leading Industries—Agriculture, grazing, mining, fishing, 
lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc. 

Salaries of State Officer*. 


Governor. $1,500 

Secretary of State, Auditor and Comptroller. 1,500 

Treasurer. 800 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 1,500 

State Librarian. 500 

Chief Justice. 2,000 

Two Associate Justices. 2,000 

Senators and Representatives.. .$3 a day and 15 cents per mile 
District Judge. 3,500 











< OQ O C3 Ui 




























PENNSYLVANIA 


One of the thirteen original states, named for Wm, Penn, the 
“Keystone State.’’ State invaded three times by confederates, 
1862,1863, when battle of Gettysburg was fought, and 1864,when 
Chambersburg was destroyed. Union soldiers furnished,337,930. 
Number counties 67, mile's railroad, 8,422. State elections an¬ 
nual, same date as presidential. Number senators 50, represent¬ 
atives 201, sessions biennial, meetingfirst Tuesday in Jan., held 
150days, term of senators 4 years, representatives 2 years, num¬ 
ber electoral votes 30, congressmen 28. Non-taxpayers and brib¬ 
ers excluded from voting. Number colleges 26, school age, 6-21, 
school system good. Legal interest 6 per cent. Usury forfeits 
excess of interest. Population. —Census of 1890, 5,258,014. 
Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.— Length east and 
west 300 miles, width 176 miles, area 44,985 sq. miles, 28,790,400 
acres. Surface very diverse. Level at the southeast, hilly and 
mountainous toward the center, and rolling and broken at the 
west and southwest. Soil varies from barren hills to sections 
of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared land averages 
$15, woodland $30 per acre. Much good timber remains. Farms 
average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east, bituminous at 
west), iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt abound. Rye, 
corn,wheat, buckwheat, potatoes.vegetables, hay, oats, tobacco 
are staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish. Cimate in moun¬ 
tains severe in winter, with much snow, summers pleasant. 
Summers hot on the Delaware reaching 100 deg. Summers long 
in Susquehanna valley. West of mountains summers hot and of 
moderate length, winters cold. Average winter temperature 34 
deg.,summer 74deg.,rainfall including snow averages 42 inches 
Climate healthy. Chief Cities.— Census of 1890, Philadelphia 
contains mint and navy yard, 1.046,252; Pittsburg, extensive 
manufacturing city, 238,473: Harrisburg, capital, 40,164; Alle¬ 
ghany, 104,967: Erie, 39,699; Scranton, 83,450; Lancaster, 32,090. 
Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry. Indus¬ 
tries.— Pennsylvania is the great iron oil and coal state. The 
other industries include agriculture and kindred pursuits, lum¬ 
bering, manufacture of Dane’- woolens, liquors, implements, 
machinery, etc. 


Salaries of State Officers. 


Governor.$10,000 

Lieutenant Governor. 3,000 

Secretary of State. 4,000 

Treasurer. 5,000 

Auditor General. 3,000 

Attorney General. 3,500 

Chief Justice. 8,500 

Six Associate Justices. 8,000 


Senators and Representatives, $1,000 for 100 days; $10 per day; 
mileage 5 cents. 






































426 

RHODE ISLAND. 

One of the 13 original states. Called “Little Rhody.’ First 
settled at Providence, 1636, by Roger Williams. Island of Acquid- 
neck (Rhode Island) bought from Indians, 1638, and Newport 
and Portsmouth founded. Lands of Narragansett Indians ac¬ 
quired by purchase, 1709. R. I. seamen distinguish themselves 
in the Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in the Revolution. 
Union soldiers furnished, 23,336. Number counties, 5. Miles 
railroad. 212. State elections first Wednesday in April. Elects 
72 representatives, 34 senators, 3congressmen and 4 presidential 
electors. Legislature meets annually on last Tuesday in May, 
at Newport, and holds adjourned sessions annually at Provi¬ 
dence. Terms of senators and representatives one year. Per¬ 
sons without property to the value of $134 excluded from voting. 
Brown’s University at Providence founded 1764. Common 
school system excellent. School age 5-15. Legal interest rate 6 
per cent, by contract any rate. Population, census of 1890, 
345,506. Area 1,088 so. miles, or 696.320 acres. Length N. and 
S. 46 miles, width 40 miles. Narragansett bay divides the state 
unequally, the western and larger part extending N. from the 
ocean some27 miles. The bay is 3 to 12 miles wide, and contains 
several islands, of which Acquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence 
are largest. Block Island, at the western entrance of the bay, 
also belongs to this state. Surface of state broken and hilly. 
Small rivers unfit for navigation are numerous, and afford val¬ 
uable water powers. Chief rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, 
entering Narragansett Bay, and Pawcatuck, falling into Long 
Island Sound. The state contains numerous small lakes, some 
of great beauty. Scenery varied and pretty. Soil middling 
quality. * Hay best crop. Potatoes, corn and oats are the next 
most important products. No forests. Dairying profitable. 
Land high-priced. No minerals mined. Climate, owing to 
nearness to sea, moderate. Average temperature—winter 24 to 
42 deg., summer 44 to 74 deg. Rainfall 43 inches. Snow lies 60 
to 109 days. Health good. Chief Industries.— Manufacture 
of fabrics of cotton, flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber 
goods, metals, jewelry, etc., agriculture, dairying. Rhode 
Island, in proportion to size, is the largest manufacturing state 
in Union. Principal Cities.— Census of 1890.—Providence, 
capital and seaport, 132,043. Newport, capital, seaport finest 
in the world, and great pleasure resort, 19,449. Bristol, seaport, 
5,475. Warren, seaport. Pawtucket,27,502. Woonsocket, 20,759. 
Westerly, 6,333. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor, $1,000; Lieutenant-Governor, $500; Secretary of 
State, $2,500; General Treasurer, $2,500; State Auditor, Insur¬ 
ance Commissioner,$2,500; Railroad Commissioner,$500; Attor¬ 
ney General,$2,500; Adjutant General,$600; Commissioner Pub¬ 
lic Schools,$2,500; Chief Justice,$4,500; Four Associate Justices, 
$4/)Q0; Senators and Representatives,$1 per day,mileage 8 cents; 
District Judge, $3,500; Appraiser of Customs, $3,000. 



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. State 


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MAP OF 

RHODE ISLAND 


Bro*.,Bngr't, Chicagm, 


BUnmgren 


























428 

TEXAS. 

•‘Lone Star State. - ’ Settled first by French under LaSalle 1685, 
was a part of Old Mexico. Independence declared Dec. 20,1835. 
Houston inaugurated as president Oct. 1836. Independence of 
the republic recognized by United States March, 1837, by Euro¬ 
pean powers 1839 and ’40. Continued wars with Mexico, era 
barrassed finances. Proposition for ufiion with United States 
1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State paid $10,000,000 by 
United States for all lands outside present limits 1850. Seceded 
Feb. 1861. Houston, who refused to secede, deposed. Military 
operations small. Last battle of the war near Rio Grande May 
13, 1865. Re-entered Union 1870. Number counties 228, miles of 
railroad 8,498. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., 
number senators 31, representatives 106, sessions of legislature 
biennial in odd-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in 
Jan.,holds 60 days, term of senators 4 years, of representatives 
2 years, Number electoral votes 13, congressmen 11. United 
States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts excluded 
from voting. Number colleges 10, school age 8-14. School en¬ 
dowment enormous,includes 23,470,377 acres yet unsold. Legal 
interest 8 per cent, by contract 12 per cent,usury forfeits entire 
interest. Population, census of 1890—2,235,523. Topography, 
Area, SOil, Products, Etc.— Extreme length E. and W. 830 
miles, extreme width 750 miles, area 167,865,600 acres, largest 
Of the states and territories. Coast line 412 miles, Galveston 
bay largest, has 13 feet of water 35 miles inland Rio Grande 
(navigable 440 miles). Lands extremely fertile, except in the N. 
W., where water is scarce. Lands on Rio Grande and at south 
require irrigation for good results, although crops will grow to 
some extent without. Entire state covered with rich grasses, 
affording pasture the year round. All cereals, root crops, vege¬ 
tables, fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples, 
sugar,molasses, 'sweet potatoes, com, wheat, grapes and fruits. 
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat, and hog raising on 
mammoth scale. Cotton picking July to Dec., corn planting 
middle of Feb., grain harvest May, com harvest July. Ranke 
first in cattle and cotton, second in sugar, sheep, mules and 
horses. Coal area 6,000 eq. miles, quality good. Iron ore and 
salt deposits extensive. Other minerals found but extent un¬ 
known. Improved land averages $8, and unimproved $3 to $4 
per acre. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of area, 
timber area one-fourth. Climate varies, temperate at North, 
semi-tropical at south. Health everywhere most excellent. 
Thermometer ranges from 35 to 98 deg., but seldom rises to the 
latter temperature. At Austin averages winter 56 deg., summer 
80 deg. Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches, increases on 
coast and to the south, decreases to 13 inches in N. W. San 
Antonio, 38,681; Dallas, 38.140: Galveston, 29,118; Fort Worth, 
20,725. 

[Salaries State Officers, page 439.] 








































430 

UTAH 


Settled 1848 at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois, March, 

1849, state of “Deseret” organized. Congress refused to re¬ 
ceive constitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept., 

1850. Trouble with government till 1858. Federal officers 
driven from territory 1856. Number counties 24, miles railroad 
1,211. Territorial elections annual, first Monday in August. 
Number senators 12, representatives 24, sessions of legislature 
biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in 
Jan., holds 60 days. Terms of senators and representatives 2 
years each. School system fair, school age 6-18 years, number 
colleges 1. Legal interest 10 per cent, by contract any rate. 

Population, census of 1890, 207,905. 

Averase length 350 miles, width 260 miles, area 82,190 miles, 
52.601,600 acres. Surface rugged and broken, with some rich 
valleys. Traversed by Wahsatch, Uintah, Roan, Little, Sierra 
Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan, Sierra Panoches and Tushar 
mountains. Southeast portion elevated plateaux, western por¬ 
tion disconnected ridges. Great Salt Lake is 130 sq. miles in 
area. In N. W. a large area of desert land. Soil in valleys 
very productive. Yield fine crops of cereals and vegetables. 
Wheat best crop. Fruits successful. Grazing important in¬ 
terest. Dairying profitable and interest is growing rapidly. 
Forests sufficient for home purposes. Gold, copper and silver 
in Wahsatch mountains. Silver predominates. Coal in valley 
of Weber river. Salt found in large deposits and the lake sup¬ 
ply inexhaustible. Territory ranks third in silver. 

Climate mild and healthy. Warmer W. of Wahsatch mount¬ 
ains. Summers dry and hot in S. W. Rainfall averages 16 
inches at S. and 17 at N., chiefly in Oct. and April. Spring 
opens in April. Cold weather begins late in Nov. In mount¬ 
ains winters severe and snows heavy. Temperature at Salt 
Lake averages, winter 35 deg., summer 75 deg. 

Chief cities—Census of 1890: Salt Lake City, capital, 44,771: 
Ogden, 18,269; Provo City, 5,153; Logan, 4,624. 

Leading Industries—Mining, stock raising and agriculture. 


SALARIES OF TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 


Governor..*. 

Secretary. 

Treasurer.. 

Auditor... 

Superintendent of Public Ins 

Librarian. 

Chief Justice. 

Two Associate Justices. 

Senators and Representatives 


...82,600 

. 1,800 

. 600 

- 1,500 

. 1,500 

. 250 

. 3,000 

. 3,000 

84 a day, mileage 20 cents. 













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432 


WASHINGTON. 

Named for George Washington. First settlement 1845, pre¬ 
ceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.’s trading posts. Organ¬ 
ized as territorv 1853, and admitted to the Union Nov. 11,1889. 
First legislature assembled at Olympia February, 1854. Indian 
wars 1855 and 1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in 
dispute between United States and England 1859. Rights of 
the Hudson Bay and Puget Sound Co.’s purchased. Number 
counties 33. Miles railroad 1,706. All elections Tuesday after 
first Monday in Nov. Number senators 35, representatives 70, 
sessions of legislature biennial in odd-numbered years, meet¬ 
ing first Monday in October. Terms of senators and repre¬ 
sentatives 2 years each. Number colleges 2, school age 4-21 
years, school endowment reserved large. Legal interest 10 per 
cent., by contract any rate. 

Population, census of 1890, 349,390. 

Topography, Area, Soil, Products, Etc.—Extreme length E. 
and W. 341 miles, width 242 miles, area 66,880 square miles, 42,- 
803,000 acres. Coast line 200 miles. Columbia river navigable 
175 miles. Excellent harbors in Puget Sound, Admiralty Inlet 
and Hood’s canal Scenery, especially on Columbia, grand. 
Columbia river current overcomes tide at the mouth, and water 
in the bar drinkable. Cereals flourish but corn not successful. 
Wheat, oats, hops, fruit of temperate climates, except peaches, 
are staple. Grazing region entire section east of Cascades, 
covered with inexhaustible supply of bunch grass. Stock 
raising and dairying growing industries. Lumber resources 
unsurpassed. Coal on Bellingham bay and at Seattle, area of 
coal-bearing strata 20.000 sq. miles. Gold-bearing quartz and 
silver lodes in Cascade and Coast ranges. Copper, cinnabar, 
lead and other minerals are found. i 

Climate—On coast dry season April to November, rest of 
year rainy. Rainfall averages at north 96 inches, for entire 
section 54 inches. Winters mild, little snow or ice. Summers 
cool with sea breezes. Temperature averages winter 39 deg., 
summer 61 deg., ranges 30 deg. to 90 deg. Eastern section 
dry, rainfall 10 inches. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1890: Olympia, capital, 4,696; Walla 
Walla, 7,239; Seattle, 43,914: Tacoma, 35,858; Spokane Falls, 
22,626. 

Leading Industries—Agriculture, lumbering, grazing, min¬ 
ing, etc. 

SALARIES OF TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 


Governor $2,600, Secretary $1,800, Treasurer $1,200, Auditor 
$1,200, Superintendent of Public Instruction $1,000, Librarian 
$400, Chief Justice $3,000, three Associate Justices $3,000. Sena¬ 
tors and Representatives $4 a day and 20 cents mileage, 
Surveyor General $2,500, Chief Clerk $1,800, Chief Draftsman 
$1,700. 
































434 


WISCONSIN. 

' “ Badger State.” Settled first by French at Green Bay, 1669. 
Formed part of northwest territory. Included in«Indiana ter¬ 
ritory, IKK). Became part of Michigan territory, 1805. Wiscon¬ 
sin territory organized 1836. Present boundaries fixed 1838. 
Madison made capital 1838. Admitted as state May 1848. 
Seventeenth state to join Union. Number Union soldiers fur¬ 
nished 91,327. Number counties 66. Miles railroad 5,478. All 
elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number sena¬ 
tors 33, representatives 100, sessions biennial in odd-numbered 
years, meeting second Wednesday in Jan., term of senators 4 
years, of representatives 2 years. Number electoral votes 11, 
number congressmen 9; insane, idiots, convicts, bribers, bet¬ 
ters and duellists excluded from voting. Number colleges 7, 
number puDlic schools 6,588, school age 4-20 years. Legal in¬ 
terest 7 per cent, by contract 10 per cent, usury forfeits entire 
interest. 

Population, census of 1890, 1,686,880. 

Topography, Area, Soil. Products, Etc.—Extreme length N. 
and S. 298 miles, width 260 miles, area 54,450 sq. miles, 34,848,- 
000 acres. Besides the great lakes Michigan and Superior the 
state contains Green Bay, Winnebago, Geneva, Devil's lake 
and innumerable other lakes in the central and northern sec 
tions of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making the state a 
favorite place of summer resort. Much of state prairie, but 
enormons stretches of magnificent pine and hard wood timbers 
remain untouched. Soil excellent and adapted to farming, 
dairying and stock raising. Fruits grow and berries are a fine 
crop. Cranberries largely raised. Wheat the best, crop, flax, 
buckwheat, hay, corn, oats, staples. Extensive lead mines in 
Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties, native copper in the 
north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Iron ores in Dodge, 
Sauk, Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, 
third in barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, 
fifth in oats and agricultural implements. Improved land 
averages $18 and unimproved $10 per acre. Much government 
and railroad land yet untaken. 

Climate—Temperature averages winter 20 deg., summer 71 
deg., ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall 31 
inches, including enow. Snows heavy, especially at north; 
spring late, summers short, falls pleasant. Milwaukee river 
frozen over an average ol 105 days in year. 

Chief Cities—Census of 1890: Milwaukee, port of entry, great 

e ork-packing and beer-brewing center, grain and wheat mar- 
et, 204,150; Madison capital, 13.392; Eau Claire, 17.438: Fond 
du Lac, 11,942; Oshkosh, 22,752; La Crosse, 25,053; Racine, 
21,022; Superior, 13,000: Sheboygan, 16,341; Janesville, 10,631. 

Leading Industries—Lumbering, farming, mining, manu¬ 
facturing, brewing, pork packing, dairying, etc. 

[For salaries of state officers see page 439.] 




MAP OF 
WISCONSIN 


tnagon 


L’Ana* 


| Ashland Jc< 


Winneb^)io 


^BujLternuV« 
Y "Wauboo 


'Hayward 


imonwealtn^o 
Iron Mountain- 


^'Chandlei 
Shell Lakt 


Rhineland* 


rrantsburgh 

Cumberland 


lomc< 


is Tradin^ost 


Med ford- Merrill] 
Stetsonvpje 
Colby Si 
Wau 

r Vanity * 

arshfiel^X^^yy 
^cr^iitsvill 
jC Centra/ ] 

4,4 kemibirtoi 
FftlU ' XrsRimd’siMillB 
TomabljtfV alfer dc* 

8 part p Neceda 

/La CnWJfNj 

[_. / Elroy^MU^P 11 - 

V iroq/ua ** VWqnaw. 

\ 3 Ironton*v ' >-5 

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Decorahli Richland Cen. Sauk Citt 


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s ptT r \ i ( uniins i^ir 

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Winona. 


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Preston c 


Granvill 


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onford 


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Ottawa 


Lancaster 


Union 


Turkey Ri 


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W aterlpo 


Freepori 


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Rochelle 


.Geneva 


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436 

i- WYOMING. 

First settlement,Ft.Laramie, 1367. Organized as a territory in 
1368, and admitted to the Union July 8,1890. Number counties 
all elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov., number sena- 
senators, 12, representatives 24, sessions biennial, in even-num¬ 
bered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan., hold 60 days, 
terms of senators and represenatives 2 years each. Good 
school system, school age 7-21. Legal interest rate 12 per cent., 
by contract any rate. Miles of railroad 950. 

Population. —Census of 18S0, 60,705. 

Length 350miles, width275 miles, area 97,890 sq. miles, 62,438,- 
000 acres. Surface traversed by Rocky Mountains, forming the 
continental divide, and is high and mountainous,varying in ele¬ 
vation from 4,800 to 12,000 feet. At the N. W. is the Yellowston* 
National Park, 3,600 sq. miles in area, and one of the greatest 
natural wonders of the continent. It varies from 6,000 to over 
12,000 feet in elevation, and its scenery is one vast panorama. 
Along the streams and in the valleys are tracts of arable lands 
which may be made to produce prolifically with irrigation. 
Mountains, covered with forests of considerable extent, contain 
precious and base metals in great deposits. Soil, where water 
can be had, is good; soil chiefly suited to grazing. Half the 
territory grazing land. Wheat, rye, oats and barley flourish, 
frost too frequent for corn. Water plentiful, game and fur- 
bearing animals numerous, iron ore abundant, mainly red 
hematite. Copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum found, gold 
la the Sweetwater country and near Laramie City, valuable de¬ 
posits of soda in valley of the Sweetwater. Coal abundant 
and of good quality at Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs and 
other points. Climate cold, severe in mountains, milder in 
valleys. Healthful, air pure, dry and bracing. Rainfall, 15 
inches. Temperature averages, summer 66 deg., winter 18 
deg., ranges from 31 deg. below to 80 deg. above. July warm¬ 
est month, January coldest, latter averages 10 deg. 

Chief Cities. —Cheyenne (capital), pop. 11,693. Laramie 
City, pop. 6,395. 

Chief Industries. —Graziug, mining and agriculture, but 
little is done in manufacturing. 


Salaries of Territorial Officers, 


Governor. 

Secretary. 

Treasurer.... 

Auditor. 

Superintendent of Public Inst 

Librarian... 

Chief Justice. 

Two Associate Justices. 

Senators and Representatives.. 


.52,600 

. 1,800 

.$800 and com. 

. 1,000 

. 400 

. 400 

.. 3,000 

.. 3,000 

,$4 a day and 20 cents mileage 


























438 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790 
by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md.(64sq. 
miles). Government removed to District 1800. Captured by 
British 1814, and capitol, executive mansion and congressional 
library burned. Governed by Congress till 1871, when a legisla¬ 
tive body of 33 (11 appointed by the president and 22 elected) was 
created. Executive officers still appointed by president. Officers 
appointed are paid by the United States, those elected by the 
District. Citizens of District have no vote for national officers. 
Schools superior. Legal interest6 per cent,by contract 10,more 
forfeits entire interest. Population, 1890, 230,392. Miles rail¬ 
road, 20.66. Surface made up of flats and hills. Similar in all 
features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities.—Wash¬ 
ington (capitalXL S.), pop. 229.796, Georgetown, pop. 12.578. 

THE WHITE HOUSE AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 

The White House, at Washington, D. C. is 170 feet long by 86 
feet wide. The largest apartment, known as the east room, is 
80 by 40 feet in dimension and 22 feet high. The adjoining blue 
room, finished in blue and gold,is devoted to receptions, diplo¬ 
matic and social. The green and red rooms, so called from their 
finishing, are each 3Cfby 20 feet. The rooms on the second floor 
are occupied by the executive office and the apartments of the 
President’s family. 

THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 

Tne corner-stone was laid by President Polk, July 4th. 1848, 
and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set in position. The 
foundations are 12614 feet, square and 36 feet 8 inches deep. The 
base of the monument is 55 feet \ l / 2 inches square, and the walls 
15 feet inch thick. At the 500 foot mark, where the pyramidal 
top begins, the shaft is 34 feet 5)4 inches square and the walls are 
18 inches thick. The monument is made of blocks of marble 
two feet thick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them. The 
height above the ground is 555 feet. The pyramidal top termin¬ 
ates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 inches high and weighs 100 
ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tons per 
•quare foot,and the total weight,foundation and all, is nearly 81,- 
000 tons. The door at the base, facing the capitol,is 8 feet wide 
and 16 feet high, and enters a room 25 feet square. An immense 
iron framework supports the machinery of the elevator, which 
is hoisted with steel wire ropes two inches thick. At one side be¬ 
gin the stairs, of which there are fifty flights, containing eighteen 
steps each. Five hundred and twenty feet from the base there 
are eight windows, 18x24 inches, two on each face. The area at 
the base of the pyramidal top is 1,187)4 feet, space enough fora 
six-room house, each room to be 12x16 feet. The Cologne Cathe¬ 
dral is 525 feet high; the pyramid of Cheops,486; Strasburg Cathe¬ 
dral,474; St.Peter’s.at Rome,448; the capitol at Washington,306, 
and Bunker Hill monument, 221 feert. The Washington monu¬ 
ment is the highest monument in the world ;total cost,$1,500,000. 


439 


GREAT LAKE FISHERIES. 

Statistics included in the Census for 1890, show in 
detail the value and extent of the commercial fisheries of 
the great lakes, for 1890. These returns represent more 
than 3,500 miles of shore line, and show the fisheries to 
he the most extensive in the world. A careful estimate, 
based on the known production of 1880. 1885 and 1889. 
shows that in the decade terminating with the census of 
1890, over 1,000,000,000 pounds of food fish were taken, 
which yielded the fishermen over $25,000,000. 

In J 889, 6.896 persons were engaged in the capture of 
fish on the great lakes. These employed 107 steamers, 
valued at $357,650, and 3,870 other vessels and boats, 
worth $325,438* The apparatus used consisted of 3,831 
pound nets and trap nets, the value of which was $823,- 
919; gill nets to the value of $408,797; 176 seines, worth 
$15,089, and other apparatus of capture amounting in 
value to $97,252. The capital invested in shore property 
directly connected with the fisheries was $804,814. These 
items give as the total investment in fishing property, 
$2,832,959. 

The quantity of fish taken was 117.085,568 pounds, 
the value of which at first hands was $2,615,784, Lake 
trout, one of the most important and highly esteemed 
fishes of the great lakes, increased 4,397,301 pounds, or 
64.62 per cent, since 1880. It is most abundant in Lake 
Michigan, where nearly one-half the entire catch of 11,- 
20 L,631 pounds was obtained, and where the increase 
since 1880 has been 2,920,908 pounds, or 109.83 per cent. 
Lake Superior ranks next to Lake Michigan in the 
abundance of trout in its waters, and also exhibits a 
substantial increase, amounting to 1,901,974 pounds, or 
129.85 per cent. 

Whitefish is perhaps the most popular species occurring 
in the great lakes, and, next to herring, is the most 
abundant and profitable. The returns show an aggre¬ 
gate yield in 1889 of 15,326.438 pounds, a decrease of 
6,137,412 pounds, or 28.59 per cent as compared with 
1880. This decrease is noticeable in all the lakes but 
Superior, where there has been a substantial gain, 
amounting to 1,641,558 pounds, or 72.73 per cent. The 
most pronounced decrease has been in Lake Ontario, 
where the decline in the catch of whitefish has kept 
pace with that of other species. The yield of 1.064,000 
pounds in 1880 dwindled to only 23.383 pounds in 1889, 
the decrease being 97.80 per cent. The least decrease is 
exhibited by Lake Erie, where the catch in 1880 is al¬ 
most duplicated in 1889, the decrease being only 10,028 
pounds, or 0.30 per cent. The most serious decline is 
noticeable in Lake Michigan, in which considerably 
more than half the yield in 1880 was obtained, and where 



440 


the loss in 1889, 6,506.429 pounds, was greater than the 
output in the same year, and amounted to 54.08 percent. 

Fisheries on Lake Michigan are carried on in two 
counties in the State of Illinois bordering upon that 
lake, two counties similarly situated in Indiana, nineteen 
counties in Michigan, and eleven counties in Wisconsin. 

In Cook County. Ill., the apparatus used consists 
principally of hooks and lines, gill nets and pond nets. 
The catch includes buffalo fish, carp, eels, herring, 
lawyers, muskallunge. perch, pickerel, sheepshead. 
sturgeon, suckers, trout, wall-eyed pike, and whitefish, 
which is all sold in Chicago, either fresh or smoked. 
There has been a great falling ofi in the number of trout 
and whitefish since 1880. Fishermen are principally 
Americans, Norwegians, Swedes and Germans. In Lake 
County, Ill., gill nets, trap nets, pound nets and seines 
are used. The catch covers perch and whitefish. and is 
sold at Waukegan and Chicago. A decrease in whitefish 
has been noticed since 1885. 

In Manitowoc Comity, some sixteen varieties of food 
fish are caught in pound nets and gill nets, principally 
by American and Canadian fishermen. Whitefish are 
said to have disappeared from Milwaukee County about 
five years ago. About fifteen varieties of food fish are 
still caught there, chiefly by Americans. Germans and 
Danes. The catch is shipped almost entirely to Chicago, 
but little being sold in Milwaukee. 

The total catch amounted to 26,006,944 pounds, worth 
$788,536, or an average of three cents per pound. The 
herring weighed 9,568.587 pounds, and were worth 
$190,359. or 2 cents per pound: the trout represented 
5,580.358 pounds, worth $249,255 in the aggregate, or 
an average of 4.5 cents per pound: the whitefish caught 
aggregated 5.523.971 pounds, valued at $246,493, or 4.5 
cents per pound, the same as trout. Bass were worth on 
the average 5.2 cents per pound; catfish 2 cents, perch 
1.7 cents, pike and pickerel 3.7 cents, sturgeon 4.3 cents, 
suckers 0.6 cent, and other species 7.1 cents per pound. 


The Floriculture Industry in the United States was 

made the subject of investigation by the Census Bureau, wit! the 
following results, the statistics applying solely to the busine ot 
florists in 1890: 


Number of Establishments. 4.659 

Square Feet of Glass Covering . 38,823.247 

Value of Establishments.$38,355,722 

Men Employed. ]6 847 

Women Employed. ] 958 

Product of year—Rose Bushes. . 49 056.253 

“ Hardy Plants and Shrubs. 38 380 H72 

“ All other plants.152,835 292 

Total value of Product. .$12,036.477 

Cut Flowers in addition, value.$14 175.329 












LARGEST CITIES OF THE EARTH 


opulation According to Latest Census. 


Adrianople, Turkey. 

Alexandria, Egypt. 

Amsterdam, Holland. 

Antwerp, Belgium. 

Baltimore, United States. 

Barcelona. Spain. 

Bangkok, Siam (estimated). 

Benares. 

Berlin, Prussia. 

Belfast. Ireland. 

Birmingham. England. 

Bombay, India. 

Boston, United States.. 

Bordeaux, France. 

Bradford, England. 

Breslau, Prussia. 

Bristol, England. 

Brooklyn, United States. 

Brussels, Belgium. 

Buda Pesth, Hungary. 

Bucharest, Roumania. 

Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. 

Buffalo, United States. 

Canton, China... 

Cairo. Egypt. 

Calcutta, India. 

Chicago, United States. 

Cincinnati, United States. 

Cleveland, United States. 

Cologne. 

Constantinople, Turkey. 

Copenhagen, Denmark. 

Damascus. 

Detroit, United States. 

' t)resden. Saxony. 

Dublin, Ireland. 

Edinburgh. Scotland. 

Foochow, China. 

Genoa, Italy. 

Glasgow, Scotland. 

Hankow, China. 

Hamburg, Germany. 

Hong Kong. 

Hull. 

Hyderabad, India... 

Kioto, Japan. 


140,000 
227,064 
417,530 
215,779 
435,151 
272,481 
600.000 
222,420 
1,579^944 
255,896 
454,835 
804.470 
4461507 
240,582 
216,938 
335,174 
222 049 
804!377 
469,317 
506,384 
246,086 
546,986 
254,457 
1,600,000 
368,108 
840,130 
1,098,576 
296.309 
761,546 
28U273 
873;565 
312,387 
200,000 
205,669 
276,086 
353,000 
. 261,970 

630.000 
206,485 
674,095 
775,000 
323,923 
. 221,141 
200,234 
892,730 
279.792 


















































442 


• 

Leeds, England. 

Leipzig. 

Lisbon, Portugal. 

Lille, France.. 

Liverpool, England. 

London, England.. 

Lucknow, India. 

Lyons, France.. 

Madras, India.. — 

Madrid. Spain. 

Magdeburg. 

Manchester. England.,. 

Marseilles, France. 

Melbourne, Australia. 

Mexico City, Mexico. 

Milan, Italy. 

Montreal. 

Milwaukee, United States. 

Moscow, Russia. 

Munich, Bavaria. 

Naples, Italy... 

New Orleans, United States .. 

New York, United States. 

Nottingham, England — 

Odessa, Russia... 

Osaka, Japan.. 

Palermo, Italy. 

Paris, France. 

Pekin, China (estimated). 

Philadelphia, United States.. 

Prague... 

Pittsburg, United States. 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

Rome, Italy... 

Rotterdam . 

Salford. England. 

San Francisco, United States 

Santiago. Chili. 

Seoul. Corea (estimated). 

Shanghai. China. 

Sheffield, England. 

St. Louis. United States. 

St, Petersburg, Russia.... ... 

Stockholm, Sweden. 

Sydney. Australia. 

Teheran. Persia. 

Tientsing, China.. 

Tokio, Japan. 

Turin. Italy. 

Vienna. Austria. 

Warsaw. Poland. . 

Washington, United St vtes .. 


375,449 

353.272 
253,496 

188.272 
604,562 

4,351,738 

272,590 

401.930 

449.950 

472,228 

202,325 

506.469 
376,143 
488,999 
329,535 
414,551 
216,650 
204.105 

753.469 
348,317 
530,872 
241,995 

1,710,715 
237,812 
270.643 
476,271 
267,416 
2,344.550 
500,000 
1,044.895 
304.000 
238,473 
357,332 
423,217 
209.136 
208,017 
297,99C 
236,415 
250,00C 
. 355,000 

325.301 
460,351 
956,220 
245,311 
. 386,40C 
. 210.000 
. 950,00C 

1,389,681 
320.800 
. 1,364,540 
. 454.890 

. 229.790 















































































% 

















